A study on vietnamese english translation of construction texts

1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ****** LƯƠNG THỊ NGÂN A STUDY ON VIETNAMESE – ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CONSTRUCTION TEXTS Nghiên cứu việc dịch Việt – Anh tài liệu chuyên ngành xây dựng M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi - 2011 Hanoi - 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ****** LƯƠNG THỊ NGÂN A STUDY ON VIETNAMESE – ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CONSTRUCTION TEXTS Nghiên cứu việc dịch Việt – Anh tài liệu chuyên ngành xây dựng M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor : Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến Hanoi - 2011 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SL: Source language TL: Target language ST: Source text TT: Target text CT: Construction texts NP: Noun phrase VP: Verb phrase TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration………………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………… ii i List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………….iv Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………… v PART ONE – INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………1 Rationale ……………………………………………………………………………… Aims of the study……………………………………………………………………… Scope of the study ……………………………………………………………………….1 Methods of the study…………………………………………………………………… Design of the study …………………………………………………………………… PART TWO – DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………………….3 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND …………………………………………3 I.1 Translation theory…………………………………………………………………………3 I.1.1 Definition of translation………………………………………………………… I.1.2 Translation methods …………………………………………………………… I.1.3 Translation procedures………………………………………………………… I.1.4 Translation equivalence…………………………………………………………10 I.2 Technical translation and construction texts……………………………………………14 I.2.1 Technical translation…………………………………………………………….14 I.2.1.1 Definition of technical translation…………………………………………14 I.2.1.2 Technical translation methods…………………………………………… 14 I.2.2 Construction texts………………………………………………………………15 CHAPTER II: AN INVESTIGATION INTO VIETNAMESE – ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CONSTRUCTION TEXTS…………………………………………17 II.1 Translation of construction texts……………………… …………………………….17 II.1.1 Translation of lexical items ……………………………………………………………17 II.1.1.1 Technical terms …………………………………………………………………… 17 II.1.1.2 Synonyms …………………………………………………………………………… 19 II.1.1.3 Word meaning and word form…………………………………………………… 20 II.1.2 Translation of syntactic structures …………………………………………………….20 II.1.2.1 Lengthy and complex sentences……………………………………………………21 II.1.2.2 Wrong sentence structures………………………………………………………….21 II.1.2.3 The use of passive structures……………………………………………………….22 II.1.2.4 The use of verb phrases and noun phrases……………………………………….23 II.2 Problems in translation of construction texts…………………………………………24 II.2.1 Problems related to translation of lexical items……………………………… 24 II.2.2 Problems related to translation of syntactic structures…………………………25 II.3.The major causes of the problems …………………………………………………… 28 II.3.1 Badly written source language texts………………………………………… 28 II.3.2 Insufficient language proficiency………………………………………… 29 II.3.3 Insufficient specialized knowledge……………………………………… .29 II.3.4 Lack of translation skills…………………………………………………… 29 II.4 Suggested for solutions to the problems………………………………………………30 II.4.1 Deal with problems related to lexical items……………………………………30 II.4.2 Deal with problems related to syntactic structures…………………………… 31 PART THREE: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………35 The implications for translation of construction texts…………………………………… 35 Limitations of the study…………………………………………………… 36 Suggestions for further research……………………………………………………………37 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….38 PART ONE - INTRODUCTION Rationale In a globalized world, translation has played an indispensable role in facilitating international exchanges and cooperation in various fields, one of the most important of which is construction The construction industry has been crossing geographical boundaries for serving clients globally In Vietnam construction is one of the key industries in the country‘s industrialization and modernization process