Chính sách phát triển kinh tế bền vững đối với dân tộc thiểu số trên địa bàn tây nguyên TT tieng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NATIONA ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THAI THI MINH PHUNG POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS Specialization: Public Administration Code: 34 04 03 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HA NOI, 2021 The dissertation was completed at: National Academy of Public Administration Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hoang Hien Dr Nguyen Đang Que Reviewer 1: ……………………………….………………… ………………………………………………… Reviewer 2: …………………………………………… ………………………………………………… Reviewer 3: ………………………………………… ……… ………………………………………………… This dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral Dissertation Examination Committee of the Academy Venue: Room for doctoral dissertation defense- Room: ………Building…… National Academy of Public AdministrationAdd: 77 - Nguyen Chí Thanh street - Đong Đa district - Ha Noi Time: at ……… … on date … month … year ……… This dissertation can be found in the Vietnam National Library or the library of the National Academy of Public Administration INTRODUCTION Rationale Sustainable economic development is the goal of many nations However, the socio-economic development process has been impacted greatly in such a volatile world The impacts have emerged significantly, especially on the vulnerable social groups which consist of ethnic minorities According to the 2013 Viet Nam Constitution, “The State shall implement a policy of comprehensive development and create the conditions for the minority ethnicities to fully utilize their internal strengths and develop together with the country” In the Central Highlands as well as other regions of Vietnam, the ethnic minority community is an inseparable part of the nation With respect to the strategic location of the Central Highlands, economic development policies for ethnic minorities are essential for the socio-economic development process The research topic of “Policies on sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands” is selected based on the following reasons - The role of economic development for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the relationship to the overall socio-economic construction and development in the Central Highlands - The requirements of sustainable development Sustainable economic development is the current goal of many nations - The global and domestic changes having impacts on the life of ethnic minority groups as a whole and the ones in the Central Highlands in particular - The problems in the existing situation of policies on economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands - The real-life situation of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands which contains the threats of unsustainability Purpose and mission of the research 2.1 Purpose The general purpose of the dissertation is to propose scientific solutions to finalizing the policies on economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to fulfill the sustainable development goals, and to improve the material and spiritual life of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands with an orientation to 2025 and vision of 2030 The specific purpose of this dissertation is to build a theoretical framework on Policies on Sustainable Economic Development (PSEDs) for the Central Highlands, to study the directions and solutions to finalizing policies on economic development (PEDs) for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve sustainable development goals in 2020 with an orientation to 2030 and the followings 2.2 Mission - First, to provide a review of the researches on the relevant issues that are composed by scientists and authors both domestically and internationally - Second, to clarify the theoretical basis of PSEDs for the ethnic minorities - Third, to evaluate the implementation outcomes of some PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands - Fourth, to evaluate the impact of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the approaches of sustainable development - Finally, based on the viewpoints of the Party, the policies and law of the State, and the personal opinion of the author, this dissertation proposes a solution to finalizing PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve sustainable development goals Subjects and scope of the research 3.1 Subjects of the research Subjects of the research are the PSEDs for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 3.2 Scope of the research - Content: This dissertation's approach to PEDs from the perspective that policy tools and to approach sustainable development is the goal of the policies The policies studied in this dissertation are policies on residential land, land for production, and policies on forest land allocation and protection; policies on construction and development of infrastructures; credit policies; and, policies on assistance to developing agricultural production In the capability of the dissertation, the author focuses on studying and evaluating the impacts of policies on the life of the ethnic minorities in Central Highlands based on the implementation outcomes of the policies and the criteria - Locations of the study: The dissertation studies the provinces of the Central Higland (Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Kon Tum, and Lam Dong) - Time of the study: The study is conducted from 2011 to 2020 (This period is also the implementation period of the Socio-economic development strategy from 2011 to 2020 and the Vietnam sustainable development strategy in the period of 2011-2020), with an orientation to 2025 and vision of 2030 Theoretical and research methodology 4.1 Theoretical methodology This dissertation is based on the theoretical methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism Therefore, the study subject of the dissertation is paled on the interaction with the contemporary events and historical context that are in accordance with the construction and implementation of the ethnic policies in general and PEDs for ethnic minorities in particular The theory of public management and development are used in the principle of combining theory and practice 4.1 Research methodology: Classification and systematization of theories; Synthesis, analysis, and statistical methods; Questionnaires; Interviews; Hypotheses