Impact analysis on door from open landfill site of municipal waste

TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Department of Environmental Science and Technology Doctor Dissertation: IMPACT ANALYSIS ON ODOR FROM OPEN LANDFILL SITE OF MUNICIPAL WASTE -Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam- By Linh Hoang, TRAN Murayama and Nishikizawa Lab Supervisors: Takehiko, MURAYAMA Shigeo, NISHIKIZAWA Date: March 2020 ABSTRACT Airborne pollutants and odor emissions generated from landfill operations can adversely affect human health and social well-being Consequently, these pollutants and emissions must be controlled and regulated The dispersion of odors in the areas surrounding landfills can create public complaints regarding air quality and can increase social tension The distance effect from waste treatment facility on perception of odor and annoyance were examined in various approaches (e.g using panelist in field survey or residents who live in the study area) however previous researches did not focus on the maximum distance of perceived odor or odor irritation reported by the community surrounding MSW management facilities This issue was conducted in this study with a distance of 10.2 km from the landfill site The purpose of this study was to explore the odor impact from a landfill on neighboring areas by measuring odor concentration and conducting a community survey The results indicated that odor impact affected not only residents living close to the landfill site but also those living more than km from the site Particularly, residents living more than km felt more annoyance of odors than other areas and they tended to poorly evaluate landfill management since people 's attitudes toward landfill operation are strongly influenced their perception of odor The main factor influencing this perception is wind direction Additionally, four principal components have been obtained by using factor analysis They are identified as “nuisance,” “attitudes towards MSW treatment facility,” “reactions to deal with odor impact,” and “perception of odor intensity.” Finally, the results showed odor concentration in area was higher than the acceptance level times and the level of odor concentration and people 's perception of odor varied by geography This suggests that social demographics such as education and high income are important in terms of odor perception Because differences of demographics and lifestyle may generate changes of reactions to environmental odors except at very high or very low concentrations This research is the first attempt to explore the impact of odor from a landfill site in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Findings suggest that the necessity of developing a policy of odor management in Vietnam context based on Japanese Offensive Odor Control Law to regulate offensive odor emission from business activities for the protection of the living environment and human health ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisors, Prof Takehiko Murayama and Prof Shigeo Nishikizawa, for their dedicated support of my study This doctoral thesis would not be completed without them Their patience, guidance, and motivation helped me to overcome many obstacles and finish my thesis timely I appreciate all the things they have done for me before and so far I also appreciate financial supports via AUN/SEED.Net for their educational and financial support in my study The support really helped me to concentrate in my study without worrying about my financial while gaining invaluable skills from the program Many thanks to Environmental Control Center Technology Co., Ltd for their support of equipment Special thanks to Dr Yukiko Iida for introducing me to that center Grateful thanks to my lab-mate, friend for providing me with good information and that helped me to accomplish this research I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout the course of writing thesis iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii Chapter Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Literature review 1.3 Objectives of the study Chapter Methodology 2.1 History and current status of MSW treatment facility in Ho Chi Minh 2.1.1 History of MSW treatment facility 2.1.2 Current status of MSW treatment facility 2.2 Overview of Da Phuoc MSW management facility and their environmental complaints 2.2.1 Characteristics of MSW management facility 2.2.2 Odor impact from MSW management facility 11 2.3 Research methodology 13 2.3.1 Research framework 13 2.3.2 Case study selection 13 2.3.3 Field survey 14 2.4 Background of case study 14 2.4.1 Climate condition 14 2.4.2 Da Phuoc commune 15 2.4.3 Nhon Duc commune 16 2.4.4 Phuoc Kien commune, Nha Be district 16 2.4.5 Phu My Hung urban area 17 iv Chapter Perception of Odor Impact from an Open Landfill Site in Ho Chi Minh City 18 3.1 Objectives of the study 18 3.2 Location survey 18 3.3 Data collection and analysis 19 3.4 Results and discussion 20 3.4.1 Demographic profile 20 3.4.2 Odor Perception 21 3.4.3 Annoyance of Daily Life and Human Health Effects 23 3.4.4 Odor Reactions and Attitudes toward MSW Management Facility 26 3.4.5 Relationships