since the beginning of the 20 th century The next following years may see the development in many fields of construction: house, road, bridge and so on In the open economy with many foreign investment projects and international cooperations, translation of construction texts, therefore, has become an urgent need to exchange information and update modern constructional technology from developed countries Being a co-assistance of a translation agency, I am fully aware that the translation of texts in construction is a difficult job It requires the translators to continuously improve basic knowledge in construction field as well as skill in dealing with situations relating to lexical terms and syntactic structures… That is the reason why I have decided to carry out a study on Vietnamese-English translation of texts in construction for my MA minor thesis with the hope that the study can provide a general view and give useful suggestions to translation of construction texts Aims of the study The study is aimed at - Investigating fundamental aspects in translation of construction texts - Identifying the problems relating to translation of construction texts - Finding out major causes of the problems and suggestions for solution to the problems in translation Scope of the study As the translation of texts in construction belong to technical translation, it has it own characteristics The translators, therefore, has to try his/her best to fulfill his/her job Within the scope of this study, a study on the translation of construction texts is very exclusive to talk about However, due to the limitation of time, my minor thesis only deals with some aspects, 10 problems, major causes of problems and solution to the problems in translation of texts in construction Methods of the study In order to achieve the goal of the study, the main method is quantitative data analysis Firstly, the study goes through a number of materials on translation to build up a theoretical background for the paper Then, as it was stated in the aims and scope of the study the writing bases on clarifying and analyzing construction texts Therefore, to accomplish the thesis, a flexible combination of methods is employed, which embraces reference to publications, analysis of collected data, and description of results Design of the study The study consists of three main parts: Part one is the Introduction which includes: rationale, significance of the study, scope, aims, and design of the study Part two is the Development with two chapters: Chapter is theoretical background; it gives general information about translation theory, technical translation, and construction texts Chapter is the study; the main part of the study It deals with an investigation into Vietnamese – English translation of construction texts In this chapter, some aspects and problems in translation of construction texts are discussed Then, major causes of problems and suggestion for solution of the problems are analyzed and given Part three is the Conclusion This part points out some limitations of the study and presents implications for translation of texts in construction and suggestions for further research 11 PART TWO - DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I.1 Translation theory I.1.1 Definition Translation has been approached from a scientific point of view by linguists through times and thus has been defined variously Different linguists have put the definition of translation in various ways, among which the followings stand out We start with a definition quoted from the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics ―Translation is the replacement of a text in one language (Source language –SL) by an equivalent text in another language (Target language – TL)‖ and it is then followed by other linguists, (Catford, 1965) ―Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences‖ (Larson, 1984) These definitions, in spite of slight differences in the expressions, there are still common features which can be realized as the notion of movement between languages, content and the responsibility to find equivalents that preserve the attributes or characteristic features of the original text It is a notion of equivalence, which will be taken into consideration in the next part I.1.2 Translation methods Translation methods are ways of translating for the