and research questions 5.1 Hypotheses This dissertation is conducted to confirm the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The impact of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG); Hypothesis 2: The content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, and does not focus on the pillars of sustainable development; Hypothesis 3: Reasons for the fact impacts of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the SGD: The content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, and does not focus on the pillars of sustainable development; The mobilization, management and ussage of the resources of the polices are limited; The background of the ethnic minorities are not high, the will to develop of the majority of ethnic minorites are not strong, etc 5.2 Research questions - What is the theoretical basis for PSEDs for ethnic minorities? - How are the implementation outcomes of PEDs to ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands? - Is the content of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands appropriate to the subjects of the policies? - What are the causes that make the implementation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands unsustainable? - What policy solutions should be proposed in order to achieve sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands? Contributions of the dissertation This dissertation is the result of an independent scientific research of the author, that have the following contributions - This dissertation strengthen and supplement some definitions and contents in an academic manner: sustainable economic development, policies on sustainable economic development, PSEDs for ethnic minorities; the role of policies and the influence factors to ethnic minorities; the criteria to evaluate the impact of PSEDs on ethnic minorities - Based on the analysis and evaluation of the implementation outcomes of some particular PEDs, the dissertation evaluates the policy impact on ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands The author has proven that the impact of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the SGDs and the content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands In addition, the author has pointed out some causes of the situation and the arising policy issues - As a result from his researches, the author proposes some direction and solutions to finalizing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve the SGDs This dissertation proposes three main groups of solutions: a solution to transforming the approach to PSEDs for ethnic minorities; solutions to finalizing some particular PEDs in accordance to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands; and, solutions to ensuring the implementation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands Scientific and practical significance of the study - Scientific significance This dissertation supplement and finalize the scientific basis of PEDs for ethnic minorities and PSEDs Moreover, this dissertation plays as a theoretical source for the supplementation and finalization of the theory, viewpoints and direction of the party and the orientation of the State on the PEDs for ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general and on PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in particular in order to achieve SDGs - Practical significance: This dissertation contributes to the implementation of the Government's direction on reviewing, modifying, constructing, and finalizing the system of PEDs for ethnic minorities in general and for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in particular in the contemporary period as well as the coming ones; The outcomes from this dissertation collected from the process of approaching, evaluating a number of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, the findings of the policy issues in the demand of sustainable development, and the proposal of policy solutions provide some practical scientific evidence for the reference of relevant authorities to plan and organize the aforementioned policies Structure of the dissertation The dissertation is structured into parts: Introduction, Content, and Conclusion and Appendices The Content is divided into chapters: Chapter 1: Literature Review Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and practice experiences on PSEDs for ethnic minorities Chapter 3: The situation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands Chapter 4: Viewpoints, directions, and solutions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the related studies on public policies, economic policies and policies on sustainable economic development 1.1.1 Related studies in the world 1.1.2 Related studies in Vietnam 1.2 Review of the related studies on ethnic policies and policies for economic development for ethnic minorities 1.2.1 Related studies in the world 1.2.2 Related studies in Vietnam 1.3 Review of the studies on economic development polices in the Central Highlands 1.4 Issues for study To study the theoretical basis of PEDs for ethnic minorities in a comprehensive manner; To study to systemize, classify, and review comprehensively the PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands; To study and evaluate the requirements for polices and the implementation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in a comprehensive manner; To study the relevant policy solutions for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve the SDGs; Sub-conclusion of chapter The review of related studies both in theoretical term and the practical term has allowed the Ph.D candidate to acquire the resources for the process of writing the dissertation In addition, the author is able to identify the research area As a result, the dissertation "Policies for sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands" has a unique approach independent from other published studies Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICE EXPERIENCES ON POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES 2.1 Ethnic minorities and the characteristics of ethnic minorities 2.1.1 Ethnic minorities In Vietnam, the definition of ethnic minorities is stipulated in Clause Article Decree No.05/2011/ND-CP dated 14/01/2011 of the Vietnamese Government as follow "Ethnic minorities are ethnic groups with population smaller than that of