Luyện tập làm văn quyển 4 toàn tập

QUYEN •^•i* TOANTAP „., N.„ NUA XUAT B A N D A I HOC QUOC GIA HA NOl ^\^\J ^ I IXI LUYEN TAP LAM VAN QUYEN Toan tap - Tai ban lan thLlr4 (Da dieu chinh theo quy dinh giam tai cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao) Vhl i ' S ' ^ ^ ^ " - ' ^ , ^u^f./ii-tl I NHA XUAT BAN OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI - 2001 PhAn thii nhdt TA DO VAT I KY NANG - Ren luyen ki n^ng phan tich de ndm diidc yeu cau cua de (t^ d'6 vat gi, hoan c^nh nao) - Ren luy§n kl nSng quan sat vat dinh t^ de tim y cho bai lam (nhan xet va c^m xuc) - Ren luyen ki nSng sdp xep cac y lap dan bai td vat - Ren luyen ki nang dung tif, viet cau, viet doan de hinh bai td vat 11- PHUONG PHAP LAM BAI Doc ki d^ bdi, trd loi cac edu hoi: - De bai yeu cau td vat gi? -' De bai yeu cau td vat dd hoan cdnh nao? Quan sat vdt dinh td di tint y - Diing mdt de nhan xet cac dac diem ve hinh dang, mau sdc, cdc dau hi6u rieng cua vat - Dung cac giac quan khac nhU tay s5, mui ng\ii de phat hien th§m cac ddc di§'m ve vat lieu tao nen vat, miii cua no' - Ghi chep cac nhdn xet va cdm xuc quan sat dUdc gidy (khdng can theo thii tu) Ldp ddn bdi cu the theo y§u cau cua de bdi - Dan bai gom ba phan: md bdi, thdn bai, k§'t ludn - Phan md bai thuong gidi thieu chung ve vat dinh td Phan than bdi thudng td bao quat vdt, td m6t s6 b6 phdn noi bat, cd dSc diem rieng cua vdt Phan ket ludn thudng neu y nghi cdm xiic cua em ddi vdi dd vat Viet bdi hodc trinh bdy nii^ng bdi trUdc to, ldp - Khi viet bdi xong phdi doc lai de sifa chiJfa cac loi vd diing tif ddt cau, viet doan - Bdi viet can ket hpp td vdi long cdm xiic cua bdn thdn DK Ta c h i e e cAp stich ciia em ( h o a c ciia b a n e m ) I- HUONG DAN TIM HIEU DE BAI Doc de bai vdi ba Idn Trd ldi cac cau hdi: + De bdi yeu cau td vat gi? (Cai cdp) -f Vat cua (cua em hodc ban em) 4- Cd vat hoan cdnh ndo? (bUdc vdo ndm hoc mdi) II- HUONG DAN QUAN SAT DE TIM Y Dung mdt nhin chi^c cdp de ndm, luc dung diJng Nhin phia trUdc va phia sau, phia vd phia ngoai rdi trd ldi cdc cau hdi 4- Chi^c cdp cd hinh ddng the ndo? To hay nhd? Cdn mdi hay da cu? Lam bang gi? + Mau sac, bdng cua mdt n g o a i cdp? Cdc ddc diem khdc (cd hinh hodc chiif gi khdng? Cd dau v^ gi ddc bidt ) + Phia cdp cd may ngan? Vach ngdn lam bdng gi? Vd cd mau sdc the ndo? • + Quai deo hay tay xach cua cap cd gi dac biet? Khda cap hinh thii the nao? Cd ddc diem gi dang chii y? Dung tay bat khda, md cap, sd vdo tirng bo phan Trd ldi cdc cau hdi sau: + Cdp mem hay ciJng? Nhdn hay rap? + Tieng khda bat md nghe the ndo? Keo phec-mo-tuya cd nghe tieng gi khdng? Y nghi tinh cdm hoac cdm xiic cua em quan sat cai cdp + Em nghi den viec sijf dung chiee cap nhU the nao? + Em mong mudn gi s\i dung cap? + Cdm xiic ciia em nhin, ngdm, diing cap di hoc 11- HUONG DAN LAM DAN BAI Mo bdi: Gidi thieu edi cAp sach (Cdp sach ciia ai? Cd vao dip nao? ) Thdn 6ai.Td cai cdp (.phdn chinh ciia bai lam) a Td bao quat cai cap - Neu ddc diem chung cua edi cdp (hinh thu thd' ndo, cd quai deo, quai