widest range of texts or text categories They provide a framework of principles, restricted rules and hints for translating texts and criticizing translations, a background for problem-solving Translation methodology is considered the utmost importance and the guideline in translation job The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely The argument has been going on and on for a very long time Some writers favoured some 12 kinds of free translation: the spirit not the letter, the sense not the words, the message rather than the form, the matter not the manner Larson (1984) divides translation into two main kinds: literal and idiomatic According to the author, literal translation is form-based while idiomatic translation is meaning-based For some purposes, it is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of the source text, as for example, in a linguistic study of that language Literal translation sounds like nonsense and has very little communicative value If two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar But if they are not related, the literal choice of grammatical form and lexical items makes the translation sound foreign In contrast to literal translation, idiomatic translation uses natural forms of receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of the lexical items A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation It sounds as if it was written originally in the receptor language Therefore, it is recommended that a good translator should try to translate idiomatically However, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text Newmark (1988) suggests translation methods divided into two main groups called semantic translation and communicative translation Newmark put these methods in the form of a flattened V diagram: SL emphasis Word-for-word translation Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation I.1.2.1 Word for word translation TL emphasis Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation 13 Word for word translation is interlinear translation in which words are translated by their most common meanings, out of context The SL word order is preserved I.1.2.2 Literal translation In literal translation method, lexical words are again translated singly, out of context The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest equivalent I.1.2.3 Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce precise contextual meaning within the constraints of TL grammatical structures It transfers cultural words and preserves the grammatical and lexical abnormality I.1.2.4 Semantic translation Semantic translation is somehow similar to faithful translation However it takes more account of the aesthetic value of SL text It is more flexible, less dogmatic than faithful translation Semantic translation admits the creative exception and makes some small concessions to the readership I.1.2.5 Communicative translation Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership I.1.2.6 Idiomatic translation This method reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms I.1.2.7 Free translation 89 Nhà thầu phải cung cấp cho đại diện bên khách hàng máy đo mực nước chạy điện để sử dụng ống đứng áp kế Nhà thầu phải bảo quản máy suet thời gian thực hợp đồng có trách nhiệm cung cấp máy khác thay cho đại diện bên khách hàng máy mang bảo dưỡng Máy đo phải có khả đo mực nước độ sâu lỗ khoan đề xuất cộng thêm 10m 1.6 Lấp lỗ khoan (a) Các lỗ khoan đại diện bên khách hàng không lắp đặt ống đứng hay áp kế phải lấp với tỷ lệ xi-măng: cát trộn vữa trọng phạm vi 1m chiều cao tính mặt đất, sau với đất vật liệu xây dựng theo tỷ lệ độ sâu tương tự Vữa phải đổ xuống đáy lỗ khoan cách sử dụng ống đổ bê tơng nước Nếu có nước lỗ khoan, mực nước phải thấp bề mặt tiếp xúc vữa nước Tại vị trí lắp hộp bảo vệ lỗ khoan, hộp bảo vệ dần tháo vật liệu khơng kết dính phải bảo quản phía đáy hộp q trình tháo dỡ (b) Nếu khơng có chấp thuận đại diện bên khách hàng, không lỗ khoan phép lấp không hộp bảo vệ tháo dỡ 1.7 Bề mặt lỗ khoan 1.7.1 Vị trí lỗ khoan Vị trí lỗ khoan tạm thời thể vẽ Nhà thầu phải có trách nhiệm xác lập vị trí lỗ khoan Vị trí xác lỗ khoan phảI chấp thuận đại diện bên khách hàng trước tiến hành khoan 1.7.2 Độ sâu lỗ khoan Trừ có yêu cầu riêng đại diện bên khách hàng, lỗ khoan kết thúc sau xuyên đoạn 5cm liên tục đá loại loại đá tốt đ• quy định