Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that) Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs.. Ex: We visit the hospital.[r]
(1)«n tËp tiÕng anh A- THEORY
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 1-Form
a Affirmative:
I, you, we, they + have + PP / He, she, it + has +PP
Note: PP = past participle (quá khứ phân từ) ( =V-ed: V có quy tắc, =V3: V bất quy tắc) b Negative:
I, you, we, the + have not (haven’t) + PP / He, she, it + has not ( hasn’t) + PP c Interrogative:
Have + I, you, we, they + P.P ? / Has + he, she, it + P.P ? 2-Use
a Một hành động bắt đầu khứ tiếp tục đến tương lai.
Thường với : since (từ khi); for (được bao lâu)
Ex1: She has lived here since 1987 Ex2: They have swum for hour
b Một hành động xảy khứ, không xác định rõ thơi gian
Thường với: already, ever ( before), never (before), not, yet, several times, many times Ex1: She’s been to Japan several times
Ex2: I have never worked in that company before c Một hành động vừa xảy ra.
Thường với : lately, just, recently, in recent weeks/ months / years Ex1: My uncle has just come back form Americ
Ex2: They have done the assignment in recent weeks
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1-Form
a Affirmative
S + V-ed/ V2 (V có quy tắc: V+ “ed”;V bất quy tắc; lấy cột thứ bảng động từ bất quy tắc) b Negative
S + did not (didn’t) + bare-infinitive
c Interrogative.
Did + S + bare-infinitive ?
Note: The simple past form of ‘to be’ * Affirmative:
You, we, they + were ; / I, he, she, it + was * Negative
You, we, they + were not (weren’t )/ I, he, she, it + was not (wasn’t) * Interrogative
Were + you, we, they ? / Was + he, she, it ? 2-Use
a Một hành động hoàn tất thời điểm khứ
Thường với: yesterday, last ( last week, last year ), ago (3 days ago, ), in 1999, in 1987 Ex1: She was here yesterday
Ex2: They didn’t learn Chinese year ago b Một thói quen khứ
Ex1: They often went fishing when they lived in the country Ex2: Jack always got up at 3:00 am last year
c Một hành động hoàn tất khoảng thời gian xác định khứ ( from to ) Ex: From 1981 to 1983, my older brother worked as a journalist
PASSIVE VOICE 1- Active into Passive rule:
Active: S + V + O
Passive: S +to be + PP +( by +O)
Động từ câu chủ động thì tobe phải chia Note: - Động từ cõu chủ động thỡ (tense) hay thể (form) thỡ “be” cõu bị động thỡ hay thể đú - Khi ta khụng xem người thực hành động (does) quan trọng, thỡ “ by object” cú thể bỏ
( eg S = personal pronoun: he, she, they, we, people; no-one ) a.The simple present
(2)( S + V / Vs / es )
Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday. (S + am/is/are/ +PP )
b.The present continous. Mr.Baker is repairing the car
Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker ( S + am/ is/ are + being + PP ) c.The present perfect
Someone has stolen the bicycles ( S+ has/have + P.P )
Passive: The bicycles have been stolen ( S+ has/have + been + PP ) d.The simple past
Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)
Passive: where were the drugs found ? ( S+ was/ were + PP ) e.The past continuous
They were preparing luch when I came there yesterday (S+was/were + V-ing )
Passive: Luch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.( S+ was/ were + being + PP ) f The past perfect
She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm ( S+ had + PP )
Passive: Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m (S+ had been + PP )
g Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should + bare-infinitive + object
Passive: S + will/would, shall/shoul + be + past participle (+ by object) Ex: Police will destroy these drugs
Passive: the drugs will be destroyed by police. 2-Special cases
a Active: s1+ verb1( say/believe/think ) (that) +S2+verb2 Passive:
Cách 1: It + be + PP (verb1) + s2 + verb2
Cách 2: S2+ be+ PP (verb1) + to- infinitive (verb2) Ex: People say that he is crazy
Passive:
It said that he is crazy He is said to be crazy b Negatives
Ex1: No-one has cleaned the floor lately Passive: The floor hasn’ t been cleaned lately
Ex2: We didn’t anything about it Passive: Nothing was done about it. c Who + V + object ?
Passive: - By whom ?
- Who by ?
