Báo cáo thực tập tốt nghiệp tiếng anh (2)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have completed my exercise without the enthusiastic help and encouragement of my teacher, my friends, my parents, my mother’s younger sister, as well as my classmates, special my teacher Mrs Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam I would like to express my great graduation to Mrs Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam, who gives useful advice for me to help choose suitable topic and initiate the idea for my exercise and my mother’s younger sister who gives introduction for me to complete this subject I also want to thank my teacher and best friend for guiding me to find out necessary materials for my exercise Vinh, May 2010 Tô Thi Thái Abstract English pronunciation is one of the important aspects in communication, language teaching and learning In this study, I only contrast phonetic system between two languages generally So, I just focus on main similarities and differences and base on analysis segmental system and suprasegmental system Table of contents Acknowledgements abstract Table of contents Part 1: introduction 1.1 The reasons of choosing this subject 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Methods of study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Design of the study Part 2: content Chapter 1: phonetic – phonology 1.1 Linguistic and position of phonetic-phonology in the linguistics 1.2 Phonetic and phoneme 1.3 Definition of aspects of phonetic system Chapter 2: The main similarities of phonetic system of English and Vietnamese 2.1 Segmental system 2.2 Suprasegmental system 11 Chapter 3: The main differences of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese 12 3.1 Segmental system 12 3.2 Suprasegment system 16 Chapter 4: Suggested practice 20 Part 3: conclusion 22 references 23 Part 1: introduction 1.1 reasons for choosing the subject Speaker of one language can not communicate with a speaker of another one unless he had learned the other speaker’s language If anyone knows a foreign language knows its sound system well, it will help him or her in of process of communicating Like many other languages, phonetic system of English and Vietnamese is both different and similar to each other For example, Vietnamese mainly depends on level tones such as “la, là, lá, lả, lã, lạ ”, like a song but English does not have English is called the language intonation, which has particular intonation patterns, etc These differences make Vietnamese learners as well as English ones feel difficult in using languages Doing this study give us a good chance to investigate main features of English and Vietnamese phonetic system so that we and other Vietnamese learners can overcome difficulties in English phonetic system and use its sound system well 1.2 aims of the study The first aim of study is to analysis and compare the similarities and differences of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese The second aim is to show some common problems that Vietnamese learners meet when using English sounds The third aim is to give some suggested practice to improve the learning of English phonetic for learners 1.3 Methods of study 1.3.1 Contrastive and comparative method 1.3.2 Statistic method 1.3.3 Analysis and systematic method 1.4 scope of the study The study only focuses the main simlilar and diffirent points between English and vietnamese phonetic system 1.5 design of the study The study consists of three parts: Part 1: introduction Part 2: content Chapter 1: phonetic – phonology Chapter 2: the main similarities of the phonetic system of English and Vietnamese Chapter 3: the differences of the phonetic system between English and Vietnamese Part 3: conclusion Part 2: Content Chapter 1: phonetics - phonology 1.1 Linguistics and the position of phonetic – phonology in linguistics Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language which includes: Its sound – systems is called phonetics and phonology Its word – structures is called morphology Its sentence – structures is called syntax Its word formation is called lexicology Its word meaning is called semantics Its social context is called socio – linguistics So, phonetics is a branch of linguistics 1.2 Definition of phonetics and phoneme 1.2.1 Phonetics Phonetic is the study of how sounds are produced and how position of mouth can be changed to produce different sounds 1.2.2 Phoneme Both phonetics and phonology study and describe the distinctive sound units or morpheme of a language and their relationship to one another A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can be used to distinguish words and word meanings Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language For example: Car and Cat differ only in ending sound - /r/ and /t/ are phonemes 1.2.3 Definitions of aspects in phonetics system * Articulators Articulators are parts of the vocal tract that