between the Cause – Impact Structure 28 3.4.6 Factor Analysis 31 3.5 Summary of this chapter 37 Chapter Physical Condition of Odor from Open Landfill Site in Ho Chi Minh City 38 4.1 Objectives of the study 38 4.2 Climate condition of survey area 38 4.3 Survey location 39 4.3 Data collection and processing 40 4.4 Results and discussion 41 4.4.1 Odor measurements 41 4.4.2 Summary of community survey results 44 4.4.3 Comparison between physical condition of odor measurement and community survey results 46 4.5 Summary of this chapter 47 Chapter Conclusion 49 REFERENCES 51 Appendix A Questionnaire survey for 2018 58 v LIST OF TABLES Table MSW management facilities in HCMC Table Waste composition of Da Phuoc landfill (Source: HCMC Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) 10 Table Odor complaints from residents living in district (DONRE, 2016) 11 Table Odor reactions 27 Table Attitude towards MSW management facility 27 Table Component loadings of concerned items by factor analysis (N=197) 31 Table Results of reliability analysis for 1st component 32 Table Results of reliability analysis for 2nd component 33 Table Results of reliability analysis for 3rd component 33 Table 10 Results of reliability analysis for 4th component 33 Table 11 Results of odor perception by studied area (source: field survey 2018) 44 Table 12 Results of community survey by studied area (source: field survey 2018) 45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Da Phuoc Solid Waste Management Facility (Source: Google map) Figure Research framework 13 Figure Windrose of survey location for 2018 (Source: https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/ho-chi-minh-city-tan-son-nhat) 14 Figure Location of study area 15 Figure Survey location (Source: Google map) 18 Figure Questionnaire interview (Source: field survey 2018) 19 Figure Hypothetical diagram of cause–impact structure 20 Figure Odor perception: time of the year odors become worse by distance, odor frequency by distance, factor affects odor emission by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018) 23 Figure Daily life concerns (Source: compile from field survey 2018) 25 Figure 10 Odor concern by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018) 26 Figure 11 The relationship between questionnaire parts 28 Figure 12 Relationship between odor frequency and residents’ annoyance of daily activity (a), odor frequency and residents’ concerns (b), residents’ concerns and residents’ annoyance (c), and relationship between residents’ annoyance of daily activity and rating of landfill (d) (Source: compile from field survey 2018) 31 Figure 13 The standard error of REGR factor scores: a) nuisance and attitude; b) nuisance and action; c) nuisance and perception; d) action and perception by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018) 36 Figure 14 Windrose plot for study area in 2019: a) From January to March; b) From April to June; c) From July to September; d) From October to December (source: prepared from VVTS met data) 38 Figure 15 Field Survey location (Source: google map) 39 Figure 16 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area of Sep 20, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019) 41 Figure 17 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area of Sep 16, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019) 42 Figure 18 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area of Sep 17, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019) 43 Figure 19 Odor concentration in each area ((source: field survey 2019) 43 vii Figure 20 Period of time odor perceived (source: field survey 2018) 44 Figure 21 Comparison between odor concentration and odor annoyance (source: field survey 2018 and 2019) 46 Figure 22 Odor annoyance by education background 47 Figure 23 Odor annoyance by years of living in current 47 viii Chapter Introduction This chapter introduces the background of this study It presents the overview of odor impact from MSW management facility, environmental problems of MSW treatment centers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Literature review of odor impacts and the effect of distance on odor annoyance are described in this chapter It also presents the purpose of this study 1.1 Background of study Municipal solid waste (MSW) management centers have an adverse impact on the environment (El-Fadel et al., 1997; Lisk, 1991; Rabl et al., 2008) They contaminate the environment in two main ways: (i) contaminated gas and metals seep into the air, water, and soil from the degradation and treatment of wastes; (ii) garbage disposal causes many problems like noise, litter, dust, vermin, odor, and damage to productive agriculture and historic sites Therefore, evaluating the influence of MSW management on the environment is a critical task This task is challenging as many factors such as odor dispersion on nearby landscape, meteorology, and atmosphere, the residence size and educational level of the residents, and weather per season need to be considered Gas emissions from the MSW, such as bacteria, odor, and particles, can significantly disturb the neighboring inhabitants Odors have always