Ex: Who wrote this novel ? Passive:
- By whom was this novel written ? - Who was this novel written by ? d It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + PP
Ex: It is important to finish this exercise
It is important for this exercise to be finished e Bare-infinitive + object
Passive:
Let + object + be + PP
S + be + allowed / advised/asked/ supposed/ + to infinitive
Ex1: Please open the door -> Let the door be opened
Ex2: Turn on the light -> You are supposed to turn on the light f Causative form ( thức mệnh lệnh)
Active: - She + have + sb+ bare-infinitive + st / - S + get + sb + to- infinitive + sth
Passive: - S + have + sth + PP / - S + get + sth + PP
Ex1: She has had someone repaint the car./ She has had the car repainted Ex2: They got me to the housework./ They got the housework done
RELATIVE CLAUSE
Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ mệnh đề phụ câu (không thể đứng riêng mình) Nó bắt đầu bằng:
(3)Ex1: A man who dares to it dares to anything Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing 1-WHO
* Thay cho danh từ, đại từ người, có chức chủ từ/ tân ngữ
Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy subject
→ The man who comes from Italy has met your boss relative clause
Ex2: We have met the girl She studies in the shool → We have met the girl who studies in the school relative clause
2-WHOM
* Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ người, có chức tân ngữ
Ex1: We like the man You talked to him yesterday object
We like the man whom you talked to yesterday relative clause
Ex2: Is that the man ? You have been waiting for him object
Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ?
relative clause 3-WHOSE
* Thay cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases)
* Xuất hai cấu trúc
- noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb
- noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb
Ex1: The girl looks disappoited Her examination result its so bad The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed Ex2: That is the girl I took her hat by mistake yesterday
That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday 4-WHICH
* Thay cho danh từ, đại từ vật / vật/ việc * Có thể làm chủ từ tân ngữ
Ex1: She show me the table It was made by her father She shows me the table which was made by her father Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr Tan bought it last month
Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ?
Note: “Which” sử dụng để thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước (= and this/ and that) Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs Green worried
Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs Green worried 5-WHERE
* Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place ) * Thường xuất cấu trúc:
noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb Ex: We visit the hospital We were born there/in that hospital We visit the hospital where we were born
6-WHEN
* Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year ) * Thường xuất cấu trúc :
noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb Ex: She will never forget the day She first met him on that day
She will never forget the day when she first met him
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1-Điều kiện xảy tương lai (Điều kiện loại I)
If clause : simple present, Main clause : will/shall/can/may + bare-infinitive Ex1: If it rain, we won’t go for a picnic
Ex2: Our natural resources will disappear if we not conserve them
Notes : - Ta sử dụng mệnh lệnh mệnh đề Ex: If you drink, don’t drive - Ta sử dụng “should” mệnh đề điều kiện để tỏ ý nghi ngờ
Ex: If he should call, tell him I will ring back
- Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề điều kiện (if possible, if necessary, if so ) Ex: If necessary, I will help you
-Ta sử dụng dạng mệnh lệnh để thay cho mệnh đề điều kiện
(4)Main clause: would/could/might + bare-infinitive, If clause: simple past Ex1: If she had wings, she would fly to an island
Ex2: He would build more houses if he were a king
Note: - ‘If I were you/I were in your position ’được sử dụng để khuyên nhủ Ex: If I were you, I would accept the invitation ( = You should accept the invitation )
GERUND
The gerund is used as a subject, a complement, an object of a verb or an object of a preposition
(danh động từ sử dụng chủ ngữ, bổ túc từ, túc từ động từ, hay túc từ giới từ) Ex1: Seeing is believing ( S= gerund)
Ex2: Her hobby is listening to music ( complement = gerund) Ex3: They have finished doing exercises ( object = gerund)
Ex4: We are font of playing football (Object of an preposition = gerund) Note: Danh động từ theo sau động từ như:
to enjoy, to mind, to avoid, to finish, to practise, to suggest, to postpone, to delay, to imagine, can’t help/stand
Lưu ý cách sử dụng động từ :
Forget + to-infinitive : quên (sẽ/ phải) làm gì
Forget + ing : quên làm việc gì.