vẽ phê duyệt đại diện bên khách hàng 1.7.3 Tần suất lấy mẫu lỗ khoan Trừ có yêu cầu riêng đại diện bên khách hàng, nhà thầy phải tiến hành lấy mẫu theo tần suất sau lớp kết tủa trình khảo sát (a) Kết tủa cát rời rạc 90 Các lọ mẫu phải lấy theo gáo lấy mẫu chia tách thí nghiệm xuyên tiêu chuẩn Đối với mẫu không nguyên trạng, cách 1.5m lại lấy mẫu lần (b) Kết tủa đất sét dính mềm Cứ cách 1.5m lại lấy mẫu mỏng (c) Kết tủa đất sét cứng/có độ dính cao Cứ cách 2m lại lấy mẫu theo thí nghiệm xuyên tiêu chuẩn Các lộ mẫu phải lấy gáo lẫy mẫu chia tách thí nghiệm xuyên tiêu chuẩn (d) Mẫu nước Các lọ mẫu nước phải lấy đầu ca làm việc 1.7.4 Tần suất Thí nghiệm xuyên tiêu chuẩn thực địa Trừ có yêu cầu riêng đại diện bên khách hàng, nhà thầu phải tiến hành thí nghiệm theo tần suất sau lớp kết tủa trình khảo sát Trong loại chất liệu, cách 5m, nhà thầu phảI tiến hành thí nghiệm xuyên tiêu chuẩn 1.7.5 Dung sai cho độ thẳng Lỗ khoan đứng không lệch hướng thẳng đứng tỷ lệ ±1:75 Các lỗ khoan nghiêng không lệch với độ nghiêng quy định tỷ lệ ±1:75 1.8 Thiết bị khoan 1.8.1 Bệ khoan (a) Bệ khoan chạy thủy lực có mũi khoan làm bọc kim cương vonfram cacbit có khả khoan tới độ sâu yêu cầu với độ rộng yêu cầu Nhà thầu yêu cầu khoan nghiêng khoan thẳng đứng (b) Trọng lượng bệ khoan phải nặng cho lực 12kN tác động đến mũi khoan mà không cần bệ khoan phải chuyển động Nếu bệ khoan khơng đủ nặng trường họp vậy, bị kéo theo xuống (c) Bệ khoan phải đảm bảo tốc độ khoan ổn định từ 50-1250 r.p.m độ rơi tự búa 600mm Bệ khoan phải phù hợp với áp kế thủy lực theo tỷ lệ thích hợp Phải có cần khoan có chia độ rõ ràng theo khoảng cách 10mm lắp cố định song song với dầm chạy thủy lực, để làm phương tiện đo độ nghiêng dự đoán tỷ lệ nghiêng 1.8.2 Bệ khoan phụ 91 (a) Tại nơi dung môi rửa nước cần phải lắp đặt máy bơm ba xi lanh trang bị hộp bánh có khả bơm lít/giây Máy bơm kết hợp với chai ―đột biến‖ để giảm dao động áp lực nước ống hút ln khớp với lọc thích hợp (b) Một hệ thống mạch rẽ đầy đủ cung cấp, cho phép người điều hành điều khiển hồn tồn dịng chảy nước đến tỉ lệ sử dụng máy bơm cao (c) Một áp kế lắp trực tiếp vào nguồn cung cấp nước mặt hạ lưu van lắp theo mạch rẽ áp kế có khả hoạt động theo biên độ từ đến 2000kN/m² (d) Nhà thầu phải cung cấp máy hiệu chỉnh tân tiến cho tất áp kế thiết bị đo lường sử dụng 8.3 ống khoan lõi (a) ống khoan lõi sử dụng trình khoan lõi xoay phải lấy mẫu lõi có kích cỡ đ• quy định vẽ Tất máy cắt/đập đá phải cịn trạng thái tốt khơng bị hư hại Đại diện bên khách hàng xem xét máy cắt/đập đá với nhà thầu rẽ u cầu thay khơng hài lịng với chất lượng máy cắt/đập đá (b) Trong trình khoan đất, ống khoan lõi sử dụng ống khoan lõi dài ba xi lanh hoặ loại Mazier Đại diện bên khách hàng yêu cầu phải khoan đá cứng với ống khoan lõi ống ống khoan lõi ống có vách mỏng sử dụng Các ống khoan lõi phải đo nhà sản xuất đ• phê duyệt cung cấp trừ trường hợp có yêu cầu riêng đại diện bên khách hàng tất phụ kiện phận thay ống khoan lõi phải nhà sản xuất giới thiệu cung cấp Chi tiết nhà sản xuất, vonfram cac-bua đầu chng kim cương ghi lịch trình thông tin yêu cầu (c) Tất ống khoan lõi phải trang bị ống lấy cặn lắng Các ống phải có đường kính ngồi đường kính ống khoan lõi chiều dài phảI đạt xấp xỉ 0.75m Cạnh phía phảI lượn sang nhẹ phía để tránh làm tắc lỗ khoan đường rút ống khoan lõi 1.8.4 Giá cần khoan 92 (a) Giá khoan sử dụng để làm ổn định lún đất Kích cỡ giá khoan cần khoan phải phù hợp với kích cỡ vủa ống khoan lõi sử dụng (b) Tất giá khoan cần khoan phải thẳng tình trạng tốt, thổi rửa trước sử dụng để đảm bảo tất bụi bẩn, cặn lắng vật liệu rời rạc bị loại bỏ hết (c) Chỉ sử dụng độ dài quy định tiêu chuẩn giá khoan cần khoan, không sử dụng lẫn lộn hai đơn vị đo mét đơn vị đo Anh (d) Chiều dài giá khoan không lớn độ cao rơi búa, phải làm cho giá khoan tân tiến sau lần máy khoan nơi cần thiết 1.9 Công tác khoan Chất lỏng lỗ khoan phải nước uống Nhà thầu sử dụng loại chất lỏng lỗ khoan khác chấp thuận công văn đại diện bên khách hàng Nhà thầu phảI làm rõ phương pháp xác định thành phần hóa học hỗn hợp phương tiện xử lý rác thảI 1.9.1 Kỹ thuật khoan Để đảm bảo thống đại lượng đo máy khoan hoạt động hiệu nhất, kỹ thuật khoan sau phải áp dụng làm kỹ thuật khoan chuẩn: - Đo độ sâu lỗ khoan tương máy đánh dấu tạm thời, sử dụng thước băng vói đại lương đo mét sau lần máy khoan chạy Mức đặt máy đánh dấu tạm thời phải đo hàng ngày để đảm bảo