been a social problem, but there have been public concerns recently about their potential health and wellbeing impacts This has resulted in public opinion concern about air quality problems and complaints to municipal authorities (Brancher et al., 2019) that the key sources of complaints are waste treatment plants and farming (Keck et al., 2018; Sironi et al., 2005) to local authorities (Brancher et al., 2019) Annoyance of odors emission by waste plants (e.g., waste settlements and composition sites) and by animal processing activities (Blanco-Rodríguez et al., 2018) is one of the key causes of concerns among those who live near these sites (Keck et al., 2018), and has brought an increased focus on regulating the effects of air contaminants in nearby regions (Hayes et al , 2014; Bibbiani and Russo, 2012) Unpleasant smells may cause a variety of emotional and unwanted reactions from annoyance to reported medical consequences which result in lower quality of life (Blanes-Vidal et al., 2012; Domingo & Nadal, 2009; Palmiotto et al., 2014) Hence, researches on the odor effect of MSW centers were carried out in many territories, such as the US, Europe, Japan, and Korea Qualitative evaluation of the odor effects on residences is often performed (Sarkar & Hobbs, 2002; Sarkar et al., 2003) by using survey questionnaires to give a standardized assessment (Hayes et al., 2017; Johnson & Sobel, 2007) Recently, some surveys targeted three critical points, including the odor effect on health, wellbeing, and how the odor effects are influenced by residents’ recognition However, such studies have not been conducted intensively in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, where the waste degradation is much faster and has a more significant impact on the environment due to the tropical weather HCMC is the biggest city in southern Vietnam in terms of population and economy The population of HCMC was estimated at 8.83 million people in 2018, and it has an area of 2,061.2 km2 (HCMC Statistical Office, 2018) In 2016, HCMC citizens generated 8,175 tons of waste solid per day, including 6,700-7,000 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a rate of 1.02 kg/capita/day (Verma et al., 2016) The amount of MSW in HCMC has been increasing at a rate of approximately 5-6% per year (DONRE, 2018) MSW mainly came from households, schools, hotels, and restaurants Landfills are the conventional treatment for MSW in HCMC There are two main landfill sites in HCMC: Da Phuoc and Phuoc Hiep Around 86% of solid waste is landfilled in these two sites, and the remaining 14% is recycled The recycled component consists of paper, plastic, and metal After 2014, Da Phuoc landfill site received 2,000 tonnes of waste from Phuoc Hiep landfill site due to its closure Unfortunately, Da Phuoc treatment facility causes several environmental problems such as leachate and bad odor Complaints of residents who living more km from the landfill site were received from 2016 until now by various media (even state media) however scientific research related to odor impact has not been conducted yet Currently, there are no practical solutions that have been proposed to solve these problems because most of them have not been given sufficient attention Therefore, this research is the first attempt to explore the odor impact from a landfill in the Ho Chi Minh city of Vietnam Our findings can help enhance environmental protection 1.2 Literature review Odor emissions can cause olfactory annoyance Industries such as treatment plants for water and wastewater, food production facilities, waste disposal operations, and intensive farming activities can emit odors that are also volatile organic compounds (VOCs) The majority of pollutants from these sources are VOCs, and they cause odor episodes at varying levels of annoyance Industries have an environmental and social obligation to ensure that their intended performance does not harm their surroundings (Parcsi et al., 2012), as detectable odors may influence daily moods and impact both psychology and physiology in individuals (Gallego et al., 2008) Odors are typically known as contaminants and are subject to specific environmental regulations (Nicell, 2009) Nuisances associated with odor pollution have been one of the most common public complaints to authorities regarding air quality (Hayes et al., 2014; Henshaw et al., 2006), and have become an larger social issue in developed countries (Blumberg and Sasson, 2001; Ranzato et al., 2012) Monitoring tools are necessary to prevent, manage, and mitigate odor impact in communities (Ranzato et al., 2012) The influence of odor is a combination of interactive variables known as FIDOL: frequency of odor (F), intensity of odor perceived (I), duration of odor exposure (D), offensiveness of odor (O), and location of odor perceived (L) The FIDOL factors encompass both odor patterns and the environment (Freeman and Cudmore, 2002; Nicell, 2009) They also include the area where a person is affected, the type of activity they are engaged in, and how they perceive the change in environment These factors determine whether an individual is adversely affected in terms of whether an odor