move and change shape to make sounds Both English and Vietnamese have articulators: Nose (mũi ) upper teeth ( hàm ) Lower lip (môi ) lower teeth ( hàm ) Lower lip (môi ) alveolar ridge (lợi ) Tongue ( lưỡi ) hard palate ( ngạc cứng ) Soft palate ( ngạc mềm ) velum ( lưỡi gà ) Pharynx ( hầu ) larynx ( quản ) * Segmental Means separated from the other parts, such as consonants, vowels, syllables * Consonants A consonant is a sound in producing it, the air streams from the lungs is stopped, impeded, constricted or other wise interfered with its passage to the outside air Example: t, d, n, m, k , etc * Vowels A vowel is a speech sound in which the air streams from lungs is not blocked in any ways in the mouth or throat and which is usually pronunced with vibration of the vocal cords Example: i, o, a, e, etc * Syllables A syllable is a speech unit consisting of a sound or a sound sequence, one of which is heard to be prominent than the others Example: In English: car / ka: / → one syllable Mother /mΛðә/ → two syllable In Vietnamese: cô gái → two syllable * Suprasegmental Means not being separated satisfactory, such as intonation, stress, rhythm * Stress Stress is the emphasis given to a particular syllable within a word or to a particular word within a group of words Word stress has three types of stress: primary stress, secondary stress and unstressed Sentence stress has four types of stress: major sentence stress, major word stress, minor word stress and unstressed * Intonation Intonation is the chaning of pitch pf speech, such as high, medium, low * Rhythm Rhythm is defined as regular succession of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables There are two kinds of speech rhythm: syllable – timed – rhythm and stress – timed – rhythm * Linking Linking happens when we link groups of words together, usually for ease of pronunciation * Elision The nature of the elision is that in certain circumstances a phoneme may be realised as zero, or have zero realisation or be deleted Elision is typical of rapid, casual speech Chapter 2: The main similarities of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese 2.1 Segemental system 2.1.1 The relationship between sounds and spelling systems The same letter represents different sounds Example: In English: the letter “c” may represent /k/or /s/ sound Ex: Class / kla:s / ; cup / kΛp / Centre / sentә / In Vietnamese:the letter “a” has three sounds Ex: Xanh lao nhao rau day /а/ /а/ /ă/ /ă/ /ε/ The letters may represent the same sound Example: In English: the sound /f/ is represented by several letters Ex: Phone / fәυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn / Or the sound /u:/ is represented by other letters Too / tu: / ; two / tu: / ; shoe / ∫u: / In Vietnamese: the sound /k/ is represented by letters Cá, cờ, kỳ, quen, quà, etc Combinations of the letters may represent one sound Example: In English: “oo”represents one sound / υ /: cook/ kυk / good / gυd / “ir” represents sound /з: /: bird/ bз:d /, girl / gз:l / In Vietnamese: “ng” represents sound /ŋ/: nga, ngài, “ph” /f/: phố phường, phim 2.1.2 Consonants Both English and Vietnamese use Roman alphabet, so there are many similar consonants in English and Vietnamese Example: b, c, t, g, etc Consonants fall into classes according to the phonetic feature, that is, according to how they are produced Manner of articulation Stops/plosives ( âm tắc ): p, b, t, d Fricatives (âm xát ): v, s, f Nasal ( âm mũi ): m, n, ŋ Affricates (âm tắc xát ): t∫ in English and “c” in Vietnamese Lateral ( âm kề ): l Place of articulation Bilabials ( âm hai môi ): p, b, m Labiodental ( âm mơi ): v Velars ( âm vịm mền ): ŋ, k Alveolars:t, s, l, n Dental: θ Palato – alveolar: t∫ in English, “c” in Vietnamese State of the glottis Voiced sounds: d, m, n, v, g, l Voiceless sounds: t, p, k, s Besides, English and Vietnamese have some similarities at some particular consonants 10 /p/ can stand at the and of a word Example: In English: stop, cop, tip, sheep, etc In Vietnamese: cọp cướp, xốp, etc /ŋ/ can occur in final position of English and Vietnamese Example: In English: spring, ring, wrong, etc In Vietnamese: thung lũng, nắng, chàng, nàng, etc 2.1.3 Vowels Both English and Vietnamese have short, long vowels and diphthongs Example: i, u, e, Iә, eI, aI → vowels in English a, e, u, o, , → vowels in Vietnamese In syllables, vowels are frequently the centre Example: In English: rub /rΛb/ ; duck /dΛk/ In Vietnamese: bạn, đến, làm, năm 2.1.4 Syllables Both English and Vietnamese have open and close syllables Example: In English: open syllable: me /mi:/ ; Car /ka:/ Close syllable: back / bæk/ In Vietnamese: open syllable: ba /ba/ ; nga /ŋa/ Close syllable: em /εm/ The number of syllables in English and Vietnamese depends on the number of vowels It means that vowels are central factors of syllables Example: In English: attitude /ætitju:d/ has three vowels and three syllables A syllable must contains