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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this work, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Nguyễn Thị Tường, M.A for guiding me to research and giving me many advices and suggestions I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to my teachers in Foreign Languages Department, my family and my friends for their various kind of help and encouragement Vinh, May 2010 Pham Thi Thuy Dung i ABSTRACT Communicating is an important part of daily life People must talk to each other to work and sastify their own communicating need Invitation is a popular speech act in daily conversation But how to achieve the goals of invitation politely and avoid putting hearer and speaker in difficult position, using pre-invitation is a solution This research presents pre-invitation, its functions and some common forms Many examples were collected from many books, stories and documents to explain more clearly Finally, some main similarities and differences in preinvitation between English and Vietnamese are pointed out ii TABLE OF CONTENTs page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iii ABBREVIATION v PART A: INTRODUCTION .1 Reasons for choosing the topic Aims of the study .1 Scope of the study Methods of the study .2 Design of the study PART B: DEVERLOPMENT .3 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Speech acts .3 1.1.1 Structure of speech act 1.1.2 Classification of speech acts .5 1.2 Politeness 1.3 Face wants 1.3.1 Definition of face 1.3.2 Positive and negative face .10 1.4 Politeness strategies 11 1.5 Pre-sequence 14 1.5.1 Functions of pre-sequences 15 1.5.2 Somes types of pre-sequences 15 1.6 A brief overview of Contrastive Analysis 17 CHAPTER II: PRE-SEQUENCE IN INVITATION OR PRE-INVITATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 18 2.1 Pre-invitation 18 2.1.1 Definition of pre-invitation .18 2.1.2 Positions of pre-invitation .19 2.1.2.1 Before invitation .19 2.1.2.2 After invitation 21 iii 2.2 Pre-invitation in politeness strategy .21 2.3 Pre-invitation in language communication 24 2.3.1 Purposes of using pre-sequence in invitation 24 2.3.2 Forms of pre-invitation 27 2.3.2.1 Interrogative forms 27 2.3.2.1.1 Yes /No questions 27 2.3.2.1.2 Informative questions 28 2.3.2.1.3 Declarative questions 29 2.3.2.1.4 Tag questions .29 2.3.2.2 Declarative forms .29 2.3.2.3 Exclamative forms 30 2.3.2.4 Conditional forms .31 CHAPTER III : SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PREINVITATION BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH 33 3.1 Similarities .33 3.2 Differences .34 3.3 Some main reasons for differences 37 3.3.1 English communication Style 38 3.3.2 Vietnamese communication styles 39 3.4 Application in language teaching and learning 40 PART C: CONCLUSION 43 Recapitulation 43 Suggestion for further studies .44 REFERENCES .45 iv ABBREVIATION CA : contrastive analysis Fig : figure e.g : for example FTA: face threatening act H’s: his or her i.e : that is to say T : turn v PART A: INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic In communication, participants always try to achieve something in their turns To achieve the goals of communication, speakers usually try to plan their actions logically and use the communicating strategies through speech acts In conversation, we must use some certain kinds of speech acts which are likely to threaten another’s face To reduce the greatest risk, people often use many strategies One of these strategies is using pre-sequences However, in text books for pupils, pre-sequences are not often presented For example, a conversation is used to teach about how to make an invitation, often just present the inviting act only A : Let’s go to the movie tonight B : I have to study for an exam Terasaki (1976) has pointed out, in ordinary conversation invitations are not made in simple pairs such as invitation and denial or invitation and acceptance More routinely, the inviter issues a pre-invitation in order to find out what likely result of any subsequent invitation will be A : What are you doing tonight? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (positive response to project invitation) A : How about a movie? (invitation) The reason of writer for doing this study is to give knowledge to the readers about the pre-sequences, especially, pre-invitation From this study, the writer hopes that it can give description of what is meant by pre-invitation especially in helping people for better arranging and understanding conversations Aims of the study This study helps the readers understanding about the meaning of preinvitation and its usage in conversation The writer wants to describe the forms and functions of pre-invitation in order to help the readers to organize a better conversation, especially, when they want to make an invitation, to achieve the best result as well as to avoid putting participants in difficult position Scope of the study This study focuses on the utterances which contain pre-sequences, especially, pre-invitation The writer only presents some main purposes of using pre-invitation and its common forms with the examples in both English and Vietnamese Methods of the study To conduct the study, we have used the following methods:  Analysis  Statistics  Comparative and contrastive methods Design of the study The thesis comprises three main parts: Part A : Introduction This part presents the reasons for choosing the topic, aims, scope, methods and format of the study Part B : Development This is the main part of this study devided into three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background Chapter II: Pre-invitation in English and Vietnamese Chapter III: Some similarities and differences Part C: Conclusion This part reviews major findings of the thesis and suggests some directions for further study PART B: DEVERLOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Speech acts To understand about speech acts, we will examine the origin of the concept “speech acts” The idea of speech acts has its roots in the Philosophy of Language J A Austin was the first person who wanted to capture the fact that there is more in the function of language than semantics Traditionally, mapping of entities of a proposition onto referents and defining the truth value of a proposition was the major area of interest in language semantics With Austin, and his follower J R Searle, there is a shift towards the events or acts that occur via language, it is called “speech acts” These acts effect changes both in the observable world, as well as in the mental states of dialogue participants Austin's approach introduces pragmatics in studying and modeling language Consequently, the focus is now on utterances and not propositions Speech acts play an important role in everyday conversation They became a topic of sustained investigation, at least in the English-speaking world, in the middle of the Twentieth Century Since that time “speech act theory” has been influential not only within philosophy, but also in linguistics, psychology, legal theory, artificial intelligence, literary theory and many other scholarly disciplines Recognition of the importance of speech acts has illuminated the ability of language to other things than describe reality In the process the boundaries among the philosophy of language, the philosophy of action, the philosophy of mind and even ethics have become less sharp According to Yule (1996: 47) “actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts” The philosopher J.L Austin considered speech acts as “utterances (things people say) are equivalent to actions” When someone says: “I name this ship” or “I now pronounce you man and wife”, the utterance creates a new social or psychological reality We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication A speech act might contain just one word, as in “Sorry!” to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: “I’m sorry I forgot your birthday” I just let it slip my mind." Speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture 1.1.1 Structure of speech act According to Austin, there are three types of acts that can be performed by every utterance, given the right circumstances: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts • Locutionary act is simply the speech acts that have taken place It is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful-linguistic expression Making an utterance, the speaker performs a locutionary act that is an act of saying something with a determinate sense and reference According to Austin, locutionary act expresses the meaning of the statement itself For example, when saying “step back”, speaker want to tell someone step back • Illocutionary acts are the real actions which are performed by the utterance, where saying equals doing, as in betting, plighting one’s troth, welcoming and warning The illocutionary act is not in one-to-one correspondence with the locution from which it is derived There are different locutions that express the same illocution and vice-versa For example, there are indirect speech acts, that is acts with a different force than the obviously deducible one A typical example is the locution of the utterance “Could you pass the salt?” uttered at a dinner table For a speaker of English in the particular situation this