the ethnic majority group within the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam" 2.1.2 Characteristics of ethnic minorities in Vietnam First, ethnic minorities have small population, unequal size, and reside; Second, ethnic minorities live mostly in remote areas, and frontier areas; Third, ethnic minorities are unequal in term of socio-economic development levels; Fourth, each ethnic minority has its own language and culture; Firth, some ethnic minorities have a transnational kinship with those in the neighboring countries; Sixth, some ethnic minorities have close tie with religions 2.2 PSEDs for ethnic minorities 2.2.1 Definition, classification and role of PSEDs for ethnic minorities 2.2.1.1 Definition of PSEDs for ethnic minorities Sustainable economic development is the constant and comprehensive progress in the economy, politics, and society of a nation (or a local region) by means of exploiting and employing resources in an appropriate and effective manner to develop and restructure the economy into a modern orientation, ensuring the equality in allocation and sharing of Chaper THE SITUATION OF POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS 3.1 Overview of the typical factors related to ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands which influence PSEDs 3.1.1 Nature Central Highlands is a broad plateaus region that consists of provinces (Lam Dong, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, and Kon Tum) located in the Southwest of Central Vietnam It has a total area of 54,64km2 (16.5% of Vietnam) The Central Highlands is located to the west of the Truong Son range, with various topographic features, and lies on series of contiguous plateaus Its complex terrain has significantly gradient characteristics The Central Highlands has two distinct seasons (rainy season and dry season) The Central Highlands has rich hydraulic resources Soil is considered the fundamental resource of the region that consists of many types, the majority is gray soil Basalt soil is a fertile type suitable for high-valued plants The Central Highlands is one of the regions characterized by rich biodiversity in Vietnam It possesses substantial forest reserves (36% of the total forest area of Vietnam) with species diversity However, the quality of its forests is declining The natural characteristics of the Central Highlands create favorable conditions for economic development, especially agricultural development, in which industrial plants are the majority, forestry economy, animal husbandry, and mining However, the nature of the region also contains unfavorable conditions for socio-economic development such as steep terrain 3.1.2 Demographics According to the 2019 Population and Housing Census, the total population of the Central Highlands is above 5.8 12 million (6.96% of the national total population) The Central Highlands houses 54 of the 54 races of Vietnam In 04/2019, the population belonging to ethnic minorities is 2,199,995 (37.6% total population of the Central Highlands and 15.6% total population belonging to ethnic minorities of the nation), The demographics of the Central Highlands create not only some positive impacts in the orientation of promoting socio-economic development and cultural exchange, and strengthening racial unity, but also negative impacts on the traditional socio-economic structures 3.1.3 Characteristics of traditional economy and culture 3.1.4 Situation of socio-economic development of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands The living condition of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands has been improved significantly The economic structures of the provinces have been transformed strongly The livelihood of the people is more diverse; hunger eradication and poverty reduction are promoted Meanwhile, production capacity of ethnic minorities is low, and the proportion of skilled labor has not been grown Average income of the Central Highlands provinces is generally low; poverty rate among households are high (7.74%), ranked second in Vietnam (after the Northern Midland and Mountainous region) The material and spiritual life of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands has significant changes In parallel to the economic development, the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands has built and developed a healthy cultural environment, preserved the cultural identity and their traditional customs Policies on education and training are implemented sufficiently Vocational training for people from ethnic minorities and post-training jobs are carried out by the local 13 authorities Health checks for ethnic minorities are organized regularly The political security and social order in the communes which house a large number of ethnic minorities is are generally stable 3.2 Evaluation of implementation outcomes of some PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 3.2.1 Policies on residential land and land for production, and policies on forest land allocation and forest protection 3.2.1.1 Description of policies 3.2.1.2 Policy implementation outcomes Over the course of implementing the policies, the implementation outcomes achieve the expectations of the ethnic minorities and allow the provinces to remove the impediments in terms of residential land and land for production, which contributes to the stable life and economic development of the ethnic minorities Basically, the land recipients are granted Certificates of Land Use Rights and benefit from the stipulations in Land law and Law on forestry The policies on allocation of forest land to the ethnic minorities for exploitation and protection partly resolve the shortage of land for production and raise income Moreover, the policies enable people from ethnic minorities to be familiarized with the forestry techniques, the people acquire livelihood based on forestry growth and protection 3.2.1.3 Limitations The implementation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands has been revealing a number of pressing issues concerning the management of land resources and forest resources, especially the shortage of production land for ethnic minorities The capital proportion allocated for policies on residential land and production land for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands is small as of 2015 14 Policies on forest land allocation and forest protection are