đo lường độ sâu phải phù hợp với mức độ thi công - Đo đạc tính tốn độ sâu lỗ khoan tương ứng với máy đánh dấu tạm thời sau lần máy khoan hoạt động, tính tổng số độ dài ống khoan lõi cần khoan - Không khoan vượt 1.5m chiều dài Nếu mức độ phục hồi máy khoan lần chạy 80%, khơng khoan q 0.5m - Đảm bảo vị trí khoan phải trì cho cần khoan trung tâm lỗ khoan - Hạn chế mức độ chảy trung bình dịng nước đến mức thấp để trì tiến độ hợp lý - Loại bỏ ống khoan lõi không rút lại cách thay đổi vật liệu cứng sang vật liệu mềm thay ống khoan lõi rút lại vào (hoặc ngược lại thay đổi vật liệu mềm sang vật liệu cứng) 93 - Trong lỗ nước sử dụng ống khoan rút lại được, phải hoàn thành 50mm cuối lần khoan điều kiện khơng có nước - Loại bỏ cần khoan ống khoan lõi nhẹ nhàng khỏi lỗ khoan - Cuốn ống khoan lõi dụng cụ lấy mẫu cặn lắng sau lần khoan Kiểm tra chiều dài ống khoan lõi cho với chiều dài rỗng chuẩn để đảm bảo ống trước khoan lần - Tiến hành đặt ống lót trước cách khoan xoay khơng gây xung động - Tránh đặt ống lót trước ngồi chiều sâu ơng khoan lõi xun qua - Đảm bảo tất thiết bị thành phần bảo dưỡng điều kiện sạch, tốt, tra dầu mỡ, khơng phải theo hướng dẫn nhà sản xuất Đối với ống khoan lõi tương ứng, phải thay pittông ép đùn với dụng cụ phụ tải tiến hành kiểm tra thường xuyên van cầu kiểm tra thí nghiệm ép đùn để kiểm tra có rị rỉ qua pittơng Các ống khoan lõi rút lại phải kiểm tra thường xuyên để đảm bảo chuyển động dễ dàng đế rút với lò xo kéo 94 North An-Khanh New City Project 1st Phase Specification for Site Investigation November, 2008 PART A – INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF SITE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Geotechnical consultant has devised a detailed ground Investigation for the design and build of the proposed North An-Khanh New City Project 1st Phase This Specification describes the scope of the Works, obligations and requirements to be met by the Contractor which are particular to the Site Investigation Contract 1.2 Proposed Works The works covered by this Specification comprise the following: • Land drilled and associated sampling; • Elevation surveying of each borehole; • Field testing including Standard Penetration Testing 95 • Laboratory testing of soil and rock samples SITE LOCATION 2.1 Site Location The proposed project is located at An-Khanh of Vietnam 2.2 Scope of Works We would recommend the following: - 59 drillholes - Till 5m below rock head-continuous grade II rock (slightly weathered rock) or better rock - If drillhole does NOT find grade II rock, the depth of drillholes shall be discussed with Client‘s Representatives after reaching the depth of over 100 for N value(S.P.T test) from the ground level proposed - If drillhole does Not find the depth of over 100 for N value(S.P.T test), the depth of drillholes shall be discussed with Client‘s Representatives after reaching the depth of 60m from the ground level proposed - But because the requirement bearing capacity for foundation of mixed use & apartment site is large, boreholes(NX-1~NX-18, total 18ea) of mixed use & apartment site shall carry out drilling till 90m from groud surface for a geological stratum verification of gravel layer lower part - Elevation surveying of drillholes - Field and Laboratory testings PART B – SPECIFICATION General (a) Except as otherwise specified or instructed by the Client‘s Representative, the Works shall be carried out in accordance with the latest edition of the following 96 • Local Guide to Site Investigation; • Local Guide to Rock and soil Descriptions; • Local standard on Practice on Site investigation approved by government recognised geotechnical engineer or civil engineer institution or the British Standard 5930, Code of Practice on Site Investigation which ever is more stringent; • For those tests which are not covered by local standard, the British Standard 1377 Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes shall be applied (b) All items in the local standard relevant to this soil investigation, British Standards and are to apply wherever is more stringent and practicable This Specification supplements these references and shall take precedence where items are at variance with or are not specified in them 1.1 Units and Accuracy of Measurement The Contractor shall make and report measurements taken during the fieldwork in the units and to the