of least a vowel A single vowel may be a syllable in isolation Example: In English: a/ә/ ; ah/a/ ; err /з:/ In Vietnames: ô /o/ (umbrella) u /u/ (mother in the north) In English and Vietnamese, syllables have characteristics: An onset before the centre and no termination 11 Example: In English bar /ba:/→ “b” is onset Key /ki:/→ “k” is onset In Vietnamese: me /mε /, thu /θu/ → “m”, “θ” are onset No onset but a termination Example: In English: am /æm/, earth /з:θ/, earn /з:n/ In Vietnamese: em /εm/, ung /uŋ/ Both onset and termination Example: In English: run /rΛn/, Sat /sæt/ In Vietnamese: tin /tin/, tên /ten/ 2.2 Suprasegmental system 2.2.1 Sentence stress In a sentence, the stress is used to emphasize the important informations and help to give special attention Example: Emphasizing the subject which made action She hates cat→ “she” is stressed Chính làm vỡ cốc → “chính nó” is stressed Emphasizing the state of the subject She loves him → “loves” verb is stressed Tôi ghét hắn→ “ghét” verb is stressed 2.2.2 Intonation Intonation is important in two languages It is used to show different colours or shade of meaning or feelings, such as surprise, dislike, disbelief, belief or to distinguish communicative aims of sentence Example: In English:Don’t you know it ? ( question Don’t you know it ? ( exclamation ) In Vietnamese: Mẹ chợ ( statement Mẹ chợ ( question ) 12 Chapter 3: The main differences of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese 3.1 Segmental system 3.1.1 Sounds and letters English: Sounds and letters are completely different Example: book /bυk/ Chemistry /kemistri/ There are silent letters It means that there are letters which represent no sound Example: knap /næp/ ; climb /klaim/ Vietnamese: Sounds and letters are similar Example: bạn, bút, bảng, kỹ sư, etc The is no silent sounds The sound is produced by the combination of total number of letters 3.1.2 Consonants 3.1.2.1 Number of consonants English has( 24 consonants ) more consonant than Vietnamese (22 consonants) 3.1.2.2 Consonant clusters There are consonant clusters in English, but is not in Vietnamese Consonant clusters can be in initial or final position They are divided in:  Initial – consonant clusters: pl, pr ,bl, br, tr, tw, dr, kl, kr, gl, fl, fr, sl, sp,st, etc Example: play, blue, stay, bring, snow, grow, fly, fry, etc  Initial – consonant clusters: spr, spl, str, scr, etc Example: spring, street, screw, splash, etc  Final – consonant clusters: mp, nt, nd, lp, ld, vt, rd, rl, rm, sp, st, ect Example: jobs, bump, hand, cord, help, rent, etc 13  Final – consonant clusters: kθs, sks, lks, mpt, mst, nts, etc Example: sixths, desks, tempt, etc  Final – consonant cluster: mpts, lfθs Example: twelfths, tempts 3.1.2.3 Some particular consonants English: /p/ can occur in initial position Example: pen, put, pound, pet, etc /r/ is a vibrated sound Example: rich, rice, rose, run, etc Letter “ th ” can produced two sounds /θ/ truth /truθ/ ; thin /θin/ /ð/ then /ðen/ ; there /ðeәr/ ; they /ðei/ /ŋ/ does not occur at initial position of word Vietnamese: /p/ does not occur in initial position of the sound system It is only used in final position to end a word Example: nháp, tấp nập, cọp, etc Vietnamese replace /b/ or /t/ for /p/ when speaking English Example: “put” can sound like as “foot” “peter” can sound like as “beater” /r/ does not a vibrated sound, it is a fricative sound It means the air is constricted causing friction when passing through the organs of speech It pronunced as /ʐ/,ex: rỗ, rá Letter “ th ” only produced one sound /θ/ Example: thu /θu/ /ŋ/ may appear in initial position of word Example: nga /ŋa/, nghe /ŋε/, ngô /ŋo/ 3.1.2.3 Vowels 3.1.2.3.1 The number of vowels 14 English: there are 25 vowels, including: 12 vowels:7 short vowels: i,e, æ, ә, u, Λ, ɔ ; long vowels: i:, u:, з:, a:, ɔ: ; diphthongs: Iә, eә, υә, eI, aI, ɔI, әυ, aυ; and tripthongs: eIә, aIә, aυә, ɔIә, әυә Besides, it has semi – vowels (w, j ), such as, would /wυd/, you /ju:/ Vietnamese: there are 13 vowels, including: short vowels: i, e, ε, u , , a, , o, ; long vowels: ǎ, , , ; diphthongs ie, , uo Addition to, there are two semi – vowels , , ex: đại hội, huy, tuy,chơi, túi, lấy 3.1.2.4 Syllables 3.1.2.4.1 The number of syllable English: is called language of multi – syllables It means a word may have one or more syllables Example: pen /pen/ → one syllable improve /impru:v/→ two syllables dictionary /dik∫әnәri / → three syllables Vietnamese: is called language of mono – syllable because syllables are produced separately In a word, syllables exist isolation, a syllable can not stand alone Example: giáo viên (not giáoviên) → two syllables 3.1.2.4.2 The relationship between syllables and morphemes English: the number of syllable and the number of morpheme may be the same or different The is boundaries between syllables and morphemes of word Example: girls /gз:ls/: two morphemes - one syllable Opening /зυpәniŋ/: two morphemes - two syllables There is no pause between syllables when producing sound and no space in writing Example: table /teIbl/ not /teI bl/ Intelligent /intelidgәnt/ not /in tel li dgәnt/ 15 Vietnamese: the number of syllable and morpheme is equal in a word (one morpheme, one syllable in a word ) and there is no boundaries between syllables and morphemes of words (a syllable is a relationship of a morpheme) Example: học sinh: two morphemes - two syllables 3.1.2.4.3 Open and close syllable English: almost any consonant sounds can occur in final position of a close syllable Example: bad /bæd/ ; tap /tæp/ ; back /bæk/ The voiceless consonant sounds occurring at the end of the syllables are always released Example: beat/bi:t/ ; meat /mi:t/ Vietnamese: only the voiceless consonant sounds /p/, /t/ and nasals /m/, /n/ , /ŋ/,and /c/ are permitted in final position of closed syllables Example: bạn, bác, bát, ngỗng(ŋ), tìm The voiceless consonant sounds /p/, /t/ occurring at the end of syllable are never released and much shorter than their English equivalence Example: xốp, xếp, tết, tấp nập 3.1.2.4.4 The internal structure of syllables English: Onset consonant Pre initial Post -initial -initial s L, r, peak vowel Coda consonants Pre final Post- Post- Post- -final final final final w, j S, z, t, d 16 Example: “smork” is the word which has one syllable: s- pre initial, m- initial, o- vowel(peak), r- pre final (coda), k- final(coda) Vietnamese: Tone Initial rhyme Inserted vowel Main vowel Final ( seni – vowels consonants or zero ) (semi – vowel or zero) Example: “Toàn”: T- initial consonant, o- inserted consonant, a- main consonant, n- final consonant 3.2 Suprasegmental system 3.2.1 Word stress English: almost words have stress Syllable is stressed which spoken loudly and strongly, the syllable is not stressed which is glided Example: potato /pә′teitәυ/ the second syllable is stressed and the first and the third syllable is unstressed Comfort /′cΛmfәt/ the first syllable is stressed, the second syllable is not stressed, and is spoken glided Word is stressed differently made different cognition Example: present /prezәnt/ → the word has two syllables If the first is stressed /′prezәnt/, it is noun If the second is stressed /pre′zәnt/, it is verb Vietnamese: word is no stress because most of words in Vietnamese is one syllable word 3.2.2 Weak and strong form English: strong and weak syllables is one of the most noticeable feature of English They are terms to refer to phonetic characteristics of syllables, 17 There are two major factors in determinering whether a syllable will be strong or weak: stress and intonation Example: I’m looking for a job /fər/ → weak form A job is what I’m looking for /f r/ → strong form Vietnamese: there is no strong and weak form 3.2.3 Sentence stress English: when you speaking english, the word you stress can change the underlying meaning of a sentence A single sentence may have many levels of meaning based on the word you stress Important words, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs are stressed The unimportant words, such as preposition, conjunction, article are unstressed Normally, the last important word in the sentence has the most stress Example: she is a nice girl Vietnamese: Vietnamese speaker only use stress in the words that convey the important information Example: Anh ta giám đốc khách sạn 3.2.4 Tones English: does not use tones to distinguish word meanings but pitch changes contribute significantly to the meaning of the whole sentences These changes in pitch in English occur over entire clauses or sentences and different pitch patterns can signal very different meanings for the same sentence Example: I would like to coffee (statement ) You would like to coffee ( question ) Vietnamese: use tones ( pitch levels) to signal differences in meaning between words 18 Example: when tone is changed, the meaning of word will be changed “mua” is different from “mùa” 3.2.5 Elision English: there is elision which means under certain cases, sounds disappear and create changes in pronunciation Example: “will” spelt 'll, pronunced /l/ (after vowels), ļ ( after consonants) “have” spelt 've, pronunced /v/ ( after vowels ), әv ( after consonants ) Vietnamese: there is no elision 3.2.6 Intonation English: has particular patterns: Falling intonation is used in: Statement, ex: I have a new car Wh – question, ex: where have you been? Imperative, ex: bring your notes for text Rising intonation is used in: Yes / No questions imperative as request or statements, as remarks of any emotion, ex: Do you want to watch a movie? Sustained intonation, ex: You love him, don’t you? ( yes, I love him ) You love him, don’t you?