inadequate Mechanism, policies and legal framework on the benefit from land allocation are not defined clearly The implementation of the projects are limited in a certain duration only, and the land allocation scale is small 3.2.2 Policies on infrastructure construction and development 3.2.2.1 Description of policies 3.2.2.2 Implement outcomes Over the phases of program 135, as of 2019, a large number of infrastructure works have been built in the communes where ethnic minorities reside The hamlets which have roads classified based on rigidity reach 88.7% The proportion of households with access to electricity is high, as of 2019, 6,516/6,578 hamlets in the Central Highlands are electrified (99%) 66.7 % of commune health stations reach solidity level Nearly 100% of communes have primary schools 80% of communes have solid secondary schools over 90% of communes have community house; nearly 70% of communes have radio station; over 69% of communes have markets 3.2.2.3 Limitations Despite being invested heavily, the infrastructure for the production of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands is still inadequate, nonuniform, and with poor resilience Social infrastructure is not able to fulfill the demand of education, health care, and entertainment; access to medical services and education, as well as job opportunities of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, is limited The amount of investment is inadequate; there is no fund for maintenance work so that the facilities degrade quickly 3.2.3 Credit policies 3.2.3.1 Description of policies 3.2.3.2 Implementation outcomes 15 Credit policies for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands are under implementation and have achieved a number of important outcomes since its launch in 2012 The ethnic households have approached one or two capital sources simultaneously, especially the loan from Vietnam Bank for Social Policy Among them, credit outstanding balance ratio of poor households is 45.8%, near-poor households 11.5%, and extremely difficult ethnic minority households 42.7% The credit policies in this period have integrated, followed the previous specialized credit policies, and resolved the limitations, for example, they initially extended the beneficiaries of the ethnic minority households so that the households which have just got out of poverty are included The local authorities cooperate with the credit organizations Over the course of implementation, the policy credit capital is attached to the production and business plan of the recipient households so as to prevent ethnic minorities from being dependent and motivate them to escape poverty in a sustainable manner 3.2.3 Limitations The maximum loan amount of the credit policies is relatively low, unable to fulfill the capital needs for agricultural production of industrial crops or extension of animal husbandry The effectiveness of the cooperation between the local authorities' training on production orientation, technical support, technology transfer, etc, and the policy credit activities is not high As a result, the use of the capital by some ethnic minority households is ineffective or in the wrong purpose, which leads to the inability to pay the debt The credit programs are combined with other assistance programs for remote areas They, thus, are not able to have an active resource as well as a model and implementation method which is appropriate to the unique cultural background and 16 geographic conditions of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 3.2.4 Policies to agricultural production 3.2.4.1 Description of policies 3.2.4.1 Implementation outcomes The Central Highlands has potentials for development, especially in the activities of growing perennial crops, forestry, mineral exploitation, tourism and services, etc Thanks to the innovative stipulations of Land Law 2013 and other policies on promoting agriculture following commodity production oriented direction, the agricultural production of ethnic minorities has almost adapted to the requirements of the market economy Production shifted from traditional small-scale husbandry which consists of free-range, or semi-grazing, and mainly cultivating food crops such as rice, maize, and cassava to specializing industrial crops such as coffee, rubber, tea, pepper, cashew, sugar, and concentrated large livestock breeding Many economic models such as family farms, hillforests, garden-forest, cultivating specialized households, and animal husbandry specialized households, have been established and developed In order to transform the agricultural structures, the State has adopted many policies on capital assistance, plant and animal species, fertilizers, pesticides, farming techniques, etc designed for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands Especially, programs such as program 135, sustainable poverty reduction, new rural development program, etc are approved As a result, the ethnic minorities are able to access various resources for production development, which contribute to developing production capacity and improving income of the poor and near-poor households 3.2.4.3 Limitations Despite the outcomes, policies on production development for ethnic minorities in Central Highland face 17 many difficulties due to inadequate infrastructure, and some policies on production are not appropriate to the reality and lack of synchronization Shortage of production resources is common in ethnic minority households (lacking land, water, capital, and production management) Especially, due to the shortage of capital, the agricultural tools and farming techniques of ethnic minorities in the Central Highland are not modern Agricultural production depends heavily on manual labor, and mechanization is not widely applied, which causes low labor capacity and instability The process of transforming the economic structure, developing forms of association and consumption experience difficulties Agricultural production is affected by climate change, drought, and other extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, tornados, etc That is one of the threats causing instability in the life of ethnic minorities whose livelihood is largely dependent on agriculture 3.3 Impact evaluation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highland 3.3.1 Assessment of criteria of stable income for ethnic minorities 3.3.2 Assessment of