accuracies stated in Table 2.1 The results of laboratory tests shall be reported in the units and to the accuracies stated in Table 2.2 1.2 Description of Rock and Soil The cores shall be logged by the Contractor's geologist and the Contractor shall prepare final records of the drillholes Drillhole records and logging shall be in accordance with the local Geotechnical Engineering Office‘s guide to rock and soil descriptions or as agreed with the Client‘s Representative The format of the proposed drillhole records shall be agreed with the Client‘s Representative The proposed drillhole log format shall be submitted at the start of the Contract Proposed daily and final drillhole log format is listed in the Schedule of Required Information 1.3 Submission of Fieldwork Record and Reports 97 (a) During the course of the work the Contractor shall submit to the Client‘s Representative copies of the daily records, in the agreed format, containing the information required by this Specification These daily records are to be submitted to the Client‘s Representative not more than working day after the field operations to which they refer have been carried out (b) When the fieldwork in respect of each exploratory hole or pit is completed the Contractor shall prepare and submit, within days, copies of the preliminary logs to the Client‘s Representative In respect of rotary cored drillholes one copy of the core photographs shall be submitted with the relevant preliminary logs (c) When the samples have been delivered from Site to a testing laboratory or store, a sample list of all disturbed, undisturbed and water samples shall be prepared in respect of each of the Works and a copy of this list shall be submitted to the Client‘s Representative (d) The Contractor shall obtain the Client‘s Representative‘s approval for the format of his daily record and preliminary log sheets before work commences on Site (e) After the completion of fieldwork the Contractor shall submit, within days, copies of the draft factual fieldwork report The report shall contain written descriptions of the location of the Works, the techniques used for all field operations, details of all field tests and observations, detailed diagrams of all observations, and dimensioned large-scale site plans showing the accurate location of the Works The report shall be of international paper size A4 with an A1 drawing showing the location of drillholes with corresponding drillhole coordinates and ground levels tabulated (f) On receipt of the Client‘s Representative's approval of the draft report the Contractor shall prepare and submit, within 10 days, eight number of bound copies of the final reports containing the two sets of the core photographs (g) The format of the Final Fieldwork Report shall be discussed and agreed with the Client‘s Representative 98 (h) The drillhole records shall be produced in digital format with three data CD Roms provided in the master copy of the Final Fieldwork Report 1.4 Site Log Book With every rig, the Contractor shall keep a log book in which any instruction given by the Client‘s Representative in the field shall be noted and signed It is the responsibility of the Contractor to maintain a good and clean copy of this book and up to date for re-measurement purposes 1.5 Water Levels The Contractor shall provide for the sole use of the Client‘s Representative an electrically operated water level indicator for use in drillholes standpipes and piezometers He shall maintain this throughout the contract period and shall provide the Client‘s Representative with a replacement whenever it is away for repairs It shall be capable of measuring depths to water levels of up to the depth of the deepest drillhole proposed plus an additional 10m 1.6 Backfilling Drillholes (a) Drillholes in which the Client‘s Representative has not directed the installation of a standpipe or piezometer shall be backfilled with a 1:15 cement : sand mixture or other grout to the approval of the Client‘s Representative to within metre of ground surface and thereafter with soil or construction material in the same sequences and thicknesses at it was originally found The grout shall be pumped into the bottom of the hole using a tremie pipe, the end of which shall if there is water in the drillhole always be below the grout/water interface Where casing has been installed