means “Pass the salt, please” and no one would assume that the speaker is indeed interested in whether the hearer would be able to pass the salt • Perlocutionary acts are the effects of the utterance on the listener Depending on the kind of perlocution, different conditions have to hold in order for it to be achieved In other word, depending on the circumstances, you will utter on the assumpsion that the hearer will recognize the effect you intended For example, the hearer in the salt example has to realise that the speaker's intention is to ultimately get hold of the salt The most discussed act among these three dimentions is illocutionary act, especially, illocutionary force Indeed, the term “speech acts” is generally interpreted narrowly to mean only the illocutionary force of an utterance 1.1.2 Classification of speech acts In 1975, Searle suggested the following classification of speech acts:  Assertives (Representatives) They commit the speaker to something being the case Those the different kinds are: suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, concluding No one makes a better cake than me It was a nice day  Directives They try to make the addressee perform an action In other wosds, speaker use these kinds of speech acts to get somone to something The different kinds are: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging Could you close the window? Would you like to have a cup of coffee?  Commisives They commit the speaker to doing something in the future The different kinds are: promising, planning, vowing, betting, opposing I'm going to Paris tomorrow I’ll be back  Expressives CHAPTER III : SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PRE-INVITATION BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH 3.1 Similarities In daily conversation, pre-invitation is used commonly in both English and Vietnamese with the same purposes:  to get the idea about how participant will respond to invitation before they make an invitation A : Are you doing anything on Saturday everning? B : I don’t think I am  to avoid putting both the hearer and the speaker in a difficult position A : Tơi có hai vé xem phim tối nay.(pre-invitation) B : Ngày mai thi  to get the hearer’s attention A : Tối bạn có rỗi khơng? B : Khơng, mà có chuyện cơ?  to be a reason for invitation A : I’m having friends to dinner on Sunday, and I ‘d really you to come B : Sure !  to persuade the invitee to accept the invitation A : Say, we’ve come here to dance but not to sit and listen Why not have a dance? B : You are right, dear Sitting is boring, but I’m not good at Tango.” The most used form of pre-invitation in both English and Vietnamese is interrogative form, declarative form is used less than interrogative form In the interrogative form, the most sub-form used is Yes/No question In English Pedro : Are you busy Saturday night, Jill? 33 Jill : Well …uh…I don`t have any definite plans yet Why? Pedro: I though we might go to the new movie at the Playhouse Theater Jill : Fantastic ! I read a good review of it, and I `d love to go! In Vietnamese A : Tối bạn có rỗi khơng? B : Khơng, mà có chuyện cơ? A : Tơi muốn mời bạn xem phim với tôi! 3.2 Differences Pre-invitation in Vietnamese is more flexible, it is used in many different forms, in many different positions while in English we just see preinvitation with interrogatives and declaratives Vietnamese people use more forms than English people do, apart from the common forms such as interrogative, declarative, exclamative, in Vietnamese, we can also see preinvitation in imperative form E.g: “Hãy thong thả, nước rồi, uống vài chén chè tàu với đã.” (Khái Hưng, 1999) English people use more interrogative forms, and less exclamative forms than Vietnamese people Pre-invitation seldom appears after invitation in English In contrast, pre-invitation appears after invitation more frequently in Vietnamese, especially, there are some typical phrases which often follow invitation in order to persuade the hearer and make the invitee feel more comfortable such as “Đừng làm khách”, “cứ tự nhiên”, “xin coi người nhà”, “chúng coi anh/chị người nhà”… Anh mời cơm đi, đừng làm khách Vietnamese people often consider an invitation a formal act, so they often hesitate when they are invited to something Therefore, the preinvitation such as “Đừng làm khách”, “cứ tự nhiên”, “xin coi người 34 nhà”, “chúng coi anh/chị người nhà”… will make the invitee feel more comfortable and accept the invitation About the answers for pre-invitation question, Vietnamese often use hedging response We can see very clearly through the collected examples However, English people often answer directly by “stop” response or “goahead” response This shows Vietnamese people’s habit of indirect talking, often avoid talking directly, try to keep a good relationship with others This is a special characteristic of Vietnamese communication style which will be introduced in the next article  A hedging response for pre-invitation qestion in Vietnamese A : Tối bạn có rỗi khơng? B : Khơng, mà có chuyện cơ? A : Tơi muốn mời bạn xem phim với tôi! B: Ồ, ngày mai phải thi  A go-ahead response for pre-invitation question in English A : what are you doing tonight? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (go-ahead response to project invitation) A : How about a movie? (invitation) B : Okay (acceptance) A habit of Vietnamese people is asking some questions around the main topic before going to the target This is seen clearly in Vietnamese communication style, it also called “go around talking” Similarly, before making an invitation, Vietnamese people often talk about something related to the invitation, one of them is considered pre-invitation Other differences of pre-invitation in Vietnamese and English is that in Vietnamese, pre-invitation can express the speaker’s feeling and attitude more clearly By go with the exclamative words and the final particles, preinvitation can show that the relatioship between speaker and hearer is close or 35 distant, speaker is older or younger than hearer or the social status of speaker is higher or lower than hearer - Thôi mà! Anh đói Mình ăn phở Phọc mơn không hà, em sợ bị ướp xác (Trần Thi Bảo Châu) In the example above, we can realize the close relationship between inviter and invitee “Thôi mà”is a word express the intimate relationship In another example, the pre-invitation “Này anh, trời mưa, anh khơng tìm thấy ông Cương kia” shows the distant relationship, and the speaker and hearer are the same status  Này anh, trời mưa, anh khơng tìm thấy ơng Cương kia, mời anh uống cà phê không? (Hồng Hoang, 2000) Vietnamese is more flexive and has more variants than English Preinvitation in Vietnamese can be a phrase, a clause or sentences, depending on the specific situation and speaker’s purposes Let’s study some of the following example:  A clause “Hãy thong thả, nước rồi, uống vài chén chè tàu với đã.” (Khái Hưng, 1999) -Nếu Un thích đị sơng anh tình nguyện chở Un khơng? - Em thích chứ!” (Minh Uyên, 1998)  A phrase - Mới giờ, hai em có bát phố khơng? - Anh qn tụi em ghét chơi buổi tối (Vũ Hồng Mai, 1997)  A sentence - Em có à? 36 - Ta vào uống cà phê (Trần Chiến, 2000) And pre-invitation in Enlgish often a clause or a sentence There is hardly seen a phrase as a pre-invitation  A clause We’re having some people over Saturday evening and wanted to know if you’d like to join us  A sentence A : What are you doing tonight? B : I have to study for an exam A : how about Wednesday? One special difference is that in English pre-invitation with the yes/no question form, we seldom see the answers: Yes or No They are often detail answers like the answer for informative questions and the hearer can understand what they mean (Yes or No) E.g: - Are you doing anything on Saturday everning? - I don’t think I am E.g: - Are you busy Saturday night, Jill? - Jill : Well …uh…I don’t have any definite plans yet Why? E.g: - Uh, are you doing anything on Saturday night? - Hmm, Saturday night? Let me think Oh yes My cousin just called to say he was flying at that night I told him I would pick him up 3.3 Some main reasons for differences There are several reasons which cause the differences between English and Vietnamese in invitation such as the diferent in culture, society, and many things of life All these things are showed in communication styles, let’s see how different between the two countries’ communication styles 37 Some common charateristics of both English and Vietnamese communication style are pointed out Through these characteristics of each language, we can see the differences between the two languages, the two countries’culture That is the reason why they creat the differences of preinvitation We will deal with some common charateristics of English and Vietnamese communication styles which can help communicators of English achieve greater success and avoid awkwardness in communication 3.3.1 English communication Style English people have an interesting mix of communication styles encompassing both understatement and direct communication Many older businesspeople or those from the 'upper class' rely heavily upon formal use of established protocol Most English are masters of understatement and not use effusive language If anything, they have a marked tendency to use ‘qualifiers’ such as ‘perhaps’, ‘possibly’ or ‘it could