is offensive or detrimental The absence or presence of an odor background also causes a significant effect Reception condition sensitivity can usually be defined by land use (Freeman and Cudmore, 2002; Nicell, 2009) An annoyance can be quantified, and there is a propensity of an odor to cause a disturbance within a population if it is exposed to an odor intermittently The intensity of a perceived level of odor annoyance depends not only on odor quality but also may generate changes of reactions to environmental odors except at very high or very low concentrations The psychological factor may be an essential factor as well as demographic factors (education and high income) Future research should consider psychological factors such as coping behavior, perceived health and perceived threat to health Cognitive appraisal and psychological coping strategy play a significant role in determining how a nuisance grows Detection and appraisal of odors is a process in seconds or minutes The outcome of this cognitive assessment process is a judgment on the importance of the awareness and the level of stress that can emerge from this interaction between the person and the environment Appraisals are followed by a second coping process, in which individuals adapting to situations are assessed as likely to cause stress by cognitive actions and behaviors Dynamic interaction of appraisal and coping takes place during exposure There are two main types of coping strategy: • Problem focused coping leads to attempts to control the problem by developing active behavior aimed at removing the cause of stress, e.g closing windows, calling authorities or operators to complain, keep diaries and submit complaints etc • Emotion focused coping is not aimed at changing the environment by removing the unpleasant stimulus, but consists of modulating the emotional response that is the result of the appraisal, e.g denial, seeking distractions etc In addition, public consultation process may have been conducted in the close area of the landfill site during the construction of the landfill site At the same time, there is no possibility of information provided in the remote area This process also influences perception of people 48 Chapter Conclusion This thesis described the impact analysis on odor emission from MSW treatment facility in HCMC, Vietnam The scope of this research was based on perception of odor perceived and physical condition of odor concentration in affected areas Two objectives were addressed: • Investigate the odor impact of odor stemming from the waste treatment facility site on surrounding areas by distance • Odor effects on residents’ concerns and perception • Residents’ attitudes and reactions to MSW treatment facility • Evaluate physical condition and compare with odor impact • Measurement of odor concentration • Comparison of physical condition and social impact There are several findings which have been observed in our study • • • • • • It can be seen that residents’ attitudes toward the landfill site are strongly influenced by their perception about odor This perception is affected by weather conditions such as season, wind and rain It is found that not only are the area near the MSW management facility influenced by the odor effects but also areas more than km away In other words, most residents living more than km away from the landfill site felt more annoyed than those living less than that The collected data provide insights into how the odor from the MSW disposal site negatively changes the residents’ daily life Particularly, the respondents who experienced more annoyance tend to poorly evaluate the landfill site Four principal components have been obtained by using factor analysis They are identified as “nuisance,” “attitudes towards MSW treatment facility,” “reactions to deal with odor impact,” and “perception of odor intensity.” The combination of questionnaire survey and measurement of odor can be considered in future research to achieve greater efficiency in assessing the impact of odor on the community We observed that the “borderline” odor concentration for area was higher than the acceptable level The level of odor concentration and people’s perception of odor varied by geography This study provides useful information for the management of odor from the MSW management facility in a developing country like Vietnam This is a good start to find solutions for odor management in order to mitigate its impact on residences Policymakers should consider public perception when developing a regulation or making a decision about the MSW facility that also ensures environmental protection Since there is no clear 49 guideline of odor management during landfill operation in Vietnam, this research suggests to use Japanese Offensive Odor Control Law for the maximum permissible concentration of offensive odor in the usage of land Socio-demographic parameters also significantly influence odor perception, and this can be explored in future research Social demographics such as education and high income are important in terms of odor perception Because differences of demographics and lifestyle may generate changes of reactions to