Ex1: She forgets being taken to the zoo by her father when she was six Ex2: Don’t forget to shut the door before leaving
Remember + to-infinitive : nhớ ( sẽ/ phải) làm gì;
Remember + V-ing : nhớ làm gì
Ex1: They always remember going to cinema together Ex2: They remember to have a test on Wendnesday
Stop + to-infinitive : dừng ( việc) lại để làm gì;
Stop + V- ing : dừng làm việc
Ex1: This moring , I saw Mr.Pike in the street, so I stopped to greet him Ex2: The teacher asked us to stop talking
Need + to- infinitive: cần làm ( active);
Need + V-ing: cần ( passive) Ex1: We need to repair the car Ex2: The car needs repairing - Lưu ý cấu trúc:
S + spend + time + V-ing = It + take + s.b + time + to-inf
CLAUSE OF REASON
+Mệnh đề lý mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu liên từ lý BECAUSE, AS, SINCE Ba chữ có nghĩa vì, vì cách dùng khác
Ví dụ: a) Because
- Because he was sleepy, he went to bed – He went to bed because he was sleepy
Mệnh đề phụ có chữ because đứng trước sau mệnh đề Tuy nhiên phải ý mệnh đề phụ trước phải có dấu phảy (,) ngăn cách với mênh đề
b) As
- As she was free , she came to see me Vì rảnh rỗi, đến thăm c) Since
- Since he doesn’t like music , he never goes to the concert
Vì anh khơng thích nhạc, anh khơng xem hồ nhạc. Mệnh đề since as ln đứng trước mệnh đề
b) So/ As Long As
- As long as ( So long as) you’re not busy Can you help me ? Vì bạn khơng bận rộn, bạn giúp tơi ?
+ Ngồi liên từ phụ thuộc ( Subordinating Conjuctions) Because, Since, As, As long as, liên từ kết hợp ( Co-ordinating conjuctions) FOR lý
* Liên từ kết hợp liên từ nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) không dùng đầu câu Ví dụ: - I phoned her, for I wanted to tell her about her exam.
Tơi gọi điện cho tơi muốn nói với cô kỳ thi cô
+ Mệnh đề lý cịn đổi cụm từ lý ( phrases of reason) với because of due to Ví dụ: - Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.
→ Because of the cold weather, we stayed home → Due to the cold weather, we stayed home Vì thời tiết lạnh, nhà
Because Because of
(5)Ví dụ: - Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting. S V
Vì xe cộ đơng đúc, chúng tơi đến buổi họp trễ
b) Because of nhóm giới từ ( Prepositional phrase), theo sau cụm danh từ ( noun phrase) Ví dụ: - Because of the heavy traffic, we were late for the meeting.
B-PRACTICE
Conditional Sentences (VIẾT LẠI CÂU)
1 You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me
→ If _
2 There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the window
→ If _
3 He is busy right now So, he can’t help them
→ If _
4 I can’t make all of my own meals because I am not good at cooking
→ If _
5 I’m not you, so I can’t tell him the truth
→ If I
6 She came, so he wasn’t disappointed
→ If _
7 He is not a good student He didn’t study for the test yesterday
→ If _
8 I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now
→ If _
9 Mai is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders
→ If _
10 He is tired this morning because he didn’t go to bed early last night
→ If _
11 They don’t behave themselves so their parents are not happy about that
→ If _
12 She didn’t say sorry so he was angry
→ If _
13 I am not a rich businessman and I can’t afford to buy an expensive car
→ If _
14 It rained last night so I didn’t go to the barbecue
→ If _
15 My parents not allow me to go, so I have to stay at home
→ If _
16 She doesn’t pay attention to her cooking so the food is horrible
→ If _
17 The weather was very nice so we didn’t go camping
→ If _
18 The computer broke down and I had to stop my work
→ If _
19 She loves him so she forgives him easily
→ If _
20 He was angry so I didn’t say anything
→ If _
II) TRẮC NGHIỆM 21 If I ……….a lot of money now, I ………… a new car
a have /will buy b have / would buy
c had/ will buy d had/ would buy
22 If I ………you, I ……….do that
a am/ will b were /would
c were/ will d had been/ would
23 If I were offered the job, I think I ……… it
a take b will take
c would take d would have taken
24 I would be very surprised if he………
a refuses b refused
c had refused d would refuse
25 Many people would be out of work if that factory……… down
a closes b had closed
c closed d would close
(6)a gets b would get
c will get d would have got
27 They would be disappointed if we………
a hadn’t come b wouldn’t come
c don’t come d didn’t come
28 Would John be angry if I …… ……his bicycle without asking?
a take b took c had taken d would take
29 She ……….terrible upset if I lost this ring
a will be b would be c were d had been
30 If someone…………in here with a gun, I would be very frightened
a would walk b walks c had walked d walked
31 What would happen if you ……… to work tomorrow?
a don’t go b didn’t go c won’t go d wouldn’t go 32 We ‘ll get wet if we ………….out
a go b did go c went d had gone
33 If I go shopping, I ………some food
a buy b will buy c would buy d would have bought
34 If I find it, I ………you
a will tell b would tell c had told d told 35 What would you if you………a million dollars?