xach, cu hay mdi, cd nhan hidu hinh dnh gi hay khdng ) b Td mot so bd phan ndi bdt ciia cai cdp - Td phia ngoai chiee cdp: chon td mdt sd' chi ti^t nd'i bdt cua quai, khda, chat lieu lam cdp - Td phia chiee cAp: cdc ngdn ciia cdp, khda keo, noi cai but (chi neu nhiing chi tiet nd'i bat va ridng ciia chiic cAp Cd thd' so sanh vdi cAp khdc, tiii xach Nen so sdnh lidn tUdng mdt vai dac diem cua cap vdi cac vat khac Chii y ket hdp td vd ndu tinh cdm ciia em vdi cai cAp) K6t ludn: Neu y nghi ciia em doi vdi chie'c cAp (em dinh sii dung nd the nao? Em cd mong mudn gi, nghi den diing cdp) IV- BAI LAM THAM KHAO Dau ndm hpc bo em mua cho em mdt chi^c cdp sdch rdt dep Nhin chiee cap, em tham hiia: "NAm hoc em phdi hoc gidi hon" Chiee cAp mdu sCfa, hinh chii nhdt, b^ hdn chi^c cdp ciia bd em mdt chiit Nd trdng dang yeu dudng vien bdng ni ldng mau trdng dUdc may can than chung quang mdp cAp Chide cAp cua me khdng phdi bdng da that dau Nd bdng vdi gk gia nhung rat ben Mdt trUdc cap mot chii gau dm chiee biit chi ve tren dd nhu mudn cUdi vdi em Chiee khda ma ken sang loang, moi lan ddng, md phim khda lai kdu tach nghe that vui tai Chiee quai xach Idt nhua ben hdi cong that vifa vdi nam tay cam ciia em Cdn mdt chiee quai deo bang vdi bat mau ndu sdm cd hai chiee dem bang nhUa mem di khoac em khdng bi dau vai Ben cdp chia thdnh lam hai ngdn dUdc ngdn each bang mdt ldp vdi nhUa mong Mot ngdn em xep sach vd Ngan ben em di hdp biit ciing cdc dd diing hpc tap khdc Nhiifng ngdy nghi ndng rdo, em bd het sdch vd vd lau chiii chiee cdp cho sach se Luc dy nom nd lai nhu mdi Chi^c cdp ludn ludn di theo em den trUdng nhu hinh vdi bdng Di hpc ve bao gid em ciing cat nd vdo mdt cho c6 dinh canh ban hoc Dfe Em hSy ta tam lich treo tren txicfng n h a em ( h o a c d mot noi n a o k h a c ) I- HUONG DAN TIM HIEU DE BAI Dpc hai ba lan de bdi Trd ldi cdc cdu hdi: + Dd bdi ydu cdu td vat gi? (Tam Ijch) -I- Vdt cd ddc did'm gi? (Treo tren tudng nha em hay d m^t ndi ndo khdc) II- HUONG DAN QUAN SAT DE TIM Y Xac dinh xem t a m lich dinh td thudc loai gi? (lich CO bia va Idc hay lich loai mot td to, hay lich loai bdn hoac sau td ) tif dd cd sU dinh hudng quan sat cho thich hdp 7'/apfy^J^)^kcrJ Van dung cdc giac quan de quan sat Quan sat dd' tim y td tam lich, chii yeu diing mAt hoac tay a) Ddi vdi loai lich cd bia va Idc: 2002 • i» ! • i ^ IV Mh f I f » * ^ - Quan sat ki bia lich: khudn khd' tam bia (to hay nhd, hinh chCf nhat hay hinh gi?-), cac hinh dnh trinh bav tren bia, cac chU in tren bia (cd chif, kieu chCf ndi dung ) Nhan xet vi tri treo lich Cdm xiic va y nghi quan sat bia lich - Quan sat ki Idc lich, hinh dang chung ciia Idc lich (khudn kho dd day ) , - Quan sat ki mdt td lich (phan in dUdng lich, phan in dm lich; ngay, thang, thii: ), loai giay 1dm td Ijch - Cdm xuc va y nghi quan sat bia lich b> Ddi vdi loai lich td (Mdt td to hay ba bon, td) - Quan sat chung quanh td lich: khudn khd loai giay lam lich (ddy hay mong, bdng hay binh thudng ), sd lUdng td lich (mdt td, bdn td hay sau td ) - Quan