in a hole, it shall be gradually withdrawn and in non-cohesive material the grout shall be maintained above the bottom of the casing during withdrawal 99 (b) No drillhole shall be filled nor the casing withdrawn without the Client‘s Representative's permission 1.7 Drillhole Layout 1.7.1 Drillhole Positions The positions of the provisional Drillholes are shown on the Drawings The Contractor shall be responsible for setting out the Drillhole positions The exact position of the drillholes shall be agreed with the Client‘s Representative on site before commencement of Work 1.7.2 Depth of Drillholes Unless directed otherwise by the Client‘s Representative, Drillholes will normally be terminated after penetrating a thickness of 5m of continuous grade II rock or better, or as specified on the Drawings and on approval by the Client‘s Representative 1.7.3 Frequency of Sampling in Drillholes Unless otherwise stated the Contractor shall carry out the following sampling frequency in deposits identified during the investigation (a) Cohesionless Sand Deposit Jar samples shall be taken from Standard Penetration Test split spoon sample Disturbed bulk samples at 1.5m spacing (b) Cohesive Soft Clay Deposits Thin-walled samples taken at 1.5m spacing (c) Cohesive Firm to Stiff Clay Deposits Mazier samples taken at 2m spacing followed by a Standard Penetration Test Jar samples shall be taken from Standard Penetration Test split spoon sample (d) Water Samples0 Jar samples of water shall be taken at the commencement of a shift 1.7.4 Frequency of In-situ Standard Penetration Testing 100 Unless otherwise instructed, the Contractor shall carry out tests at the following frequency in deposits identified during the investigation Standard Penetration Tests shall generally be carried out at 1.5m spacing in all material types 1.7.5 Tolerance on Verticality No nominally vertical hole shall deviate from the vertical direction by more than ±1:75 Inclined holes shall not deviate from the specified inclination by more than ±1:75 1.8 Drilling Equipment 1.8.1 Drilling Rigs (a) Drilling rigs shall be of the hydraulic feed type having the capacity to drive a rotary tool tipped with diamonds or tungsten carbide and able to drill in the sizes and to the depths specified The Contractor may be required to drillholes inclined to the vertical (b) The weight of each rig shall be such that a force of 12kN can be applied to the drilling bit without movement of the rig If the weight of the rig is insufficient for this purpose, the rig shall be anchored down (c) Drilling rigs shall be capable of providing stable drill-string rotation at speeds in the range 50-1250 r.p.m and have a minimum ram stroke length of 600mm The rigs shall also be fitted with a hydraulic feed pressure gauge of appropriate scale A rigid rod, clearly graduated in 10mm increments shall be permanently attached to and parallel with the hydraulic feed rams, in order to provide a means of measuring penetration and estimating penetration rates 1.8.2 Rig Ancillary Equipment (a) Where the flushing medium is water a 'Triplex' type pump shall be provided which shall be equipped with a gear box and capable of delivering up to litres/sec The pump shall incorporate a 'surge' bottle to reduce fluctuations in water pressure and the suction hose shall at all times be fitted with a suitable filter 101 (b) A full by-pass system shall be provided, allowing the operator full control of water flow from zero to maximum pump delivery rate (c) A pressure gauge shall be directly fitted into the water supply line on 'downstream' side of the by-pass valve The pressure gauge shall be capable of operating in the range to 2000kN/m² (d) The Contractor shall provide recent certified calibrations for all gauges and measuring equipment in use 8.3 Core Barrels (a) The core barrels to be used during rotary core drilling shall produce cores of size specified on the Drawing All core cutters/bits shall be in good condition and without damage The Client‘s Representative shall inspect core cutters/bits with the Contractor and request replacement if not satisfied with the quality (b) When drilling in soil the core barrels shall be triple tube core barrels or Mazier type The Client‘s Representative may require solid rock to be cored with a triple tube core barrel but normally thin walled double tube core barrels shall be