a would win b win c had won d won
36 They ‘d be hurt if I ………
a don’t go b didn’t go c hadn’t gone d wouldn’t go 37 If we took the 6: 30 train, we…………too early
a would have arrived b arrived c will arrived d would arrive 38 If I had known you were in hospital, I …………to see you
a will go b would go c went d would have gone
39 If I …………., I would have said hello
a had seen b see c saw d would see
40 I………… out if I hadn’t been so tired
a will go b went c would have gone d would go
41 If I ……… a camera, I would have taken some pictures
a have b had c would have d had had
42 You won’t pass the examination………you study more
a as long as b unless c if d whether
43 If only I …………you wanted to invest money in business
a had known b knew c have known d know
44 If I were to leave my country , I ………disappointed
a probably be b would have been c will be d would be 45 If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he……….in his examination
a would fail b wouldn’t fail c wouldn’t have failed d won’t fail 46 If I had taken that English course, I ……… much progress
a had made b would have made c made d would make
47 If I were in your place, I ……….a trip to England
a will make b had made c made d would make
48 If I ………… you , I’d save some of your lottery winning
a be b were c am d was
49 If the car ……… larger, we would have bought it
a had been b have been c has been d been
50 If I had enough money, I ……… abroad to improve my English
a will go b should go c would go d should have go to 51 If it …… convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight
a be b was c were d is
52 If you …… time, please write to me
a have b have had c hadd has
53 If you had the chance, ………… you go finishing?
a did b would c may d
54 Trees won’t grow ……… there is enough water
a if b when c unless d as
55 If you ……… to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now a listen b had listened c will listen d listened
56 I wish I …… you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself
a can lend b could lend c would lend d will lend 57 If someone ……… into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?”
a comes b came c would come d could lend
(7)a feel b to feel c feels d will feel 59 If Peter ……, Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much
a comes b not come c does not come d will come 60 If his teeth still …… , he will have to go to the dentist’s again
a hurt b hurts c to hurt c will hurt
61 If you…………Tom , tell him I have a message for him
a will meet b would meet c meet d met
62 If you …………too hot during the night , turn down the central heating
a will feel b felt c feel d feels
63 If you …………with your dictionary, I ‘d like to borrow it
a finish b finished c will finish d are finishing 64 If I lived nearer the centre , I …………always late
a wouldn’t be b can be c won’t be d will be 65 What would Lan if she ………… the Miss world
a would be b were c will be d is
66 If I ………….her , I would have said “ hello”
a has seen b have seen c saw d had seen
67 If she had read the passage more slowly , the candidate…………
a understood b would have understood
c will understood d would understand
68 If it………, they will not go out
a rains b rained c rain d raining
69 James will not complete the work if she is ………… rarely enough
a tell b telling c tells d told
70 Betty will not go to the party unless John ……….too
a go b went c going d goes
71 Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody………… with her
a go b goes c went d going
72 If you ………….to go shopping, please go with your aunt this weekend
a wants b want c wanting d wanted
73 Mr Smith has to work on weekends if his manager………….him to
a tell b telling c told d tells
74 Unless they ………her to work hard, she would not
a encourage b encourage c encourages d encouraging 75 If I ……….a king, I would give money to the poor
a is b are c am d were
76 If we had left this country , we would have………….to Australia
a emigrated b emigrates c emigrate d emigrating 77 If I had to the party last night, I …………her
a will have met b would meet c would have met d will meet 78 Unless the pupils pay attention, the teacher ……….be angry
a would b may c will d might
79 Please not go out if it………
a rain b rains c rained d raining
80 If you …………me with this exercise, I will the same for you one day
a helped b would help c help d will help
81 If you listen to music, you can’t ………your study
a concentrate on b interested in c care about d read about 82 ………you study harder, you won’t pass the final exam
a unless b if c if not d without
83 If the weather………….fine, we will go on a picnic
a is b were c would be d will be
84 If he……….harder, the results will be better
a worked b works c has worked d will work
85 If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health better
a be b will be c is d would be
86 If she hadn’t overslept, she ……… late for the interview
a wouldn’t be b wouldn’t have been c hadn’t been d would have been 87 I’d have told you if I ………… the book