sdt ki td bia lich: cdnh trang tri tren bia (cac ddng chiif: kieu, ddng vd ndi dung), cdc hinh dnh tren bia (hinh dnh gi? Mdu sdc sao? Y nghia ciia cdc hinh dnh dd? Neu la lich mdt td quan sat phan trinh bay lich cdc thdng nam - Quan sat cdc td lich ben trong: phan tranh dnh ciia tifng td, phan lich tifng thdng hoac quy (each trinh bay tren tifng td, mdu sdc, tranh dnh, chQ in, y nghia cdc tranh dnh trdn lich) Cam xuc vd y nghi cua em ngam tifng td lich Ghi chep cdc nhan xet vd cdm xiic, y nghi quan sat Chu y so sdnh, lidn tUdng nhdn xet tam Ijch Nen gan td Ijch vdi sif thay ddi ciia thdi gian nam, vdi cdng vide ciia em hodc cdc ban em vdo tifng thdi gian II- HUONG DAN LAM DAN BAI (TA LOAI LICH TREO TUONG NHIEU TO) Mo bdi: Gidi thidu tam Ijch treo tUdng (Hodn cdnh cd quyd'n Ijch hodc vi tri treo lich: d nhd em hay d nhd ai? Treo d chd ndo? ) Thdn bdi: Gidi thidu chung ve tam Ijch: hinh ddng chung, loai giay lam Ijch, sd lifdng td vd each ddng cd gi dang chii y - Gidi thieu cdc td Ijch d ben trong: hinh dnh in trdn tifng td (mdu sdc, y nghia hinh dnh dd, cdch trinh bay hinh dnh ) Chii y gdi sif lidn tudng, tudng tUdng ciia em ngam tifng hinh dnh Cdch trinh bdy Ijch tifng quy hodc tifng hai thdng mdt (vi tri in lich tifng thdng, ddc did'm c6 chii ) II- HUONG DAN LAM DAN BAI Mo bdi: Gidi thieu edi cAp sdch (Cdp sdch ciia ai? Cd vao dip ndo? ) Thdn daz.Td edi cdp (phdn chinh ciia bdi lam) a Td bao quat cai cap - Neu ddc diem chung ciia edi cAp (hinh thii thd' nao, cd quai deo, quai xach cu hay mdi, co nhan hidu hinh dnh gi hay khdng ) b Td mdt sd bd phan ndi bat ciia cai cAp - Td phia ngodi chide cAp: chpn td mdt sd chi ti^t nd'i bdt ciia quai, khda, chat lidu 1dm cAp - Td phia chide cAp: cac ngAn ciia cdp, khda keo, ndi cai but (chi neu nhifng chi tidt ndi bat va ridng ciia chi^c cAp Cd thd' so sanh vdi cAp khdc, tiii xach Ndn so sdnh lidn tUdng mdt vai dAc diem ciia cAp vdi cac vat khac Chu y ket hdp td vd ndu tinh cdm ciia em vdi edi cAp) Kit ludn: Neu y nghi cua em ddi vdi chide cAp (em dinh sir dung nd the nao? Em cd mong mudn gi, nghi den diing cAp) IV- BAI L.AM THAM KHAO Dau nam hpc bd em mua cho em mdt chide cAp sach rdt dpp Nhin chiee cAp, em tham hufa: "NAm hpc ndy em phdi hpc gidi hdn" Chide cAp mdu sifa, hinh chCf nhat, bd hdn chide cAp ciia bd em mdt chut Nd trdng dang yeu dudng vien bdng ni ldng mau trdng dUdc may cdn than chung quang mdp cAp Chide cAp Em rdt ydu qui ngdi nhd Nd gdn bd vdi em tif em mdi sinh Di ddu em cung mudn nhanh ehdng trd ve ngoi nhd thdn ydu cua minh Dfe Que em liia dang chin ro Nhin c a n h dbng Iiia chin cung thay dep, thay vui hay t a c a n h d o n g liia chin que em I HUONG DAN TiM HIEU DE BAI Dpc ki dd bdi nhieu lan Trd ldi cdc cdu hdi sau: - Dd bdi ydu cdu td cdnh gi? (Cdnh canh ddng liia chin) - Dd bdi ydu cdu td cdnh ddng liia chin tam trang ndo? (Td cdnh ddng liia chin tdm trang vui sUdng) II HUONG DAN QUAN SAT DE TIM Y Nhd lai nhiing gi da quan sat dUdc ve canh ddng liia chin vd ghi gidy nhap Cd didu kidn ndn di quan sdt lai canh