used The core barrels shall be of approved manufacture and, unless otherwise approved by the Client‘s Representative, all accessories and spare parts shall be as supplied or recommended by the manufacturer Details of the manufacturers and that of tungsten carbide and diamond core bits shall be given in the Schedule of Required Information (c) All core barrels shall be equipped with sediment catcher tube The tube shall have the same external diameter as the core barrel, and its length shall be approximately 0.75m The upper edge shall be curved slightly inwards to prevent fouling the side of the drillhole on withdrawal of the core barrel 1.8.4 Casing and Drillrods (a) Casing shall be used to stabilise caving ground The size of casing and drillrods in use shall be appropriate for the size of core barrel in use 102 (b) All casing and drillrods shall be straight and in good condition, and shall be thoroughly cleaned before use to ensure that all scale, dirt, and other loose material is removed (c) Only standard nominal lengths of casing and drillrods shall be used The mixing of imperial and metric lengths shall not be permitted (d) Short lengths of casing, not greater than the ram stroke length, shall be available to enable casing to be advanced after each core run where necessary 1.9 Drilling The drilling fluid shall be potable water The Contractor may only use a drilling fluid other than the water if he obtains the consent in writing of the Client‘s Representative The Contractor shall specify in his method statement mix quantities chemical composition and means of disposal 1.9.1 Drilling Techniques To provide consistency of measurements, and to ensure that the coring equipment is functioning as efficiently as possible, the following general drilling techniques shall be adopted as standard practice: - Taping of Drillhole depth relative to temporary marker using an accurate metric tape after each core run The level of the temporary marker shall be measured daily to ensure the depth measurements are referenced to a working level - Measurement and calculation of Drillhole depth relative to temporary marker after each core run summing the total length of core barrel and drill rods - No drill run shall exceed 1.5m in length If core recovery in any one run is less than 80%, the length of the subsequent run shall not exceed 0.5m - Ensure drill position is maintained such that the drill rods remain central within the Drillhole 103 - Restriction of the flush medium flow rate to the minimum required for the maintenance of reasonable progress - Immediate removal of non-retractable core barrels on change of materials from hard to soft and replacement with retractable core barrel (vice-versa for soft to hard) - In water flush holes when a retractable core barrel is in use, completing the final 50mm of each run without water - Smooth removal of drill rods and core barrel from the Drillhole - Hosing out of core barrel and sediment catcher after each core run Check the core barrel length is equal to the empty standard length to ensure the barrel is fully cleared prior to taking another core length - Advance casing by a rotary action without surging - Avoid advancing casing beyond the depth penetrated by the core barrel - Ensuring that all equipment and components are maintained in a good, clean, lubricated condition and otherwise maintained in accordance with manufacturer's instructions For relevant core barrels this should include the replacement of the extrusion piston using a loading device and carrying out of frequent checks on the ball valves and extrusion tests to check for leakage past the piston Retractable core barrels should be checked to ensure free movement of the retractable shoe against the tensioning spring ... translation Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation I.1.2.1 Word for word translation TL emphasis Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation. .. lexical items and grammatical structures 26 CHAPTER II: AN INVESTIGATION INTO VIETNAMESE – ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CONSTRUCTION TEXTS II.1 Translation of construction texts Translation is a very... Technical translation and construction texts I.2.1 Technical translation I.2.1.1 Definition of technical translation In terms of nature of SL text, Sofer (1991) classified translation into translation