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HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY TICK NOUANTHAVONG BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING IN VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES HUE, 2021 HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY TICK NOUANTHAVONG BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING IN VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES CODE: 9620105 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES SUPERVISORS: 1:ASSOC.PROF DR NGUYEN DUY QUYNH TRAM 2:ASSOC.PROF.DR DU THANH HANG HUE, 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis represents my own work All of the results described in this thesis are righteous and objective They have been published in Journal of Livestock Research for Rural Development (LRRD) http://www.lrrd.org and International Journal of Trend in Research and Development (IJTRD) www.ijtrd.com  Hue University, 2021 Tick NOUANTHAONG, Ph.D student i DEDICATION To my mother, brother, sister for their assistance and inspiration ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research of Ph.D thesis was conducted at (i) the Living Aquatic Resource Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute (ii) The farmers in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR, were supported by the Mekong Basin Animal Research Network (MEKARN II) project for research and scholarship I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor, Associate Professor Dr Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram, and my other supervisors, Associate Professor Dr Du Thanh Hang and Dr Mac Nhu Binh for their mentoring and constructive advices during my studies My supervisors have made me much more confident as a scientist and researcher; their patience and encouragement during my illness and their positive criticism have helped me accomplish this work My special thanks go to Professor Dr Thomas Reg Preston, my teacher and adviser, for all his valuable guidance and supports during my study I am also grateful to Dr Vanthong Phengvichith at National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute (NAFRI), Lao PDR and Dr Kieu Borin (MEKARN II), regional coordinator for their facilitation, help, and support to the whole course Especially, I am very thankful to the professors, lecturers and assistant lecturers in the Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry and MEKARN II program, for giving me care and useful knowledge My warmest thanks are extended to my mother Bouankham Nouanthavong for her great help, support and encouragement, my younger brother and sister for their support and encouragement; to my Ph.D classmates from the three countries: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, for sharing the culture, friendship and creating a warm atmosphere throughout the time of the course I sincerely thank all the people who contributed to this study iii ABSTRACTS The overall objective of the thesis was to study how to better utilize integrated pig-fish farming in Viengchang, Lao PDR There were three studies in this thesis: The first study was the survey on the current status of pig-fish farming in lowland areas of Lao PDR; the second one was to study the effects of fresh or treated pig manure and different levels of nitrogen on water quality and growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus); and the third one was to study nitrogen budgets in the pig-fish farm in Vientiane, Lao PDR The aim of the survey (Chapter II) was to understand the current status of integrated pig-fish farming systems and to evaluate the pig manure excretion and use of agricultural by-products for fish culture Sixty of 75 farms were selected to conduct in-depth interviews and clarified into models (1) pig size scale per farm and (2) nitrogen level management system In Model 1, small, medium, and large scales were clarified by a number of pigs per farm