environmental odors except at very high or very low concentrations To mitigate the odor impact, there are following suggestions: • • • The landfill siting must be specially considered the wind direction Develop a policy of odor management for Vietnam context on the basis of the 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collecting opinions about the level of population satisfaction with the local living environment We hope that you will take some time about 5-10 minutes to answer the questions below This survey information is the basis for conducting a Ph.D thesis in Environment at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Social aspects No Items 1.General Q1 Are there any pollution issues in the area you live? perception Yes Q2 No don't know If “Yes”, what is the main reason? Industrial activity traffic Perception of Q3 odor Landfill site Vehicular Others What is the pollution problem? Odor Noise Dust/gas emission from vehicle Flies Others Q4 Which time of year odor emission becomes worse? Dec to Feb Mar to May Jun to Aug Sep to Nov Q5 How often you smell the odor? Not at all a week Q6 less often at least once a month everyday What time of day have you perceived the odor? 58 at least once Morning _ Noon _ Afternoon _ Evening _ Night _ Q7 How long does the odor last? < 10 10 – 30 30 – 1h – 4h > 4h Q8 What type of the odor you smell? Landfill garbage (pungent and rancid smells) ammonia chemical smells putrid smell and rotten and marshy smells fecal smells the sour smells Others Q9 Do you think which factor affects the odor emission? Wind direction Rainy season Dry season Waste volume Topography Distance from landfill Others Q10 10 How would you rate the odor level? not at all a little bit annoyed moderately annoyed very annoyed extremely annoyed Q11 How you think the intensity of odor emission over the past two years? Decreased Not changed Increased Don't know Q12 Do you think it is because there is less odor or because you have become used to it? less odor used to it 59 don't know Q13 Do you think it is because there is more odor or because you are more sensitive to it? more odor more sensitive don't know Human health Q14 How much are you worried about the odor? not at all a little bit moderately quite a bit extremely Q15 Has the odor affected your health? Yes No don't know Q16 Has the odor affected the health of any members of your household? Your spouse Your mother Your father Your sister Others Your brother Your son Your daughter Your family Q17 Do you or any members in your household get any of the following symptoms when you are bothered by the odors? Headache Cough Nausea Sleep problems Shortness of breath pain in the heart stuffy nose Anxiety Feeling unhappy and depressed Human daily Q18 Do you feel that the landfill site creates a deterioration of life environmental quality? Yes No don't know Q19 How much the odor issue affected your daily life? not at all a little bit 60 moderately quite a bit extremely Q20 How much the odor issue affected your business activity? not at all a little bit moderately quite a bit extremely Q21 Has the odor issue affected your work (studying)? not at all a little bit moderately quite a bit extremely Q22 How does the odor affect your outdoor activities? not at all a little bit moderately quite a bit extremely Q23 Do you think your property value has decreased because of the landfill issues? not changed slightly decreased dramatically decreased don't know Action Q24 Which measure you use to reduce odor effects? Leave home for a while Purifier Close windows Plant tree Others Q25 Have you used a face mask for outdoor activities when the odor occurs? Yes No don't know Q26 Have you talked to staff at the landfill site about your concerns? Yes No don't know Q27 Have you informed to government staff about your concerns about the landfill site? Yes No don't know Q28 If you were to move, would you move 61 to another location in this area to a location outside this area don't know Attitude Q29 Considering the positive and negative aspects that the waste treatment facility brings to the community, you think it is good or bad to have waste treatment facility here: Good Bad don't know Q30 In general, how you evaluate overall management of the landfill site? Very bad Bad Fair Good Very good Social-demographic a Gender Male Female b Age under 18 18-29 40-49 50-59 c Education high school d Occupation unemployed over 60 primary school secondary school undergraduate graduate Farmer Retired 30-39 Worker housewife Student businessman e Years of living in this area 62 Civil servant Other ... Perception of Odor Impact Concerns and perception of odor Attitudes and Reactions • • Physical Condition of Odor Odor Measurement Comparison of physical condition and social impact Conclusion Figure... background of case study such as climate condition and profile of study location The third chapter describes the results of the first survey on the perception of odor from an open landfill site in... beyond 250 meters of a dump site in Nigeria, perceived the health impacts of solid waste dumping, and 83% of respondents reported odor from the dump site as their main concern The effect of the