Nguyên nhân phát triển đạo tin lành trong đồng bào dân tộc hmông ở một số tỉnh miền núi phía bắc nước ta hiện nay và biện pháp khắc phục mặt tiêu cực của nó

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN NGUYEN KHAC DUG NGUYEN NHAN PHAT TRIEN DAO TIN LANH TRONG DONG BAO DAN TOC H'MONG M O T SO TINH MIEN NUI PHIA BAG Nl/6C TA HIEN NAY VA BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC MAT TIEU ClTC CUA NO Chuyen nganh : Chu nghla vat bien chung va chu nghla vat lich sur Ma so : 5.01.02 LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TRIET HOC Nguoi hudug din khoa hoc JGS.TS Nguyin Hitu Vui CAI K C C O U O C GiA HA NOi • TRUHGTAMTHDHGT!N.T!!UV!C!i Y, ^Vj HA NOI - 2001 CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN Chinh tri quoc gia : CTQG Chu nghla xa hoi : CNXH Chu nghia tu ban : CNTB Ha npi: HN Nha xuat ban : NXB CHtr VIET T A T TRONG LUAN VAN Chinh tri quoc gia : CTQG Chu nghia xa hoi: CNXH Chii nghia tu ban : CNTB Ha noi : HN Nha xuat ban : NXB CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN Chinh tri quoc gia : CTQG Chu nghia xa hoi : CNXH Chii nghla tu ban : CNTB Ha noi : HN Nha xuat ban : NXB CHtr VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN Chinh tri quoc gia : CTQG Chii nghia xa hoi : CNXH Chii nghia tu ban : CNTB Ha noi : HN Nha xuat ban : NXB MUC LUC Ma dau Trang Chuang Su* phat trien dao Tin lanh dong bao dan toe H'mong a mot so tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta va nguyen nhan cua no 1.1 Sir phat trien dao Tin ianh d Viet Nam va d mot so tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta 1.1.1 Su phat trien dao Tin lanh a Viet Nam 1.1.2 Qua trinh phat trien dao Tin lanh a mot so tinh mien nui phia Bdc nu6e ta o 1.1.3 Anh hucmg ciia dao Tin lanh dong bao dan toe H'mong a mot so tinh mi6n niii phia B^c nuoc ta 15 1.2 Nguyen nhan 21 1.2.1 Ddi song kinh te-xa hoi kho khan 21 1.2.2 Tif van de truyen dao va am muu Igi dung dao Tin lanh 25 eua eae the lire thij dich 1.2.3 Tix dac diem lieh su va van hoa cua dan toe H'mong 31 1.2.4 Su yen kem ciia he thong chinh tri lam cong lac ton giao 4\ Chuong Nhfing bien phap khac phuc mat tieu circ ciia dao Tin lanh dong bao dan toe H'mong d mot so tinh mien nui phia Bac nirdc ta 47 2.1 Nliumg nguyen tac mang tinh phuong phap luan gia! quyet van de ton giao 47 2.1.1 Giai quyet vKn de ton giao phai gdn lien v6i qua trinh cai tao xa hoi cu, x^y dung xa hoi mdi AQ 2.1.2 Ton va bao dam quydn tii tin nguong va khong tin nguong cua nhan dan, dong thdi chong Igi dung ton giao r-j 2.1.3 Can phan biet mat chinh tri va tu tuong viec doi xir v6i ton giao ^A 2.1.4 Co quan diem lich sir CLI the giai quyet van dt ton gi^° 55 2.2 Mot so bien phap chii yeu 56 2.2.1 Phat trien kinh te" - xa hoi, nang cao ddi song vat chat ctia dong bao H'mong _^ 30 2.2.2 Nang cao trinh dan tri va van hoa ciia dong bao H'mong 2.2.3 Cling CO va tang cucmg he thong chinh tri co s6, quan ^^ tarn den van de can bo lam cong tac ton giao « Ket luan Danh muc tai lieu tham khao 76 M6DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Ton giao la mot van de phiic tap, nhay cam va c6 lich su ton tai lau ddi Da CO thdi ky ngucfi ta cho r^ng ton giao se chet di ciing v6i su phat trien ciia khoa hoc ky thuat, nhung thuc te lai khac Ben canh su phat trien manh me cua khoa hoc va cong nghe, vai thap ky gan day ton giao dang c6 xu hudng phat trien trd lai mot so khu vuc Su phat trien trd lai ciia ton giao, mot mat khang dinh siic song tu than ciia no la su dap ung nhu c^u tinh than cua ngu5i Mat khac, su phat trien da gay nen nhi^u bien doi tieu cue ddi song xa hoi cua chung ta Ton giao va dan toe cung la nhan to thuong xuyen bi cac the luc chinh tri Igi diing nhi6u cuoc xung dot giua cac dan toe hien Di6u cang lam tang them tinh phuc tap cua cac cugc xung dot, tac dong tieu cue den tien trinh hoabinh the gidi O nu6c ta nhixng nam gan day, ciing v6i su doi m6i sau sdc tren moi linh vuc ciia dcri song xa hoi, dM song ton giao, tin nguong cung phat trien Co the nhan thay bieu hien cua no, trudc het la su gia tang boat dong ciia cac ton giao, ciia cac tin d6 cac ton giao va nhan dan noi chung, gia tang cua cac hinh thiic nghi 11 ton giao, tang cucmg tu tao, xay cat co so vat chat ton giao, tin nguong Nhung su thay d6i doi song tinh than xa hoi la su phan anh nhu can tam linh, nhu c^u ton giao ciia quan chiing nhan dan can thiet dugc dap ling Tuy nhien, neu khong dugc huang din, quan ly thi no lai la nguyen nhan gay nen nhirng bat on d6i song xa hoi Nhin chung boat dong ciia cac ton giao a nude ta hien diln theo chieu hudng tuan thu phap luat, cac ton giao g^n bo v6i dan toe Tuy nhien, van de ton giao cung thucfng xuyen bi cac the luc thu dich Igi dung de thuc hien am muu chong pha each mang nu6c ta, tijr tao nhung vu viec phiic tap mot so ton giao, co dao Tin lanh Dao tin lanh la mot ton giao 16n tren the gidi Mac dia mdi vao Viet Nam khoang 100 nam, nhung da phat trien manh tren mot dien rong ca nu6c Dac biet su phat tren khong binh thucmg cua ton giao d cac tinh mi6n niii phia Bdc nude ta thdi gian g^n day da va dang tao nhiJng hau qua tieu cue tren nhi6u linh vuc ciia ddi song xa hoi dong bao cac dan toe a day, noi bat nhat la dan toe H'mong Tin lanh da thuc su len loi sau vao tan cac ban lang xa xoi heo lanh ciia dong bao cac dan toe thieu so Vi vay, nghien ciJu tinh hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh vung dong bao dan toe H'mong a khu vuc nay, ban nua la tim nguyen nhan cua su phat trien va giai phap de giai quyet tinh hinh do, hofn bao gid het vSn la nhung van de thdi su, mang tinh cap thiet ca ve ly lu£in va thuc tiln Dua tren ca sd do, toi da manh dan lua chon van d6 tren day lam d6 tai luan van thac sy triet hoc ciia minh Tinh hinh nghien ciili de tai Trong thdi gian qua d nude ta da cd rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuxi \6 dao tin lanh, ke ca nhiing cong trinh nghien cixu ve nhiing van dt co ban ciia ton giao Cho den cd the neu mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta sau day: Tac pham " Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi tin lanh mien nam" ciia Ixoraca-Richared Woff- Sai gdn 1959; "Cac he phai tin lanh d My" cua Bensons Y Lendis- New York 1986; "Dao tin lanh: Cac giao hoi va nhiJng bien the mdi nhat" va'Tin lanh Viet nam, trudc va sau 1975"- Mai Thanh Hai: Ton giao the gidi va Viet nam, NXB Cong an nhan dan, H.2000, tr 77,159; "Dao tin lanh"- Ban ton giao ciia chinh phii: Mot sd ton giao d Viet nam (Tai lieu tham khao - Luu hanh noi bg), H, 1995, tr 101; "Dao tin lanh d Viet nam"- Tong cue chinh tri: Mot sd hieu biet ve ton giao ton giao d Viet nam, NXB Quan doi nhan dan, H 1993, tr 165; "Tim hieu nhung he qua cua viec truyen giao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa truyen thong va tin ngudng ton giao Viet nam"- Nguy6n Xuan Hiing, T/C Nghien ciiu ton giao, Sd 1-2000, tr 45; "Budc dau tim hieu anh hudng ciia dao tin lanh ddi vdi van hoa truydn thong d viing dong bao H'mong huyen B^c Ha"- Vi Hoang B^e, T/C Dan toe hoc, Sd 1-1997, tr 42; "Su phat trien cua dao tin lanh vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia b^c nude ta hien nay" - De tai khoa hoc cap bg, chii nhiem TS Nguydn Diic Lir, H 1999; "V6 tinh hinh phat trien dao tin lanh d midn niii phia Bdc - Trudng Son Tay Nguyen" - D6 tai khoa hgc cap bg, chii nhiem GS Dang Nghiem Van , H 2000; "Su phat tren ciia dao Tin lanh d cac tgc ngudi ban dia Lam Dong hien nay: Van d6 va bien phap giai quyet" - Biii Trung Hung, Luan van thac sy khoa hgc Triet hgc, H 1998 ; "Thuc trang dao Tin lanh tai phd Ho Chi Minh va nhixng van de dat cho cong tac an ninh" - Nguyin The Hanh, Luan van thac sy, H 2000; "Hien tugng truyen dao trai phep "Vang Chii-Tin lanh" d viang dong bao H'mong phia Bdc nude ta" - Dang Van Hudng, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H 2001; " Anh hudng cua dao Vang Chii-Tin lanh ddi vdi dong bao dan tgc Hmong d Ha Giang hien nay" - D6 Ky Hgp, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H 2001; " Qua trinh xam nhap va anh hudng cua dao Tin lanh d mot sd vung dong bao Hmong tinh Son La-thuc trang va giai phap - Le Dinh Nghla, luan van thac sy khoa hgc ton giao, H 2001 Nhin chung, nhiing cong trinh nghien ciJu tren day da neu len dugc nhiing noi dung ca ban ve dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d Viet Nam Han niia, cac ket qua nghien ciiu dd da d6 cap tuang ddi sau ve thuc trang phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh va nhiing van de lien quan den su phat trien ciia no dong bao dan tgc H'mong d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta, nhu Ha Giang, San La, Lai Chau Dong thdi nhiing cong trinh cung da phan tich nguyen nhan va bien phap giai quyet va'n di dao Tin lanh d khu vuc Tuy nhien, viec tap trung nghien ciiu de tim hieu nhiing nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh va tren ca sd dd neu nhiing giai phap de' khdc phuc nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia nd dong bao ae'n lgi ich ciia nhan dan phai tren ca sd cimg ban bac, cd ddng gdp y kien cua mat tran td qudc va cac td chiic quan chiing Thuc hien tdt nguyen tac tap trung dan chii cac td chiic Dang, chinh quyen, doan the va nhan dan Thuc six phat buy dan chu ciia nhan dan thdng qua cac td chiic chinh tri-xa hdi ma bg tham gia De giai quyet tdt tinh hinh dao Tin lanh viing ddng bao H'mdng d mien liii phia Bac, thdng bao 184 ciia Bd Chinh tri, 30-11-1998 neu rd: can tang :udng van ddng quan chiing tin dd Tin lanh, xay dung ca sd cua mat tran va cac 3oan the lam ndng cdt, tranh thu nhiing ngudi dung dau ddng hg, gia lang, trudng ban, quan chiing tien tie'n de tao six ung bd rdng rai ddi vdi chu truang, chinh iach cua Dang va nha nude Cac td chiic doan the nhu mat tran td qudc, doan nien, hdi phu nii, hdi long dan, hdi cuu chie'n binh cd vai trd rat quan trgng cdng tac tdn giao /an Do dd can tie'p tuc ddi mdi ndi dung, phuang thiic boat ddng ciia cac td chiic loan the de thu hiit quan chiing Phai lay hieu qua lam trgng, tranh phd nxang hinh thiic Dac biet la lay cac boat ddng van hoa xa hdi, van nghe, the due he thao de ldi keo doan vien, hdi vien tham gia He thdng chinh tri manh lay six vimg manh ciia ddi ngii can bd lam ca sd Lien ]uan tdi van de chiing ta can bet siic quan tam tdi ldi day ciia chu tich Hd Ihi Minh : " Mudn viec cdng hay that bai, deu can bg tdt boac kem Dd a mot chan ly nha't dinh "[52.240 ] Do vay, dii xet d cap nao, viec xay dung tugc mdt dgi ngii can bg manh, dap ling td't nhu cau ciia thuc tien ludn la chiic lang khdng the thieu ciia mgi cap bd dang Trong thdi gian qua, cimg vdi nhixng ket qua dat dugc cdng tac can bd, )ang ta ciing chi rd : "Kien thiic, trinh hieu biet ve ly luan va thuc te ciia ihieu can bg chua theo kip yeu cau ciia tinh binh hien Mdt bg phan khdng ibd can bg da thoai hoa ve chinh tri va pham chat, dao diic, lgi dung chiic quyen :e tham d, lang phi, quan lieu, be phai, mat doan ket, ca hdi va thuc dung" 25 26] Nguyen nhan sau xa ciia tinh hinh la can bd d ca sd hien 69 :hdng dugc dao tao ca ban, ve ly luan va chuyen mdn chua theo kip ddi hdi cua ;udc sdng hien tai Viec chuan bi can bd cho mien mii, dac biet la can bg lam cdng tac tdn giao lien thuc six la va'n de khd khan Bdi vi, theo y kien ciia cac can bg lam cdng ac tdn giao bien thdi thi cdng tac tdn giao la viec lam rat phiirc tap, nhay cam va tay ray nhiing khd khan ma che dai ngd, khen thudng lai ban che Tuy nhien, iec lua chgn can bd lam cdng tac tdn giao, trudc bet c^n xuat phat tif yeu cau, ihiem vu chinh tri cua dia phuang, can quan triet quan diem giai ca'p ciia giai cap dng nhan; can gan viec xay dung ddi ngu can bd vdi ddi mdi td chiic; phai thdng [ua boat ddng thuc tien de tuyen chgn can bg Lua chgn nhixng ngudi cd lap rudng tu tudng viing vang, cd siic khoe td't, dii diic, dii tai, cd tam buyet va cd uy in vdi nhan dan viing Ddng thdi can cd chinh sach khuyen khich, dai ngd :di vdi nhiing can bg lam cdng tac tdn giao bang ca vat chat va tinh than Quan tam lira chgn, dao tao, bd tri dgi ngu can bg ngudi dan tdc H'mdng vao ac nganh nhu cdng an, quan ddi, mat tran, dan van, y te', tuyen giao d ca cap nb va cap huyen, dam bao nang cao ty le can bd ngudi H'mdng len mdt miic gp ly can cii vao chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia timg ban, nganh ma tao dieu kien bo so ddng chi thudng xuyen de'n ca sd de nam tinh hinh, lien he mat thie't di ngudi dan dia phuong, ciing cd uy tin va tuyen truyen, van ddng quan chiing Thudng xuyen phat hien, bdi dudng can bd lam cdng tac tdn giao Trudc bet an nang cao nhan thiic cua hg ve chii nghia Mac- Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh e khang dinh viing chac the gidi quan vat, vd than, chi dd can bg co sd ldi phan biet dugc dau la diing, dau la sai; dau la khoa hgc, dau la ao tudng sai im, giiia ly tudng each mang ma chiing ta dang phan dau de bien hien iixc tren tran the vdi nhiing gi ma Tin lanh hiia hen Tang cudng giao due chinh tri tu tudng cho dang vien va qu^n chiing, bang ich day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, phd bien, quan triet mgi chu truang, chinh ich cua Dang, nha nude va dia phuang, dd cd chinh sach tdn giao 70 Mudn lam tdt cdng tac dan van, cdng tac tdn giao, phai cd can bd cd nang iXc, am hieu dia ban, phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao va biet tie'ng H'mdng, gan »d vdi nhan dan, nam bat tam tu nguyen vgng cua nhan dan Cac tinh can tao lieu kien ve kinh phi va chgn cir can bd cd tam buyet, cd nang luc tang cudng :udng ca sd Can bd phai lam cho quan chiing thay rd the nao la tu tin igudng, the nao la vi pham tu tin ngudng Ddng thdi vach tran am muu, thii loan lira gat cua cac phan tir xau va cac the lire thu dich lgi dung tdn giao de thuc lien am muu "Dien bien boa binh" vdi nude ta Six ban che' ve kien thiic tdn giao ciia can bd cd anh hudng Idn de'n hieu qua iia cdng tac tdn giao Do dd can ddi mdi nhan thiic vi tdn giao ciia ddi ngii can 'd tdn giao van Tie'p tuc md cac Idp tap huan, ke ca Idp dai ban nang cao ve tdn ;iao de bg cd nhan thiic diing dan ve va'n de tdn giao va cdng tac tdn giao ;iai doan bien Cimg vdi viec nang cao trinh ly luan chinh tri, nha nude ciing can dau tu inh phi de dao tao can bg ca sd nham nang cao trinh td chiic chi dao, quan ly an xuat, quan ly hanh chinh va kha nang quan ly sir dung cac ngudn tin dung dng tbdn, phuc vu yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hdi tai dia phuong Chi dd, di ngu can bd mdi cd dii nang luc hoan trach nhiem td chiic, chi dao, udng dan, van ddng nhan dan xa, ban each lam an mdi; bie't chuyen ddi ca a'u cay trdng, vat nudi phu hgp dieu kien dia phuang, timg budc tao cho ddng ao thdi quen san xuat hang boa Ddng thdi, can phai bie't tranh thii tdi da nhiing ngudi cd uy tin nhu trudng an, gia lang, trudng hg vimg ddng bao H'mdng Do dac diem lich sir, gudi H'mdng ludn cd nhu cau ve mot "Thii ITnh" de the hien siic manh cdng ong cua bg, Neu xay dung dugc lire lugng cdt can tdt, tranh thu gia lang, trudng an, ddng thdi tim nhixng ngudi cd uy tin, tai nang, cd tam buyet, cd y thiic dan )C va mot Idng di theo Dang de bdi dudng va tao dieu kien cho hg thi chinh hg kha nang qui tu dugc ddng bao xay dung kinh te - xa hdi, giu viing truyen idng van boa dan tdc de chdng lai six du nhap ciia cac dao la 71 Ngudi H'mdng d cao nguyen Ddng Van (Ha Giang) khdng theo dao Tin lanh a mdt minh chiing day, ngoai ye'u td van boa truyen thong cdn dugc tri, 3ao luu va phat trien, trinh kinh te -xa bdi dugc nang cao cdn cd bai bgc tir vai TO ciia thii linh Tir Vuang Dii-c Chinh den trai ciia dng la Vuang Tri Thanh a thii linh da di theo each mang tir nhixng nam 40 Viec Vuang Chi Thanh di heo Viet minh da ldi cudn dugc hau het ngudi Hmdng tren deo cao nguyen ii theo each mang Cho den nay, chau ciia Vuang Chi Thanh vSn mdt long heo Dang Vi the Tin lanh dung nhieu thii doan nhung vln khdng xam nhap luge vao cao nguyen Ddng Van Rat tiec d nhieu nai khac, chung ta chua xay iung dugc thu ITnh, can bd cdt can, nhixng ngudi cd uy tin d vimg ddng bao i'mdng tuang xiing vdi giai doan each mang mdi Hoac da cd nhung lai dua len luyen, len tinh, trung uang ma khdng sdng Idng ddng bao dan tdc, khien ;ho nhiing ngudi lai trd nen xa each vdi ddng bao Day la van de cdng tac an bg viing dan tdc ma giai doan each mang nao ciing can quan tam Ve van de nay, Chi thi 45 / CT-TW cua Ban chap hanh trung uang Dang neu : "Cimg cd xay dung ca sd Dang, chinh quyen, doan the d vimg dan tdc I'mdng theo tinh than nghi quye't trung uang Cham lo bdi dudng, dao tao ddi gii can bd va xay dung luc lugng cdt can cac ban lang, cac ddng hg, ac chiic sac tdn giao, tao mot dgi ngu can bg ca sd vung manh d viing dan )c H'mdng." *M(5r sdkien nghi vd de xudt Thdng qua viec nghien ciiu ve nguyen nhan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh dng bao H'mdng d mot so tinh mien mii phia Bac nude ta hien va bien phap bac phuc nhiing anh tieu cue ciia nd, de gdp phan giai quye't td't va'n de dao Tin inh d khu vuc nay, chiing tdi xin manh dan neu mot so kie'n nghi va de xuat m day: 1- Tap trung lam td't cdng tac van ddng quan chiing, bdi vi ndi dung cdt ldi ia cdng tac tdn giao la cdng tac van ddng quan chiing Dang va chinh quyen 72 >hai bam sat nhan dan, gan bd mau thit vdi nhan dan, giiip dan chuyen hudng san :uat, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than; tang cudng tuyen truyen giao due ludng ldi chinh sach cua Dang va nha nude, dac biet la chinh sach dan tdc va tdn ^lao cho quan chiing nhan dan; ddng thdi vach ro nhimg am muu lira bip, lgi lung tdn giao ciia lire lugng truyen dao; timg budc cung cd niem tin ciia ddng )ao H'mdng vao che chung ta, Trong cdng tac van ddng, nen cir can bd la igudi dan tgc cd kinh nghiem van ddng quan chiing, dugc tap huan ve cdng tac on giao, cd dau tu dai ngd thoa dang cho hg va dua hg xudng dia ban cac xa, ban dao Tin lanh Hg gan gui, sau xat vdi nhan dan, tir dd nang cao hieu qua ciia dng tac van ddng quan chiing va giai quye't td't van de Tin lanh vimg ddng •ao 2- Can cd six thdng nhat nhan thiic va xac dinh rd tam quan trgng ciia iien