ddng liia chin mot Idn nifa vd ghi chdp Khi quan sat canh ddng liia clii'n can chii y: - Quan sdt bao quat toan bp cdnh canh ddng: rpng hay hep, nhifng cdnh quan chinh ndi len tren canh ddng va d xung quanh canh ddng (nhifng gd ddng, cay cd tli J hoac nhifng chdm xdm nhd, cot didn cao the, train bom, nong giang ;, hinh dnh dan chim, tieng chim - Quan sdt cdnh liia chin trdn ddng: niau sdc tren canh ddng tif xa den gdn, hinh dnh cay liia, bdng liia nhir d >:a 39 va nhin gan, hinh dnh cac rudng liia xung quanh chd em diing Hinh dnh nhifng ngudi lam vide trdn canh ddng ^hp lam gi, an mac sao, dpng tdc lam vide thd ndo ) - Cdm xuc ciia em ngdm cdnh ddng lua chin? Em cd lidn tudng ddn didu gi khdng ? III- HUONG DAN LAP DAN BAI Md bdi: gidi thidu canh ddng liia chin (cdnh ddng ndo? ndm d ddu?) Hodc hoan cdnh ngdm cdnh ddng Iiia chin (Dupc ngdm cdnh ddng liia chin vdo djp ndo?) Thdn bdi a Td bao qudt cdnh ddng liia chin: - Rdng hay hep - Cdnh quan ndi bdt nhdt - Mdu sdc chii ydu ndi trdn cdnh ddng b Td cu thd' cdnh liia chin - Hinh ddng, dac did'm cdy liia trdn cd cdnh ddng (chii y mdu sdc ciia la liia, bdng Iiia ) "*'- Hinh ddng, dac didm mdy rudng liia canh ndi em diing (nhin gdn cdc khdm liia, bdng lua Id liia t h ^ ndo?) cdc bd rudng vd cdy cd trdn dd Cdm xuc cua em dd c Td phac qua cdnh Idm vide trdn ddng lua (phdn ndy khdng viet ddi): Mpi ngudi lam gi trdn ddng liia? Ket luan Suy nghi ciia em ngam nhin cdnh ddng lua chin (nghl den ai? Nghi dieu gi? Tinh cdm cua em vdi thidn nhidn vdi mpi ngudi?) IV BAI LAM THAM KHAO Ra khdi khu tap th^ em d la thdy cdnh ddng liia chin 40 Cdnh ddng thdt rdng Mai tit phia xa mdi thdy mau xanh ri ciia luy tre lang Vdn Phii Ndi trdn cdnh ddng la hang cdt didn cao the bang sat Hinh nhU hang cot didn lam cho canh ddng bdt vd mdnh mdng di afiiJ - '^ffuo Liic liia dang chin Nhin dau em ciing thdy mot mdu vdng Nhidu vat liia vang sdm cd nhifng vat liia da ngd vang nhung vdn cdn lp sac xanh Tifng khdm liia triu xudng vi bdng Ilia vifa to lai vifa may Nam chdc dUdc miia to Em difa tay ndng may bdng liia len Mdt miii thdm thoang thodng, miii ciia com ndp A thi day Id may^riipng liia nep Tifng hat dd bpc vang La cdy liia to bdn nhung ciing da vdng Chdc phdi mUdi hdm nifa mdi cd thi gat dupc ^'^"•'''" Trdn cdnh ddng Idc ddc cd ngUdi di thdm rudng Thinh thodng hp lai ciii xudng xem xet Dang didu trdng cung hdn hd >njb rrtiT , _ : -i Ndng da Idn cao cdng lam cho mau vdng ciia cdiih dbiig liia chin thdm dng d, vui mdt thinh thodng mot cdn gid thodng qua 1dm nhifng bdng liia lay ddng .inyim :ov lUt^u Ngdm nhin canh ddng liia chin em thay vui thich vi nghi ddn nhifng chuyen xe chd liia day ap ve ldng r ^ ' Hi PHAN V rfj-v cfii iA m a KE CHUYEN r AMI I K i N A N G '-''';'' •'- oi^oUH '^ - ^ ^ -I ^ Ren ki nang ghi nhd cdc chi tiet, nhan vat truyen da dpc hodc da nghe va ki nang hid'u y nghia truydn Ren ki nang kd' lai truydn bdng ldi van ciia em, bao ^1 dam ke du va diing cac chi tidt, nhdn vdt, kd' trung thdnh voi y nghia cua cdu chuyen Ren ki nang didn dat