be’ When communicating with people they see as equal to themselves in rank or class, the English are direct, but modest If communicating with someone they know well, their style may be more informal, although they will still be reserved Humour is the cornerstone of the English society It is used in numerous ways: to establish a positive atmosphere, to create a sense of togetherness, to bridge differences, to introduce risky ideas, to criticise, to show appreciation or contempt of a person English people joke about everything including the queen, politicians, religion, themselves and you! You'd better get used to that Humour is often combined with understatement Depending on the tone “Not bad” can actually mean “very good” and “not bad at all” might be the highest praise you ever get from a British English people are very polite In a restaurant, you will have to say “thank you” when you get the menu, “thank you” when you place the order, “thank you” when get your dishes, “thank you” when the waiter takes away 38 the plates and even “thank you” when you pay! You will have to say “excuse me” if you want to pass someone and “I'm sorry” if you accidentally touch someone English people even say sorry if you stand on their toes! They are also very “quiet” and keep to themselves This can be hard if you want to make friends with them In Britain, “please”, “thank you”, and sometimes “thank you very much” are involved in just about every human transaction They are necessary and expected in communication with the English English politeness has a ritualized predictability and expected formality (Weisser 1987:5) People in Britain are very time-oriented, respecting deadlines and punctuality People who talk loud are considered illbred, ill-mannered and ill-educated 3.3.2 Vietnamese communication styles Viet Nam is a typical agricultural country, people's lives must depend much on natural conditions, thus, for existence and development, owners of Viet Nam villages that are peasants in the majority must rely on and link to each other’s That's why, communal character has been regarded as the first cultural characteristic of Viet Nam villages This characteristic affects greatly the Vietnamese communication style - Attitudes towards communication: Vietnamese people are half shy, half interested in communication As already noted, Vietnamese people must live rely on and connect to each other and respect for keeping a good relationship among members in community This is the reason why Vietnamese people really like to communicate Vietnamesse people are interseted in visiting each other Although they had closed relationship or they meet each other everyday, they still visit each other when they have free time, especialy, in the traditional holidays such as Tet Vietnamese people are also very hospitable When someone visits Vietnamese home they will be warmly welcome “Khách đến nhà không gà vịt” 39 The rural organization according to many different rules at the same time has created two most basic characteristics of Viet Nam countryside to be community and autonomy As a result, although Vietnamese realy like communication, they are very shy When inside the familiar community, they are very open and like to communicate but outside the familiar community, among strangers they tend to be shy and less communicate This shows the flexible behavour of Vietnamese in communication - Communication relationship : Vietnamese people consider sentiment a principle of behaviour Sentiment is an important element in Vietnamese communication culture Vietnamese people respect for the older, this can be seen clearly through the way they address and use exclamation words such as “ạ” - In communication, Vietnamese people appreciate tact and harmony Tactful communication created Vietnamese habit of “go around talking” People often think carefully before saying or responding “uốn lưỡi ba lần trước nói”; “ăn có nhai nói có nghĩ” They never start mentioning directly to the points Before talking about the main topic, they often ask about heath, family, sport…etc Because of appreciating harmony, they tend to make concession in the life “một nhịn chín lành” In vietnames culture, invitation is an speech act expressing friendly and hospitable attitude, politness and respect toward the hearer They have many different ways to express invitation depending on the situation, participants, relationship, purpose and objective of communication Who invite, invite whom, close or distant relationship, invite to somewhere, something…all affect the way they express their invitation 3.4 Application in language teaching and learning As there is no indication from research that all invitations in natural conversation are preceded by pre-invitations, it is not necessary for every invitation to be preceded by a pre-invitation However, if students are to learn 40 about interaction, pre-sequences are an important part of the picture Because the pre-sequences such as pre-invitation, pre-request, pre-announcement project future actions, language learners need to able to recognize these types of pre-sequences in order to able to respond appropriatly These types of presequences are also solutions language learners can use to avoid receiving dispreferred responses Teaching students about interaction involves more than just giving them a list of phrases to memorize Student must also learn the functions of the turns and the impotance of sequential positions of turns in interaction in displaying that fuction Students should be encouraged to collect natural conversation to become more aware of language used around them This will help students better prepare to successfully use language in interaction outside the classroom By combining with other subjects teacher can teach students about pre-invitation effectively For example, teacher can let students listen some conversation about invitation, after that ask them to identify pre-invitation, which form it is, and speaker’s purpose when using it This activity not only can help students improve listening skill but also help student understand more clearly about pre-invitation’s role in daily conversation Below are suggested exercises which help the students to deal with pre-invitation Exercises: I Match the answer and its type: Are you doing anything on Saturday? a Why? 1.Go-ahead response b Nothing so far 2.Stop response c I think I’m busy 3.Hedging response II Choose the best answer as required: What are you doing tonight? Choose the go-ahead response to this question: 41 A:I have to study for the next exam B:Haven’t planned anything C:Well, we are going out Why? D:I have to take my sister to the airport on Saturday Are you doing any thing later? Choose the stop response to this question: A: B: C: D: Well …uh…I don`t have any definite plans yet Why ? Oh, yeah Busy, busy, busy Not much Hmm, nothing so far Are you doing anything on Saturday night? Choose the hedging response to this question A:I don’t think I am B:Haven’t planned anything C:Hmm, Saturday night? Let me think Oh yes My cousin just called to say he was flying at that night I told him I would pick him up D:Well, we are going out Why? What are you doing on Saturday everning? choose the answer that is not the same group with the others: A:Not much B:Hmm, nothing so far C:I have to study for an exam D:Haven’t planned anything Are you busy tonight? choose the answer that is not the same group with the others: A:Oh, yeah busy busy busy B:I think I’m C:Haven’t planned anything D:Well, I have to finish my report  Suggestions for the answer: II 1b; 2c; 3a III 1B; 2B; 3D; 4C; 5C 42 PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation Invitation is a tactful act in Vietnamese culture and in English, invitation is considered a polite request Moreover, in both English and Vietnamese, invitation is a speech act that can threaten the participants’ faces, and put hearer in difficult position That is reason why before making an invitation, speaker must plan the conversation carefully to achieve H’s goals One special part of an invitation that helps speaker to avoid putting hearer in difficult position and makes both speaker and hearer feel more comfortable is pre-invitation but in English teaching program it is rarely mentioned This reason had urged author to study on pre-invitation in conversation This thesis has fist dealt with some theoretical backgrounds about speech acts, face wants, politeness and politeness strategies, presequences and some overview of CA Next, chapter II presents pre-invitation, its positions in conversation, its common forms and speaker’s purposes of using it After collecting and arranging examples in forms, there are some common forms of pre-invitation considered, including interrogatives, declaratives, exclamatives In which, the most used form is interrogatives and it is divided into many subforms such as yes/no question, informative questions… Finaly, in chapter III some similarities and differences were pointed out with specific examples Then are some application in language teaching and learning, especially about making and responding to preinvitation From this study, the writer hopes that it can give description about what is meant by pre-invitation especially in helping people for better arranging and understanding conversation, helps the readers understanding about the meaning