criteria of level of accessing basic living conditions and social services of ethnic minorities 3.3.3 Assessment of criteria of preservation and promotion of cultural identity of ethnic minorities 3.3.4 Assessment of criteria of ensuring national security and defense 3.3.5 Assessment of criteria of effective and economical use of natural resources and environmental protection 3.4 The reasons for the limitations of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands and some suggestions 3.4.1 Reasons for the limitations 3.4.2 Suggestions 18 First, a new approach of PSEDs for ethnic minorities shall be proposed; Second, PEDs for ethnic minorities shall be finalized so as to achieve sustainable development goals; Third, feasible solutions for the effective implementation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highland shall be created Sub-conclusion of chapter The content of chapter of this dissertation clarifies the typical factors which influence the PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, as well as to reflect the current situation of socio-economic development of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands By means of collecting the important secondary data, the PhD candidate is successful in analyzing and clarifying implementation outcomes of some PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the period of 2011 - 2020 with specific evidence and analysis The analysis of the policies: polices on residential land, land for production and, forest land allocation and protection; policies on infrastructure construction and development; credit policies; and, policies on agricultural production, demonstrates that the policies create significant impact but still face threats of unsustainability The survey which is conducted in 05 provinces of the Central Highlands and in two groups, ethnic minorities (300 sheets), officials (200 sheets), supplemented by a field survey and in-depth interview with some leading officials of provinces and districts, provides the author with a necessary primary source of data for impact evaluation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands based on the criteria of sustainable development goals Accordingly, the result of research in chapter indicates that despite positive impacts, the policies outcomes not achieve the sustainable development goals It also discovers the reasons for the aforementioned situation and the suggestions for the directions and solutions in chapter 19 Chapter VIEWPOINTS, DIRECTIONs, AND SOLUTIONS TO FINALIZING POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS 4.1 The international and national situation influencing the PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.1.1 International situation 4.1.2 National situation In the fast-changing international and national situation, there are many issues influencing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the period of 2021-2030 Impact of environment and climate change; The increasing income inequality and difference in level of access to social services; A portion of ethnic minorities is in a shortage of residential land and production land; The cultural identities of many ethnic minorities are fading; Political security and social order in the areas of ethnic minorities are complicated 4.2 Viewpoints and directions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.2.1 Viewpoints of the Party - Viewpoints of the Party on the PSEDs for ethnic minorities - Viewpoints of the Party on the PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.2.2 Directions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.2.2.1 PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands shall be placed in the overall economic development plan and strategy of the Central Highlands and of the nation 20 4.2.2.2 The policies shall be finalized in accordance with the in-depth studies and evaluations on the typical conditions of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.2.2.3 The policies shall be finalized so as to focus on the quality of synchronization, relevance, and equality 4.2.2.4 The policies shall be finalized so as to ensure the implementation of sustainable economic development goals 4.2.2.5 The policies shall be finalized in such a way to invest for the sustainable development of the ethnic minority areas, rather than merely PEDs 4.3 Solutions to finalizing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.1 A solution to transforming the approach to PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.2 Solutions to finalizing certain PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.2.1 Solutions to policies on residential land, land for production, forest land allocation, and forest protection 4.3.2.2 Solutions to policies on construction and development of infrastructures 4.3.2.3 Solutions to credit policies 4.3.2.4 Solutions to policies on agricultural development 4.3.3 Solutions to ensuring the implementation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.3.1 Solutions to planning PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.3.2 Solutions to management and effective use of some resources for implementing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.3.3 Solutions to improving responsibility in implementing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.3.3.4 Solutions to improving quality of human resources of ethnic minorities to meet to requirements of PSEDs 21 4.3.3.5 Solutions to raising awareness of sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands 4.4 Suggestions to state management agencies 4.4.1 Suggestions to central statements agencies  Suggestions to the Government  Suggestions to the Ministries 4.4.2 Suggestions to Central Highlands provinces Sub-conclusion of Chapter Chapter analyzes the data of international and national situation which influences the PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, provides the viewpoints of the Party on the issues of ethnic minorities, ethnic policies, and PEDS for ethnic minorities in general and ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in particular Accordingly, the author identifies policy directions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands The important outcome of the Chapter is that the author is successful in building groups of basic solutions to finalizing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands First, the solution to transforming the approach to policies Second, solutions to finalizing certain PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands Finally, solutions to ensuring the implementation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands In addition, suggestions are proposed to create good conditions for the implementation of the aforementioned policies 22 CONCLUSION PSEDs for ethnic minorities in general and in the Central Highlands in particular are the key state management tools for the State to influence the ethnic minorities in the current movement of sustainable development Ensuring the stability, improving material and spiritual life, and ensuring political security in ethnic minority areas are essential to the national revolution Facing the pressing challenges regarding sustainable development, the limitations of PEDs for ethnic minorities has been manifested Therefore, there is a need for studies on the strategic and long-term policy solutions which help the Central Highlands to find out a relevant, effective, and sustainable initiative The dissertation "Policies on sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands" achieves the following outcomes - First, reviewing the scientific studies related to the topic of the dissertation, the author supplements and clarifies some theoretical issues of public policy, including public policy evaluation; theory of development and theory of economic development; role of economic policies as well as goals and fundamentals of economic policies; intension of sustainable development and sustainable development of the economy; ethnic issues, income issues, economic activities, and employment issues of ethnic minorities, the vulnerability of ethnic minorities in the process of economic integration and globalization - Second, the dissertation clarifies the theoretical basis of sustainable economic development and PSEDs for ethnic minorities, and proposes criteria for evaluating the impacts of PSEDs for ethnic minorities to achieve sustainable development goals - Third, providing data of the implementation outcomes of a number of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central 23 Highlands via some secondary data sources; assessing policy impacts, in comparison to certain criteria, via survey data, statistics and synthesis of primary data - Fourth, proposing groups of general solutions, each group consists of specific solutions based on the viewpoints and directions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic minorities, as well as analyzing and assessing the international and national situation which influence the policies The proposed solutions are relevant to not only ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands but also nationwide - Finally, the dissertation is a valuable applicable source of reference for the scholars studying the Central Highlands, the managers, and policy planners The dissertation's research outcomes help the author to answer the research questions and prove that the selected dissertation topic is relevant to public management and based on scientific and practical bases Nevertheless, the research topic is new and has a wide range of research subjects, and its scope covers a wide range of space and time Therefore, shortcomings and limitations would be unavoidable, albeit the author's persistent and serious efforts to complete the dissertation with a satisfactory result The author welcomes the comments and sympathy from the professors of the Councils The author also looks forward to receiving the comments from the researchers and experts interested in the dissertation topic 24 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY THE AUTHOR Thai Thi Minh Phung (2017), “Implementation of policies for ethnic minorities in Dak lak province”- Some practical issues, Journal of Ethnography, Volume 198 (9/2017) Thai Thi Minh Phung (2017), “Training cadres and civil servants from ethnic minorities at the grassroots level to implement policies on ethnic minorities in Dak Lak province”, Journal of Education, Volume 417 Quarter 11/2017 Thai Thi Minh Phung (2019), “Roles of the developmental governement in planning policiies on sustainable economic development in the Central Highlands” Proceedings of the conference on “Planning macro policies in the market enonomy”, Finance Publishing House, Hanoi Thai Thi Minh Phung (2019), “Policy orientation for developing ecotourism and natural tourism in the Central Highlands, Proceedings of the national conference on “Making the Central Highlands aa area for natural tourism and ecotourism: Potentials and challnges” Đắk Lắk Thai Thi Minh Phung (2019), “Opportunities, challenges and roles of The Government in realizing the sustainable economic development goal in the Central Highlands, Viet Nam, The University Without Borders Journal of Economics & Business, Volume – 2019, No https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/63208673/uwbj2019-2 Thai Thi Minh Phung (2020), “Assessing the results of implementing New Rural Program in the provinces of the Central Highlands”, Journal of Front, Volume 200 (4/2020) Thai Thi Minh Phung (2020), “Criteria for evaluating policies on sustainable economic development for ethnic minorites in Vietnam, Central Highlands’ Journal of Social sceinces Volume 1(37) 2020 25 Thai Thi Minh Phung (2020), “ Implementing Thực policie on land and forest allocation policy to ethnic minorites in the Central Highlands to meet the sustainable development objectives”, Journal of Theoretical activities, Volume (168) 2020 Thai Thi Minh Phung (2020), “Implementation of economic development policicies for ethnic minorites in the Central Highlands”, Journal of State Management, Volume 292 (5/2020) 26 ... Dissertation Examination Committee of the Academy Venue: Room for doctoral dissertation defense- Room: ………Building…… National Academy of Public AdministrationAdd: 77 - Nguyen Chí Thanh street - Đong Đa... evaluating sustainable economic development On 10/09/2015, the Prime Minister issued Decision No.1557/QD-TTg on approval of some criteria for implementing the Millennial Goals for ethnic minorities which... minorities, the stakeholders in the implementation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities, the awareness, attitude and developmental potential of the ethnic minorites 2.3 Evaluation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities