Câu 26: give brief introduction to the Temple of Literature – school for the Sons of the Nation? • Location: the temple is located in the south of Thăng Long citadel • Significance: - it is a theme common to Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, deep current of Viet Nam - it is a shrine to brilliant scholar of the past - a place where the occasional student still comes to study and pray for good luck in exams - Repository of nine centuries of Việt Nam historical • Temple of Literature: - The temple was set up in 1070 AD under the Ly dynasty The temple of literature is a complex of temple and former school for the son of the nation The temple of literature in its present form modeled after the temple of Confucius at Khúc Phụ, China Courtyard representing the essential element of nature courtyard separated by brick walls now make up the interior • School for the sons of nation - Was set up year later and becoming the first university of Viet Nam At first, the university was only open to member of royal families it later admitted talent student who had passed the provincial examination or composed a great wrote • Function Was first the temple of literature began as a temple to both Confucius and Chu Công The university was only open to member of royal families, sons of the mandarin aristocracy but it late admitted talent students who had passed the provincial • Khuê Văn pavilion - Built in 1805, is a symbol of Ha Noi’s cultural history - It is rich in the complementary symbolism of yin – yang - There are high and low, wind and water, sky and earth The brick platform is square, the symbolic shape for earth, sky present in the wooden superstructure adorned with circular suns, outlined in wood, that radiate their light to the directions - Dragon crown the roof, making obeisance to the moon • Architecture design - The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Khúc Ph ụ, China - The temple of literature include courtyard Câu 27: what you know the origin of the temple of literature – school for the sons of the nation? • Was first establish in some in 1070 AD under the Ly dynasty • The complex began as a temple to both Confucius and Chu Cong • The temple of literature mean literally Temple ( Miếu) and Literature ( Văn) • The site of the present temple was chosen by Ly dynasty geomancers • The Quốc Tử Giám or the school for the sons of nation, was establish the same site year later – Viet Nam first university • Student: the royal families, sons of the mandarin aristocracy, these who succeeded in regional examination • In 1484 erected stele for doctor laureate Câu 28: give an introduction to the Great portico of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam • Dismount stele: a sign that know ledge was held in higher esteem than royalty or temporal power • pillars: Bearing inscriptions that proclaim the greatness of Confucius and his doctrine Each to the tallest pillars is topped with a mythic beats, the Ly, that has the power to disting wish right from wrong, good from evil - The beats stand guard to let in the god and keep out the bad • Great portico or Gate Entrance to the complex is through the Great portico or Gate to the Temple of literature, a double – roofed two – storey stone structure which may have been built in the later Le dynasty ( 17th and 18th centuries) to replace to original, perhaps wooden, gate way Friezes to the righ and left of the gate portray a dragon and a tiger The dragon is ascending – a flying dragon, symbol of good luck The tiger, a symbol of strength and power, is descending a mountain, bringing help for humanity The dragon has been the symbol first of royalty, then of the mandarin Later the dragon came to symbolize the rank of doctoral degree, the tiger, and the rank of bachelor - The parallel sentences: among the doctrines of the world, ours is the best, and is revered by all culture – stared lands of all the temple devoted to literature this is the head the perfume of culture floats throughout the millennia Cau 29: give an introduction to the first courtyard: entrance to the way of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam? • The Great portico leads to the first courtyard, called Entrance to the Way • The central path is straight, the symmetry of both halves reflecting the balance and harmony of life lived according to the Confucian Middle Path, or Golden Mean The way is graced by lotus ponds and sacred trees like the Banyan and frangipani • The two side gates at the far end of the courtyard: Thanh Duc or accomplished Virtue and Dat Tai, is situated to the right of the central gate, Dat Tai, or Attained Talent, to the left • The central gate called Dai Trung Mon, translated as Great Middle Gate This is not only a physical descriptor Dai Trung is also a reference to books written by two of Confucius closet disciple: Dai hoc (Great learning) and the Trung Dung (golden Mean) Taken together, they extol the greatness of the Middle