tugng dao Tin lanh xam nhap vao ngudi H'mdng Cd nhu vay mdi xay dung :ugc nhiing giai phap ddng bd, thdng nhat va hieu qua, tranh rai vao "Hiiu huynh" hay "Ta khuynh" giai quyet van de Hien tugng tdn giao xam nhap ao dan tdc H'mdng d khu vuc nay, thuc chat la boat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh udi cai vd "Vang Chii" Do vay can phai xac dinh mdt each diit khoat rang ddi xgng giai quye't la dao Tin lanh Do vay, cdng tac tdn giao phai trdn ca sd quan iem ciia chu nghTa Mac-Le nin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, dudng ldi, chinh sach ua Dang va nha nude ta ve tdn giao 3- Khdng ngimg tang cudng cac bien phap phat trien kinh te, ap dung khoa gc ky thuat vao san xuat de nang cao nang suat lao ddng ciia ddng bao H'mdng, au tu xay dung ca sd kinh te vimg ddng bao nhu dien, dudng, trudng, tram Chi cd nhu vay mdi cd the giiip nhan dan viing timg budc xoa ddi, giam gheo va cd tich luy Day la giai phap vira ca ban, vira lau dai de phat trien kinh f-xa hdi viing ddng bao H'mdng, va ban che' nhiing anh hudng tieu cue cua ao Tin lanh ddi sdng ddng bao Nhung chuang trinh, ke hoach phat trien inh te xa bdi can thiet thuc, cu the, phii hgp vdi timg dia phuang, dau tu cd trgng 73 ta, trgng diem, tranh tinh trang that thoat vdn qua trinh dau tu nhu hien ay 4- Nang cao trinh dan tri viing ddng bao H'mdng, dac biet la ddi ngu an bd dang vien, dgi ngu cdt can Mudn vay, chiing ta can thie't quan tam dau tu bo giao due d cac cap hgc, xoa nan mil chix, timg budc nang cao trinh dan tri ho ddng bao, trudc bet la can bd lanh dao cac cap, Dd'i vdi can bd, dac biet la in bg tdn giao van can dugc dao tao, bdi dudng kien thiic ve tdn giao, ve dudng )'i, chinh sach, phap luat ciia Dang va nha nude ta ve tdn giao de lam tdt cdng tac m giao Nha nude cung nhu cac tinh can nghien ciiu de ban banh chinh sach dai ngd loa dang ddi vdi can bd vimg cao, dd cd can bd lam cdng tac tdn giao de lO dieu kien cho hg yen tam hoan nhiem vu Ddng thdi tranh thu tdi da vai d ciia gia lang, trudng ban va nhiing ngudi cd uy tin tbdn ban 5- Sdm ban hanh phap lenh tdn giao va luat tdn giao de tao nen tang phap ' cho boat ddng va quan ly boat ddng tdn giao Tdm lai, de timg budc va di de'n giai quye't triet de tinh trang phat trien ciia 10 Tin lanh ddng bao H'mdng d mdt sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta en va anh budng tieu cue cua nd ddi sdng ddng bao, trudc het chiing phai quan triet day dii quan diem Mac xit ve viec giai quyet van de tdn giao; lan tam phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi, nang cao ddi sdng ddng bao ca vi vat chat va li sdng tinh than; ddng thdi ciing cd, tang cudng he thdng chinh tri ca sd de lam t cdng tac tdn giao Trong dd ndi dung cdt ldi la cdng tac van ddng quan liing, nhu nghi quye't 24 cua Bd Chinh tri da khang dinh Nhu vay, chiing ta can ie't phai bie't phdi hgp sir dung cac phuang phap de tao mdt siic manh tdng lp nham giai quye't tdt van de dao Tin lanh d khu vixc ddng bao H'mdng Lien lan tdi van de Dang ta neu rd: "Van de dan tdc cd mdt vi tri chien luge to n, thuc hien binh dang, doan ket tuang trg giixa cac dan tdc sir nghiep ddi 5i, cdng nghiep boa va hien dai hoa dat nude Xay dung luat dan tdc bang ieu bien phap tich cue va viing chac, thuc hien cho dugc ba muc tieu: xoa ddi, 74 im dugc ngheo, dn dinh va cai thien ddi sdng, siic khoe cho ddng bao dan tgc, ng bao viing cao, viing bien gidi, xoa dugc mil chir, nang cao dan tri, tdn trgng phat buy ban sac td't dep cua cac dan tgc, xay dung dugc ca sd chinh tri, dgi u can bg va Dang vien cua cac dan tdc d cac vimg, cac cap sach va viing inh" [24.125-126 75 KET LUAN Tdn giao ndi chung va dao Tin lanh ndi rieng la nhimg van de phirc tap va lay cam Vdi nhiing six viec sinh tir dao Tin lanh thdi gian qua, nhu m de dao Tin lanh gan vdi Fulro d Tay nguyen sau giai phdng mien Nam nam )75, tiep dd la tinh trang phat trien "dot bien" ciia dao Tin lanh vimg ddng io dan tdc thieu sd d cac tinh mien Bac nude ta, va gan day nhat (thang 2- 2001) six kien dao Tin lanh gan vdi Fulro boat ddng trd lai d Tay nguyen da gay nen f ma't dn dinh ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hdi d khu vuc nay, thi ban bao gid ft viec nghien ciiu ve dao Tin lanh, ve dao Tin lanh timg dia ban cu the d rdc ta van la nhiing van de thdi six Dao Tin lanh ddi vao the ky XVI d Diic va gan lien vdi hai ten tudi ndi mg ciia phong trao cai each tdn giao liic bay gid la M.Luther va J.Calvin Dao n lanh xuat hien chinh la sir each tan dao Cdng giao cho phii hgp vdi tinh hinh di ciia the gidi hien thuc va khac phuc nhung nhugc diem ciia ban than Cdng ao Nd da phii hgp d miic cao vdi nhiing yeu cau ciia nen kinh te TBCN dang nb luc dd va bieu hien ddi sdng tinh than cua giai cap tu san dang len Do ), dao Tin lanh nhanh chdng phat trien, thu hiit dugc ddng dao tin dd d hSu khap c luc dia tren the gidi Do vi tri dia - chinh tri dac biet ciia minh, Viet Nam la nude sdm duac cac lie sac ciia dao Tin lanh chii y vao truyen dao Tuy nhien, qua trinh truyen giao a dao Tin lanh tai Viet Nam sudt qua trinh lich sir da gap khdng it khd an, trd ngai va mang lai ket qua khdng may kha quan Phai de'n sau nam 1975, ciing vdi six kien Tin lanh gan vdi Fulro d Tay ;uyen va gan day la tinh hinh phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d cac tinh mien niii ia Bac thi dao Tin lanh mdi co budc phat trien dang ke d nude ta Dao Tin lanh dugc truyen vao viing ddng bao H'mdng d cac tinh mien mii fa Bac nude ta tif nam 1986 Tuy mdi vao vung nhung dao Tin lanh da phat in ra't nhanh chdng ve sd lugng va tao nhieu va'n de xa bdi ma chung ta can et phai quan tam nghien ciiu Cd nhiing tinh nhu Lai Chau, San La dugc xem IG la khdng cd tdn giao trudc dao Tin lanh xam nhap vao Vay ma gid day, theo inh toan sa bd, sd lugng tin dd theo dao Tin lanh ddng bao H'mdng thudc diu vuc da len den vai chuc nghin Six phat inirx "khdng binh thudng" ciia dao Tin lanh viing ddng bao H'mdng la mdt va'n di rat phuc tap Nd phii:c tap khdng chi vi tinh binh gia tang ^ua nhanh ve sd lugng tin dd, ma cdn bdi vi nd la nguyen nhan gay nen nhung 3at dn ddi sdng xa hdi ddng bao Ben canh nhiing yeu td tich cue, phii hgp vdi ddi sdng ciia ngudi H'mdng, nhin :bung dao Tin lanh da anh hudng tieu cue den ddi sdng xa bdi vung ddng bao ^d da gay nen six xao trgn Idn ve tam ly, tu tudng, ve ddi sdng sinh boat ciia long bao H'mdng, pha vd trat tu cdng ddng, lam suy yeu he thdng chinh tri ca sd ;ua ta Nghidm trgng ban dao Tin lanh cd nguy ca pha vd nen van boa truyen bdng ciia ddng bao, gay mat doan ket, chia re sau s k tbdn ban Ve nguyen nhan phat trien cua dao Tin lanh ddng bao dan tdc H'mdng lien vSn cdn nhieu y kie'n tranh luan khac Tuy nhien can thay rang su )bat trien cua dao Tin lanh d day la tdng hgp cua cac nguyen nhan, tir nguyen iban ve lich sir va van hoa ciia ngudi H'mdng, trinh dan tri thap, phong tuc ap quan lac hau, nhu cau tin ngudng tdn giao cua ddng bao, am muu lgi lung dao Tin lanh cua ke dich Trong dd nguyen nhan ve lich sif va van hoa ciia hinh dan tdc H'mdng la nguyen nhan ca ban nhat Tii dd dat va'n de la d^ ban che' six phat tren ciia dao Tin lanh va anh hudng [tu cue ciia nd ddng bao H'mdng, chiing ta can xay dung nhiing giai phap lang tinh tdng the, quan tam toan dien de'n ddi sdng ddng bao, timg budc nang ao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than ciia ddng bao, cimg cd nidm tin cua nhan dan di vdi Dang, chinh quyen Chi cd nhu vay chiing ta mdi di den khac phuc dugc hiing anh hudng tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng, ong vien nhan dan viing xay dung cugc sdng nai tbdn ban va gdp phan ay dung da't nude Viet Nam cang giau manh / 77 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ph.Ang-ghen(1994) : Chong Duy Rinh, Phan thii ba, CNXH, nam 1894 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen, Toan tap, NXB CTQG, Tap 20, Tr 437, HN Ph.Ang ghen (1993): Chien tranh ndng ddn a Due, C.Mac-PhAg ghen, toan tap, Tap 7, NXB CTQG, HN Ph.Ang ghen(1995) : Bruno Bau-a va dao Co doc khdi thuy, C.MacPh.Ang ghen, toan tap, tap 19, NXB CTQG, HN Ph.Ang ghen(1995) : Lut vich Phoi-o-bdc vd su cao chung cua triet hgc cd dien Dike, C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen, toan tap, tap 21, NXB CTQG, HN, tr 387 Ban Ton giao cua Chinh phu (1993).- Cong vdn sd248/CV-TGCP 25-71993 Ban Ton giao ciia Chinh phu(1995) : Mot sdton giao dViet nam (Tdi lieu tham khdo-Luu hanh noi bo), HN Bao cao chuyen de "Nghien cicu vd gidi quyet van de ehdng hidn dieu tuyen truyen me tin di doan vua ra, don vua a huyen Sin Hd", Lai Chau 21/12/98 Bao cao kit qua thuc hien chuong trinh 135 nam 1999 vd ke hoach trien khai nam 2000 cua Uy ban Ddn tgc vd mien niii Bao cao sa ket tinh hinh dao Tin lanh tham rihdp vd phat trien ddn tgc Hm6ng{\995), Cong an Lao Cai 10 Bao cao sa ket thi/c hien ddi sach vdi sd ddi tugng cam dau, tuyen truyen dao trdi phep a dia bdn tinh lai Chau cua dan vi P.A39, sd92IPA 39-BC, 10-8-1998 11 Bao cao sa ket hai nam thuc Men chi thi 10/87 cua tinh uy Hd Giang ve cong tdc chdng ton giao tren dia bdn tvt thdi2g 1011997 - thdng 1011999, P.A38 Cong an tinh Ha Giang 12 Bao cao sd 01 BCITG 23-12-1993 cua Ban Ton giao vd Ddn tgc tinh Lao Cai 13 Bao cao sd 12 BC/DVDT : Tinh hinh cong tdc ddn tgc, ton giao a dia bdn tinh San La qui nam 2000, Ban Dan van Dan tdc tinh San La, 24-4-2000 14 Bao cao sd 19 BC/DVDT : Ket qua budc dau trien khai thuc hien ke hoach 24KHITU cua Ban thudng vu tinh uy ve cong tdc ton giao tinh hinh mdi {Mat) 15 Bao cao sd 55/VP : Sa ket dot chi thi 12 vd mot nam thuc hien chi thi 10 cua tinh uy, Cdng an tinh Ha Giang, 5-3-1999 16 Bao cao tinh hinh phdng ngu-a, ngdn chgn viec lai dung tin ngudng ton giao tren dia bdn Lai Chdu tu: 1994 den vd phuang hudng thdi gian tdi, Tinh uy Lai Chau, Sd OS/BC-TLT-1-1996 17 Bdo cdo tong ket 10 nam cong tdc phdng ngi^a ddu tranh chdng tuyen truyen iqo trdi phep vdng ddn tgc thieu sd tinh Lai Chdu (1997-1998 ), Cdng an inh Lai Chau-Dien Bien, Sd 1, 5-5-1998 18 Bdo cdo viec thuc hien nghi quyei 24 NQ/TW cua Bg Chinh tri (kitod VI) ve dng cudng cong tdc ton gido tinh hinh mdi, phuang hudng cong tdc hdi gian tdi, Ban chi dao tdng ket nghi quyet 24 TW, 30-2-1998 [9 Bao cao 680/VP : Bdo cdo sa ket hai nam thuc hien chi thi 10/CT-TU ve cong dc ddu tranh vdi hoat dong tuyen truyen dao trdi phep, Cdng an tinh Ha Giang, 18-6-2000 10 Bdo Nhan ddn ngdy 12-8-1998 11 Vi Hoang Bac(1997) : Ve anh hudng cua dao Tin Idnh vdi vdn hod truyen hdng huyen Bac Hd-Ldo Cai, tap chi Dan tdc hgc, sd 1-1997, tr 42 :2 Bensons Y Lendis(1986 ): Cdc hephdiTin lanh a My, New York :3 Chi thi ve viec Idnh dao chdng truyen dao trdi phep tren dia bdn tinh Hd hang, 20-\0'\991 Dang cdng san Viet Nam(1996): Vdn kien dgi hoi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thu: LII, NXB CTQG, HN 25 Dang cdng san Viet nam(1997): Vdn kien hoi nghi Idn thu ba Ban chap hdnh Trung uang khod VIII, NXB CTQG, HN 26 Nguyen Quang Dien - Be Trudng Thanh (2000): "Vdn de ddn tgc chien luac qudc phdng, an ninh", Nghe thuat quan six, sd 3, tr 21-23 27 Ellar.G.White (1973): Thdm giao vdi thien chua, NXB Thdi Trieu, Sai Gdn 28 Mai Thanh Hai(2000) : Ton gido the gidi vd Viet nam, NXB Cdng an nhan dan,HN 29 Nguyen The' Hanh (2000): Thuc trgng dgo Tin Idnh tgi phd Ho Chi Minh vd nhifng vdn de ddt cho cong tdc an ninh, Luan van thac sy, HN 30 Hien phdp Viet nam (nam 1946, 1959, 1980 vd 7992X1995), NXB CTQG, HN 31 Dd Ky Hgp(2001) : Anh hudng cua dgo Vdng Chu-Tin Idnh doi vdi dong bdo ddn tgc Hmong dHd Giang hien nay, Luan van thac sy khoa bgc tdn giao, HN 32 Cam Hiing (Chii bien)(2000): Chdng cdc the luc thii dich Igi dung tin ngudng, me tin, ton gido ddi vdi cdc ddn tgc H'mdng vd Thdi thuc hien dm mUu "Diin bien hod binh" a San La, De tai khoa hgc cap tinh, San La 33 Nguyen Xuan Hiang(2000) : Tim hieu he qud cua viec truyen gido Tin Idnh ddi vdi vdn hod truyen thdng vd tin ngudng, ton gido Viet nam, tap chi Nghien ciiu tdn giao, Sd 1, tr45 34 Biii Trung Hung(1998) : Suphdt trien cua dgo Tin Idnh a cdc tgc ngudi bdn dia Ldm Dong hien nay: Vdn de vd bien phdp gidi quyet, Luan van thac sy triet hgc, HN 35 Dang Van Hudng (2001): Hien tuang truyen dgo trdi phep "Vdng Chu-Tin lanh" a vdng dong bdo H'mong phia bac nude ta, Luan van thac sy khoa hgc tdn giao, HN 36 Ixaraca-Richared Woff(1959): Hoi thdnh Tin Idnh mien Nam, Sai Gdn to 37 Ke hoach 184 A, 184 B 3-5-1999 ciia Ban chi dao 184 : Phat trien vdn hod, dn dinh xd hoi, xdy ditng co sd chinh tri vimg nui, ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd dang CO dgo Tin lanh Ban chi dao 184 38 Vu Khieu(1995) : Nhiing vdn de ton gido hien nay, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, HN 39 V.LLenin(1979): todn tap, tap 17, tieng viet, NXB Tien bo, Matxcova 40 V.LLenin(1981): todn tap, tap 29, NXB Tien bo, Matxcova 41 V.LLenin(1977): todn tap, tap 37, NXB Tien bo, Matxcova 42 V.LLenin(1978) : Ve tdc dung chii nghia vdt chie'n ddu, V.I.Lenin, toan tap, tap 45, NXB Tien bo, Matxcova 43 Nguyen Diic Lu (1992): Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vdi ton gido, tap chi Nghien cuu ly luan, so 44 Nong Van Liru : Gidi quyei van de ddn tgc qua viec thuc hien tu tin ngudng ton gido a viing ddn tgc H'mdng hien nay, Luan an Pho tien sy 45 C.Mac(1995) : Gop phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen He ghen Ldi noi ddu, C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen, toan tap, tap 1, NXB CTQG, HN 46 C.Mac (1995): Nhgn xet bdn chi thi mdi nhat ve che kiem duyet cua Phd, C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen, toan tap,tap 1, NXB CTQG, HN 47 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen(1995): todn tap, tap 1, NXB CTQG, HN 48 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen(1995): todn tap, tap 18, NXB CTQG, HN 49 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen(1995): todn tap, tap 19, NXB CTQG, HN 50 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen(1994): todn tap, tap 20, NXB CTQG, HN 51 C.Mac-Ph.Ang ghen(1995): todn tap, tap 21, NXB CTQG, HN 52 Ho Chi Minh(1995): todn tap, tap 5, NXB CTQG, HN 53 Le Dinh Nghla(2001) : Qud trinh xdm nhap vd drih hudng cua dgo Tin Idnh d mot sd vang ddng bdo Hmong tinh San La - Thuc trgng vd gidi phdp, Luan van ;hac sy khoa hoc ton giao, HN 54 Nha in Tin lanh(1958): Dieu le Hoi thdnh Tin Idnh Viet nam, Sai gdn 55 J.D.01sen(1957): Sitky hoi thdnh, tap I, //, ///, Hdi Tin lanh mien Nam a'n hanh, Sai Gdn 56 Le Duy Phong - Hoang Van Hoa(1999) : Kinh te thi trudng vd su phdn hod gidu ngheo a vung ddn tgc vd mien nui phia bac nude ta Men nay, NXB CTQG HN 57 Hoang Le Phu : Lich sit Hoi thdnh Tin Idnh Viet nam (Tdi lieu in roneo cua Hoi thdnh Tin Idnh Viet nam) 58 Vuang Duy Quang(2000) : Vdi net ve quan he xd hoi, ton gido tin ngudng truyen thdng cua ngudi H'mdng vd thuc trgng ngudi H'mdng theo dgo Vdng Chua Viet Nam, HN 59 Suphdt trien cua dgo Tin Idnh vdng dong bdo ddn tgc it ngudi a mot sd tinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta hien nay(l999), De tai cap bg, Chu nhiem-TS Nguyen Diic Lu, HN 60 Le Van Thai(1971) : Bdn muai sdu ndm chuc vu, Ca quan xuat ban Tin lanh, Sai Gdn 61 Luang Thi Thoa(2001) • Qud trinh du nhap dgo Tin Idnh-Vdng Chu vdo ddn tgc H'mdng nhung ndm gdn ddy , tap chi Nghien cuu lich six, sd 2, tr 49 62 Thdng bao : "Lugt tudo tin ngudng qudc teciia My" HR 2431, 9-10-1998 63 Thdng bao 255 TB/TW : Ket ludn cua Bg chinh tri ve chu truang ddi vdi dgo Tin Idnh tinh hinh mdi Ban chap banh trung uang, 7-10-1999 (Mat) 54 Nguyin Tai Thu(1997) : Anh hudng cua cdc he tu tudng vd ton gido ddi vdi ?on ngudi Viet Nam hien nay, NXB CTQG, HN 55 Thu cua mot ngUdi gid H'mong a My, tap cbi Nghien cuu tdn giao, sd 3-2000 36 "Trien khai chu truang ddi vdi dgo Tin Idnh a mot sd tinh, thdnh phd", Ke loach 184 A-B, Ban chi dao 184 TW, 03-5-1999 67 Tong cue ehinh tri (1993): Mot sd hieu biet ve ton gido ton gido a Viet nam, NXB Quan dgi nhan dan, HN 68 Tong cue chinh tri (1995): Tim hieu ton gido, NXB Quan ddi nhan dan, HN 69 GS.VS Hoang Trinh (2000): Bdn sdc ddn tgc vd hien dgi hod vdn hod, NXB CTQG, HN 70 Dang Nghiem Van(1990) : Vdn de "Xung vua" vd truyen dgo Thien chua a vung dong bdo H'mdng, r-ip chi Cdng an nhan dan, sd 10 71 Cu Hoa Van-Hoang Nam(1994) : Ddn tgc H'mdng a Viet nam, NXB Van hoa dan tdc, HN 72 "Ve cdc hogt dong ton gido", Nghi dinh sd26199-NDICP, 19-4-1999 73 "Ve cong tdc ton gido tinh hinh mdi", chi thi sd 37-CT/TW ciia Bg Chinh tri, 2-7-1998 74 Ve tinh hinh phdt trien dgo Tin Idnh a mien nui phia Bdc-Trudng San-Tdy Nguyen : De tai cap bg (2000), Chu nhiem-GS Dang Nghiem Van, HN 75 Ve ton gido tin ngudng Viet Nam hien nay, NXB Khoa hgc xa hoi, H 1996 76 Vien Dan tdc hgc(1978) : Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viet Nam-Cdc tinh phia Bac, NXB Khoa hgc xa hdi, HN * 77 Vien nghien culi tdn giao - Trung tam khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van qudc gia(1998): Nhung vdn de lien quan den hien tugng Vdng Chu, HN (Tuyet mat) 78 Vien Quan be qudc te-Hgc vien Chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh(1998): Mot sdvdn de "Diin bien hod binh" cua chu nghla dequdc vd cdc the luc thu dich a mot sdtinh mien nui phia Bac nude ta Men nay, De tai tiem luc, HN 79 Nguyen HiJu Vui(1995) : Thu cat nghia ve Men tuang ton gido vd tin ngudng CO chieu gia tdng Men nay, tap chi khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, tap XI, sdl 80 Nguyen Hixu Vui(1996) : Ve anh hudng cua dgo Thien chua, de tai KX 07-03, ± u bien PGS Nguyen Tai TTiu, HN ... the neu mot sd di tai, bai viet chu yeu v6 dao Tin lanh va dao Tin lanh d mot sd tinh phia Bdc nude ta sau day: Tac pham " Ve vai trd cua dao tin lanh" cua Max Weber; "Hoi tin lanh mien nam"... dao Tin lanh dien phiic tap Trong lang ban xay tinh trang mat doan ke't, nghi ky lan tao bau khong te nhat ma trudc day chua bao gid cd Cac mau thuSn ay dSn tdi he qua ddi tach xa, tach ban, tach... dao tin lanh vung dong bao dan toe it ngudi d mot sd tinh mi6n niii phia b^c nude ta hien nay" - De tai khoa hoc cap bg, chii nhiem TS Nguydn Diic Lir, H 1999; "V6 tinh hinh phat trien dao tin