( yes or no ) Vietnamese: does not have any particular intonation patterns Example: A: tranh đẹp B: đẹp If B stretches her voice, it conveys negative meaning with uncomfortable attitude If the pitch is low and level, B actually admires its beauty Intonation is important to determiner particular meaning in Vietnamese Example: Anh ta đánh / rắn chết ( a ) Anh ta đánh rắn / chết ( b ) ( a ) the man continued striking the snake which was dead 19 ( b ) the man who killed snake 3.2.7 Linking English: there are links between words in sentence / clause because the voiceless consonant sounds occuring at the end of the syllables are always released Example: I arranged for a meeting in my office You should try it on before you buy it Vietnamese: there is no links between words in sentences / clauses because the Vietnamese syllables are separated If there is links the word meaning will change completely Example: êm ả ≠ ê mả 3.2.8 Rhythm English: is the language which has the stress – time nature The rhythm of the speech is based on the minor stresses of the sentences This means lightened syllables may be pronunced very fast so as not to break the particular rhythm Example: it takes the same time to say through the number of syllables in each sentence is very different “ birds eat worms” “ the birds will have eaten the worms” Vietnamese: is the language which has the syllable – time nature Example: it takes a shorter time to say “anh yêu em” ( a ) than to say “anh yêu em” ( b ) because the number of syllables of (a ) is greater than that of ( b) Chapter 4: Suggested practice Exercise 1: Study the following sentences, mark stress and practice reading aloud them a That patient has a bad headache b This restaurant is very expensive 20 c His new car is small, fast and expensive d They can take short messages for you e The manager is holding a brief meeting Exercise 2: write the following words in phonetic transcription, according to your pronunciation a Fright b Broad c Journalese d Volunteer e Unique f Mountain g Climate h Perfect Exercise 3: practice /θ/ & /ð/ Thumb Those Nothing Neither Together Mathematics Although Method Than Breather Theater Exercise 4: give the rhythm of the exact of the follơing poem Love’ s secret William Balake Never seek to sell why love, 21 Love that never total can be; For the gentla wind does moves Silently, invisible; I told my love, i total my love, I told her all my heart; Trembling, cold, in ghastly fears, Ah! She did depart! Soon as when was gone from me, A traveler came by, Silently, invisible; He told her with a sigh Exercise 5: for the following sentence Fill in the transcription with a ppropriate form ( weak and strong ) and give the syllable civision ang\d syllable stress a, I want her to par that car syllable stress b, Of all the proposals, the one that you made is the silliest, c To come to the point, what shall we for the rest of the week? d Has anyone got an idia where it came from? e Jane and Bill could have driven them to and from the party f, Each one was a perfer example of the art that had been developed there Part 3: conclusion From above assignment, we can affirm once more time that English phonetic system is rather various and complex and it makes difficulties for teaching and learning English In the scale of this study, I have tried my best to present a general look on phonetic system of English as well as analysed and contrasted main feature of phonetic system of English and Vietnamese I hope that it is will be an interesting and useful material for anyone who is engrossed 22 in English phonetic system.Besides, I suggested som posible types of exercises that may be helpful for anyone who wants to master English phonetic system in order to be successful and effective in using English However, due to my lack of experience as well as knowledge, the mistakes can not be avoidable So, I would like to receive the comment and advice from my teacher and friends References Beverly Beisbier Sounds great.an international thomson publishing company boston,massachusetts 02116 U.S.A Peter Roach (2007) English Phonetics and phonology Ha Noi publishing house Howard Jackson Etienne Ze Amvela Words, meaning and vocabulary Cardiff university Nguyen Hoa.(2001) An Introduction to Semantics Vietnam National University 23 Quoang Hung, Phuong Trang, Tran Thi Minh Nguyet.English – Vietnamese Dictionary Thanh Nien publishing house barker, A (1992), Inytroducing English pronunciation, Cambridge University press, Roach, P (2002) English phonetics and phonology: Apractice course Cambridge Third edition University, 24 ... beauty Intonation is important to determiner particular meaning in Vietnamese Example: Anh ta đánh / rắn chết ( a ) Anh ta đánh rắn / chết ( b ) ( a ) the man continued striking the snake which was... language which has the syllable – time nature Example: it takes a shorter time to say ? ?anh yêu em” ( a ) than to say ? ?anh yêu em” ( b ) because the number of syllables of (a ) is greater than that of... don’t you?( yes or no ) Vietnamese: does not have any particular intonation patterns Example: A: tranh đẹp B: đẹp If B stretches her voice, it conveys negative meaning with uncomfortable attitude