of pre-invitation and its usage in conversation Especially, after 43 reading this study, readers will know the common forms and purposes of using pre-invitation, and recognize it in conversation easily Using presequences, especially, using pre-invitation, speaker not only can achieve the communicating target but also can avoid putting the hearer in difficult position Therfore, using pre-invitation can be considered a conventional and common communication strategy that we should apply in daily conversation Suggestion for further studies There are several other types of pre-sequences such as prearrangement, pre-announcement, pre-request, pre-closing we can study on these types of pre-sequences and compare the similarities and differences between them., we can provide more exercises and more specific situations for learner to make the study more practical The studies on language in communication will be good references for language learner to understand more clearly about interaction and to avoid confusing in daily communication 44 REFERENCES English: Austin, J L (1962) How to things with words Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Brown, P., & Levinson, S (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Eelen, G (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories Manchester: St Jerome Publishing Fisiak, J (Ed.) 1981 Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher Oxford: Oxford University Press Lakoff, G (1972) Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Con-cepts, in Paul Peranteau, Judith Levi and Gloria Phares (eds.), Papers from theEighth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistics Society (CLS 8), pp 183-228 Leech, G.(1983).Principles of pragmatics London: Longman Levinson, S C (1983).Pragmatics Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Locher, M (2004) Power and politeness in action Berlin: Moulton Press Richards, J C., Hull, J and Protor S.(2004), New Interchange, Cambridge University Press 10 Richards, J C (1997) Developing Tactics for Listening, Nxb Tp Hồ Chí Minh 11 Searle, J R (1975).A taxonomy of illocutionary acts Language, Mind and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, pages 344-369 12 Searle,J.R.(1969) Speech act, an essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge- England-CUP-1971 45 13 Terasaki, A.(1976) Pre-announcement sequences in conversation Social Science Working Paper 99 Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine, School of Social Science 14 Thackeray, W M (1948) Vanity Fair, The Zodiac Press, London 15 Yule, G.(1996) Pragmatics Oxford University Press Vietnamese: Trần Thi Bảo Châu, Có em bên đời: Chương 1, http://vnthuquan.net/truyen Hồng Chiến (2000) ‘Nỗi sợ’, Truyện ngắn hay Việt Nam, (Tập 4), Nxb Hội Nhà văn Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) Dụng học việt ngữ NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Hải (1992), Có em đời, Nxb Trẻ Hồng Hoang (2000) ‘Chữ kí’, Truyện ngắn hay Việt Nam, (Tập 4), Nxb Hội Nhà văn Khái Hưng (1999) Nửa chừng xuân, Nxb Văn nghệ Tp.HCM Nguyễn Văn Lập (1989) Bước đầu tìm hiểu nghi thức lời nói tiếng Việt, luận văn sau đại học khóa 12, Chun ngành ngơn ngữ, Trường ĐHSP I Hà Nội Nguyễn Văn Lập, Hành vi lời mời tương tác mời đáp Tập san trường Đại học KHXH-NV, Đại học quốc gia TP Hồ Chí Minh Vũ Hồng Mai (1997) Con trai không gái tưởng, Nxb Đồng Nai 10 Lê Ngọc Minh (1997) “Bố vợ”, Tuyển chọn truyện ngắn hay, Nxb Hội Nhà văn 11 Khương, Lưu Qúy, An Investigation into Spoken Direct Invitations in English and Vietnamese.Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng 12 Nguyễn Quang (1999) Intercultural communication NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 46 13 Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Tú (1979) Những dấu chấm phía chân trời, NXB Kim Đồng 14 Minh Uyên (1998) Có mùa hè, Nxb Đà Nẵng Website: http://www.scribd.com/doc/6918148/Bai-4Ngon-ngu-Van-Hoa-giao-tiepcua-nguoi-VN-doc http://vnthuquan.net/sachtruyen/ http://relationship.clickinlove.com/intercultural-relationship/britishcommunication-style/ 47 ... “Này anh, trời mưa, anh khơng tìm thấy ông Cương kia” shows the distant relationship, and the speaker and hearer are the same status  Này anh, trời mưa, anh khơng tìm thấy ơng Cương kia, mời anh. .. consider the same - Thôi mà! Anh đói Mình ăn phở Phọc mơn khơng hà, em sợ bị ướp xác (Trần Thi Bảo Châu,) - Này anh, trời mưa, anh khơng tìm thấy ơng Cương kia, tơi mời anh uống cà phê không? 26... “nếu khơng bận gì”… - Nếu Un thích đị sơng anh tình nguyện chở Un khơng? - Em thích chứ!” (Minh Uyên, 1998) - Nếu tối thứ bảy anh khơng bận, vui lịng mời anh đến nhà chơi However, in daily conversation