a had seen b would have seen c saw d see 88 If we had known your new address, we………… to see you
a came b would have come c would come d will come 89 If I found a wallet in the street, I ………….take it to police
a will b should c would d shall
90 I ………….that coat if I were you
(8)Passive and Active voice
91 A group of students have met their friend at the railway station 92 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home
93 The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow 94 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence? 95 This well-known library attracts many people
96 All students attended the meeting 97 People say that he is intelligent 98 He can’t repair my bike
99 Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock
100.This is the second time they have written to us about this 101.Mr Smith has taught us French for years
102.They didn’t look after the children properly 103.Nobody swept this street last week
104.People drink a great deal of tea in England 105.People speak English all over the world 106.Tom was writing poems
107.She often takes her dog for a walk
108.How many lessons are you going to learn next month? 109.She didn’t introduce me to her mother
110.Someone had invented electric lights before I was born 111.Farmers usually milk cows twice a day
112.He likes people to call him “sir”
113.People know that Japan produces a wide range of cars 114.Our teacher used to bid us talk in class
115.Don’t let other see you
116.Workers were digging a large hole in the ground 117.Before they took exams they had revised their lessons 118.The car knocked a woman down in the street
119.When he came home his father was reading a newspaper 120.Cows were eating grass on the meadow
121.My cousin will meet you at the station 122.She is running her own company
123.Visitors must leave umbrellas and raincoats in the cloakroom 124.My mother used to make us clean the house
RELATIVE CLAUSE
COMBINE THESE SENTENCES BY USING RELATIVE PRONOUN Chinese people have a very special kind of soup This kind of soup is made from shark’s fin A lot of fish died everyday They live in the polluted sea
3 We have a new teacher I really like her
4 Many people get sick or die every year These people eat puffer fish, a very poisonous species She ‘ll tell you the story That story will surprise you
6 The Nile is the home of a great variety of fish The Nile is in Egypt Yesterday, I visited Tri Nguyen aquarium It has various species of fish The movie Harry Potter is coming soon I’m longing to see it
9 Then he was caught in the mouth of a while shark.It is one of the most dangerous sea creatures 10 The most beautiful park is opposite my house It has a lot of big trees
11 The girl was injured in the accident She is now in hospital 12 A man anwered the phone He told me you were away 13 A waitress served us She was very impolite and impatient 14 A building was destroyed in the fire It has now been rebuilt 15 Some people were arrested They have now been released 16 A bus goes to the airport It runs every half an hour 17 Petr is studying French and German He has been abroad
18 You’ve all met Michael Wood He is visiting us for a couple of days 19 We are moving to Manchester.Manchester is the north west
20 I’ll stay with Adrian His brother is one of my closet friends
21 John Bridge is one of my oldest friends He has just gone to live in Canada 22 The Earth is a planet It can support life
23 The book is about the girl She runs away from home 24 A dictionary is a book It gives you the meaning of words 25 The man was very kind I talk to him yesterday
26 She is the woman I told you about her
27 The man works in the hospital I told you about him 28 The picture was very beautiful She was looking at it 29 I’ll give you the address You should write to it 30 The movie is very fantastic They are talking about it
Liên từ Giới từ Chọn từ/ cụm từ thích hợp (ứng với A, B, C D) để hoàn thành câu sau:
1 _it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat
A In spite B In spite of C However D Although of the committee, I’d like to thank you for your generous donation
(9)3 _he wasn’t feeling very well, Mr Graham went to visit his aunt as usual
A Although B However C Therefore D Still 4. he had no money for a bus, he had to walk all the way home
A For B Thus C So D As
5 _to an accident in the High Street, traffic is moving very slowly on the London Road A Through B Owing C Because D Since Of course I’m a Christian I expect everyone who works here to be a Christian too
A since B then C and D but
7 The the disaster was engine failure, not human error
A reason by B reason on C reason why D reason for We have to start early we won’t be late
A so that B that C because D because of She came in quietly not to wake the baby
A as if B so as C such as D if so 10 He was offered the job his qualifications were poor
(10)