Way • Two carp perch atop the simple gate, making obeisance to a flask of nectar from heaven, a flask of nectar to Confucianism These carp symbolize students, on their way to becoming mandarins Cau 30: what you know about Viet Nam first university ? • Was founded in 1075 by King Ly Nhan Tong as a school for the crown prince, and expaned the following year to admit sons of the mandarin aristocracy chosen by the king • Classes were held in two houses along sides of what is now the 5th courtyard of the Van Mieu The yard also held dormitory houses, each a row of 25 rooms, with two student to a room In addition, there was a print shop for school texts • Requirements for admission varied over the centuries Selection was first by royal appointment, later by examination • Student lower age limit at 15, no upper limit The length of the course of study: varied, depending on the interval between royal examinations • Text book: the four Confucian classical texts on ethics and literature, and the five pre – Confucian classics Student learned to write poetry, commentaries to text, and other literary forms • Classes met time a month for university entrants, and twice a month for more advanced students • Method of educating: between classes, students would work on writing assignments and submit then to the teacher during class those compositions marked excellent or good would be read aloud for other students to use as models Cau 31: what you know the Royal examination? • The royal examination the gate way to becoming a scholar mandarin and serving at the court or in a high position in provinces • Students not pass the exam: held a position as a part of the nation’s educated class, and often returned to their village as school masters • Description is of examinations in the 15th century - The Thi Hương The part Thi Hội: King Nghĩa, the Chế, Chiếu, Biểu, the Th Phú, the Văn Sách - The place examination: the temple of literature • The new mandarin were offered a hat and a grown, given a banquet at the palace, and sent home to their villages in triumphal procession Cau 32: give an introduction to the Great House of Ceremonies of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam? • In the courtyard of the Sages, the visitor reaches the heart of the temple, the altar Confucius • Entrance to the courtyard is through the Đại Thành Môn, or Gate of the Great Synthesis, which may also be translated the Gate of Great success The element of the Confucius doctrine, the learning of the past, and a knowledge of Buddhism and Taoism are brought together here to complete a scholar’s knowledge • The names of the two smaller side doors suggest the beauty and value of the Confucian doctrine as its influence echoes throughout the world Kim Thanh, or Golden Sound, evokes the first pealing of a bell, and Ngọc Chấn, or Jade Resonance, the last reverberation of a gong • It was in the Great house of ceremonies that the King would make his offering to Confucius, and the new doctor laureates would come to kneel and bow to pay their respects • The building, standing on walls supported by pillars, is crowned by jubilant dragons making obeisance to the moon The altar occupies the open center Cranes perch atop tortoises on their side of the altar may be taken as symbols of the union of heaven and earth The wooden standards represent the weapons of the scholar mandarins • Inscribed on the wooden panel over the altar are the words: teacher of ten Thousand Generation To the right are words in the brushstrokes of father of Vietnam’s great 18th century poet, Nguyễn Du: like the sun and the moon, through time – and present • Behind the Great House of Ceremonies is the Sanctuary with statues of Confucius flanked by his closest disciple: Tử H ư, Tăng T Nhan T ử, Mạnh Tử The Sanctuary houses as well as altar to 10 honored philosophers In earlier centuries, no one but the caretaker was allowed to enter the Sanctuary, not even the King • To right and left of Great meeting hall side building, originally used to house altar to the 72 disciples of Confucius, but now use for a shop, museum, and curatorial office • Behind the building on the left were once chambers for the king, a kitchen, and a storeroom for ceremonial objects • The courtyard is still used for live chees games and ceremonial dances during the Tết (lunar New Year) holidays ... trees like the Banyan and frangipani • The two side gates at the far end of the courtyard: Thanh Duc or accomplished Virtue and Dat Tai, is situated to the right of the central gate, Dat Tai,... month for more advanced students • Method of educating: between classes, students would work on writing assignments and submit then to the teacher during class those compositions marked excellent... succeeded in regional examination • In 1484 erected stele for doctor laureate Câu 28: give an introduction to the Great portico of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam • Dismount stele: a sign that know ledge