Livelihood outcomes in the residential cluster and dyke programme in an giang providence vietnam case study in tan an and vinh hoa commune tan chau district an giang province

master thesis in rural development Master Thesis No 41 Master Thesis in Rural Development with Specialization in Livelihood and Natural Resource Management issn 1403-7998 Livelihood Outcomes in the Residential Cluster and Dyke Programme in an Giang Providence,Vietnam Case study in Tan An and Vinh Hoa Commune, Tan Chau District, An Giang Province Pham Xuan Phu, An Giang University (AGU), Vietnam Department of Urban and Rural Development Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Livelihood Outcomes in the Residential Cluster and Dyke Programme in An Giang Province, Vietnam Case study in Tan An and Vinh Hoa Communes, Tan Chau District, An Giang Province Pham Xuan Phu, An Giang University (AGU), Vietnam Master Thesis in Rural Development with Specialization in Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management Master Thesis No 41 | Hue City, Vietnam | November 2007 | ISSN: 1403-7998 Department of Urban and Rural Development | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences ABSTRACT Tan Chau district is the area most heavily flooded and most affected by river bank erosion by annual floods in An Giang province The floods have caused considerable and serious damage to humans and property in the district As in other flooded provinces in the Mekong Delta, An Giang Government implements a program for stabilizing livelihoods and promoting sustainable improvements of the lives of communities “living with floods” by building residential clusters and dykes in order to solve the damage in the longer term This is a new program, and there have been studies by Ausaid and Care on residential clusters in An Giang, Dong Thap, Long An in Provinces in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam This study looks more specifically at changes in household livelihoods and chooses a district which has not yet been studied The aim of the study is to understand how people’s livelihoods change when they move and the advantages and disadvantages of moving The study explores livelihoods of people who moved and did not move to residential clusters and dykes; to understand the impact of the resettlement program on livelihoods after resettling as well as to explore how the livelihood strategies and conditions for those living in the residential cluster and dyke have changed, before and after the move The study was carried out in two communes of Tan Chau district including Vinh Hoa and Tan An commune, by using PRA tools and interviewing households A total of 72 households were interviewed to get information about the characteristics of the household such as manpower, household activities, income, capital, employment, their coping with disasters of floods and changes of living before and after the resettlement The results show that people who live in the residential cluster and dyke area were mainly poor and subject to preferential policy (beneficiary of social welfare) (64% fleeing from flood of which, 53% fleeing from flood and 11% households subjects to preferential policy, and 36% fleeing from river bank erosion) Most of them were of low education level (17% illiterate and 61% at primary education level) Living conditions were not sufficient as only 55% households used clean water and 14% households had usable semi septic toilet Their job opportunity and total working days were lower than before with 89% household found it difficult to find jobs, and this made their income unstable Therefore, while the new cluster creates a safe place for them it also reduces the opportunities of their livelihood Key words: Flood, residential cluster and dyke, resettlement, livelihood, risk, vulnerability, natural hazard Dedication To my wife Ngo Thi Bao Tran, my daughter and my mother Nguyen Thi Hue, my father Pham Xuan Tai, my brother Pham Xuan Tuan, Pham Xuan Ngoc, Pham Xuan Quy, my sister Pham Thi Kim Dung and my mother in law Tang Nguyet Thu, my father in Law Ngo Kien Lam ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study was financed by SIDA within the support to the RDViet project implemented by SLU, the Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with the Department of Rural Development, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry I would like to express the deepest gratitude to Dr Britta Ogle, International coordinator of the SIDA project My heart-felt thanks are also to my thesis supervisor Prof Adam Pain, Department of Urban and Rural Development, SLU, Vice supervisor Dr Ian Christoplos, Dr Malin Beckman Department of Urban and Rural Development, SLU and Mr Vo-Tong Anh as a co-advisor, Dean of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of An Giang University, for providing me valuable comments, conductive suggestions and encouragement during the master course I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to professors and lecturers of this course who gave me their useful knowledge and technical assistance Associate Prof Le Duc Ngoan, Ms Nguyen Anh Phuong (Hue Agriculture Forestry University); Prof Vo Tong Xuan, Mr Doan Huu Luc, Mr Vo Tong Anh (An Giang University) who gave me precious opportunity and encouragement during this course My department of Soil and Natural Resources, Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty, An Giang University who encouraged and assisted me during the course, especially Miss Ho Thi Thu Ha, Ms Ngo Thuy Bao Tran, Mr Le Van Lenh, Mr Pham Duy Tien, Mr Nguyen Thanh Son, Ms Pham Huynh Thanh Van, Mr Nguyen Van Kien, Mr Pham Anh Dung, Mr Bui Van Sang, Mr Ho Van Thao and three students Nguyen Phuoc Nguyen, Doan Thanh Huong, Pham Van Phuoc for their great help in the survey and accomplishing the research The officers from Flood and Storm control Committees of An Giang province and Tan Chau district for providing useful information The commune officers at Tan An, Vinh Hoa in Tan Chau district who cooperated and assisted me in carrying out this research I am very grateful to thank all my classmates of M.Sc course on Rural Development who shared their knowledge and experience with me during my study and my stay in Hue City, a cultural heritage city of the world My deep thanks are also to my family for their love encouragement and support to me particularly to wife Ngo Thuy Bao Tran who encouraged, helped and inspired me to finishing the course LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .7 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background .9 1.1.1 The situation of flooding in the Mekong Delta .9 1.1.2 Implementation of government policy on building residential clusters and dykes 11 1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages in residential clusters and dykes 12 1.1.4 Background of socio-economic situation in study site 12 1.2 Problem statement 14 1.3 Research Objectives 15 1.4 Research Questions 15 1.5 Scope and Limitations 15 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 16 2.1 Theories and basic concepts 16 2.1.1 Vulnerability 16 2.1.2 Livelihood 16 2.1.3 Livelihood assets 17 2.2 Development of migration in the world and settlement in residential clusters and dykes in the Mekong Delta 18 2.2.1 Development of migration in the world 18 2.2.2 History and development of settlement in residential clusters and dykes in Mekong Delta 19 2.3 Impact of floods and responses to floods 20 2.3.1 Support for recovery from flood disasters 20 2.3.2 Impact of floods 20 2.3.3 How the household’s traditionally managed flooding, and present responses 21 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22 3.1 Rationale of study site 22 3.1.1 Selection criteria of sites 22 3.1.2 Sampling Criteria 22 3.2 The description of research sites 24 3.2.1 History of moving into residential clusters and dykes 26 3.3 Vinh Hoa Commune 27 3.3.1 Physical characteristic and economic status 27 3.3.1.1 The residential cluster at township Vinh Hoa centre 28 3.4 Tan An commune 28 3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 Physical characteristic and economic status .28 The residential dyke at Tan An Commune 28 3.5 The difference between residential clusters and dykes 29 3.6 Conceptual framework analysis 29 3.7 Data collection 31 3.8 Data collection methods 31 3.8.1 Secondary data 31 3.8.2 Primary data 31 3.9 Data analysis methods 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34 4.1 The building program of clusters and dykes in Tan Chau district 34 4.2 Resettlement process in the residential clusters and dykes in the district 35 4.2.1 Approval process of resettlement in the residential clusters and dykes 35 4.2.2 Approved households for resettlement in the residential clusters and dykes 36 4.3 Who moved or did not move to residential clusters and dykes? 37 4.3.1 Household’s decision making on moving into the residential clusters 38 4.3.2 Household decision making on not moving into the residential clusters 39 4.4 Households livelihood inside the residential clusters and dykes 43 4.4.1 General information of interviewed households in the residential cluster and dyke 43 4.4.2 Household living conditions in the residential cluster and dyke 44 4.5 Factors influencing livelihoods after resettlement 46 4.5.1 Peoples’ livelihood activities before and after resettlement 46 4.5.2 Job opportunities and total working days of main household labourers 49 4.6 SWOT analysis 53 4.7 Risk to people before and after moving to residential clusters and dykes 54 4.7.1 Risk to human life and people’s assets 54 4.7.2 People’s concerns about some implicit dangers in residential clusters and dykes 54 4.8 People’s opinion to stabilize in residential cluster and dyke 55 CONCLUSIONS 57 REFERENCES 58 APPENDICES 61 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AusAID: Australian Agency for International Development BBS: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics CARE: CARE International in Vietnam ECHO: European Community Humanitarian Office FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization GDP: Gross Domestic Product IUCN: The World Conservation Union MDPA: Mekong Delta Poverty Analysis MDPPA: Mekong Delta Participatory Poverty Assessment MOC: Ministry of Construction MOF: Ministry of Finance MOLISA: Ministry of Labour, Invalids, and Social Affairs NGOs: Non Government Organizations PC: People’s Committee PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat UN: United Nations USD: American Dollar (USD = VND15, 830 as June, 2005) VND: Vietnam Dong LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES TABLES Table 1: Major losses of property from floods and bank erosion in An Giang Table 2: The construction of building to avoid floods in Tan Chau district Table 3: Local people’s participation in planning and implementation of the residential clusters and dykes program Table 4: Approved households for purchasing house foundation and house on credit Table 5: Average income per capita of households before moving Table 6: Household assets of house and land before moving to residential clusters and dykes Table 7: Target group households who moved to the studied residential cluster and dyke Table 8: Factors influencing decisions to move in the sample residential clusters and dykes Table 9: Factors influencing decisions not move into sample residential clusters & dykes Table 10: RRA results with groups of households outside the clusters and dykes in Tan An and Vinh Hoa commune, Tan Chau district Table 11: Income of households inside and inside of residential clusters and dykes Table 12: People’s opinions on the residential clusters and dykes Table 13: Average hourly payment to workers aged 15-60 in the Mekong Delta Table 14: Ranking by the need of interviewed households in residential cluster/dyke Table 15: Water and toilet usage habit in residential clusters and dykes Table 16: The trends of occupation change of people living in residential clusters/dykes Table 17: People’s responses regarding advantages and disadvantages after moving Table 18: Households opportunity to find jobs before and after moving to residential cluster/dyke Table 19: The income differences of surveyed households after moving into the cluster & dyke Table 20: SWOT analysis before and after resettlement Table 21: The perception of people on flooding risk to human and people’s assets Table 22: Local people’s opinions of the choice to stay in the residential cluster/dykes or to move other places 10 23 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 42 42 44 44 46 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 FIGURES Figure 1: The Mekong River Delta Figure 2: Administration Map of An Giang Province Figure 3: Flooding map of An Giang Province, 2000 Figure 4: The project of construction of secure houses in the condition of regular flooding in An Giang in the period of 2001 - 2005 Figure 5: Location of study site Figure 6: Location of selected residential cluster and dyke in Tan Chau district, An Giang province Figure 7: Schematic presentation of the research Figure 8: Research Diagram Figure 9: Approval process of resettlement in the residential clusters and dykes Figure 10: Age and education of heads of households Figure 11: Seasonal calendar jobs before and after moving to the new living places Figure 12: People’s opinion to stabilize their livelihood in residential cluster and dyke 14 24 25 26 27 30 33 35 43 47 55 BOXES Box 1: Why people move to the resident clusters and dykes, instead of choosing other places? Box 2: Why people (Tan An commune) not move to the resident clusters and dykes? Box 3: Why people (Vinh Hoa commune) not move to the resident clusters and dykes? Box 4: Possibility of loan repayment for the new house 39 41 41 52 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 The situation of flooding in the Mekong Delta Seven of the 12 Mekong Delta Provinces are in flood-prone areas: Dong Thap, An Giang, Long An, Kien Gang, Tien Gang, Can Tho and Vinh Long In the seven provinces above, the flooded area covers around million (accounting for about 50 percent of the Mekong Delta area) with around 11 million people (about 1.9 million households) for these seven provinces Figure 1: The Mekong River Delta The number of flooded communes in these provinces is 610, of which during the flood season 77 are deeply submerged (over meters in depth), 112 are submerged to an average level (from to meters deep), 329 are shallowly submerged (under meters) and 82 communes are in eroded estuaries or coastal areas (MOC, 2002) Similar to other provinces in the Mekong Delta, floods in An Giang cause prolonged deep inundation and river bank erosion In this study area, people living in the residential clusters and dykes were poor, they came from the deeply flooded areas with at least 1.2 meters water level or river bank erosion of the Tien and Hau rivers and on the temporary houses This is still a big problem so they are a target for resettlement Extremely devastating floods were found in the years 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, and 2002 Particularly, the flooding in 2000 caused the highest damage and was the largest flood compared to severe floods of 1961, 1966, 1978 and 1996 Since the recognition that “human beings cannot change what ‘mother nature’ has given” was appreciated, the John Soussan, Anjan Datta and Alexandra clemeltt, 1999 Ex-post factor evaluation of the mirpur resettlement project Hillson David., 2003 Effective opportunity management for projects Marcel Dekker http://www.projektforeningen.dk/internationalt/IPMProjectA/%20Management%20Practice%200 5-04-01.pdf Hossain, Khan & Seeley, 2003 Internal migration and the development nexus: The case of Bangladesh Ian Chistoplos, 2006 Links between relief rehabilitation and development in the tsunami response http://www.tsunami-evaluation.org/The+TEC+Thematic+Evaluations/lrrd/ IOM, 2005 Evaluation of IOM project for shelter construction and emergency assistance victims of mitch IUCN, 2003 Livelihood and climate change Kothari U.,2002 Migration and chronic poverty research centre, institute for development polycy and management, University of Manchester Leones, J P, and S Feldman., 1998 Non-farm activity and rural household income Evidence from Philippine Microdata Economic development and cultural change Vol 46 No.4 Mamun, 2003 Migration as a livelihood strategy of the poor: The Bangladesh case Ministry of Construction, 2002 Decision No.146/QD-BXD issued on 28/11/2002 to set up a Steering Committee for the residential clusters/dykes construction program in the Mekong Delta Ministry of Finance, 2002 Circular Letter No 54/2002/TT-BTC issued on 25/6/2002 to guide the management and settlement of State budget and State development credit invested in the construction of residential clusters/dykes in the Mekong Delta Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Construction and the State Bank, 2002 Inter-ministerial Circular Letter No 72/2002/TT-LT-TC-XD-NHNN issued on 23/8/2002 to guide the implementation of support policies for the households in flooded areas to buy on credit houses and housing foundations in residential clusters/dykes to be built in the Mekong Delta Moser, C.O.N., 1998 The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies, World Development, Vol 26, N 1, pp 1-9 Mosse, D.,Gupta, S., Mehta, M., Shah, V., Rees, J and the KRIBP project team.2002 Brokered livelihoods Debt, labour migration and development in tribal western India, Journal of development studies 38(5):June, pp.59-87 Nabasa, J et al., 1995 Participatory Rural appraisal: Principles and Practicalities Chatham, U.K.: Natural Resources Institute.http://www.sol.slu.se/publications/masters_5.pdf Neefjes K., 2002 Voices of people, local authorities and disaster management agencies from the Mekong Delta in Vietnam http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Appendix_1_of_4 Literature_Review.pdf Nguyen Dinh Huan, Robson, J., George, E St., 2003 Report on residential clusters research in An Giang, Dong Thap and Long An Noguchi Chitose., 2003 Vietnam powerless in the face of successive floods http://www.terradaily.com/ 2003/031118043419.uv73x5ix.html Omer Hayati, Abed Elbagi and Nurain Khartoum, 2005 Exploring private sector involvement in flood disaster risk reduction in sudan Ramana Murthy.R.V.1991 Seasonal labour migration in semi-arid areas: A case study of palamuuru labour.M.PIL Thesis, hyderabad:deparment of economics, university of hyderabad Rao, G.B 2001 Household coping, survival strategies in drought-prone regions: A case study of Anantapur district, Andha Pradesh India SPWD – Hyderabad centre Rao, U 1994 Palamoor labour A study of migrant labour in Mahabubnagar district Hyderabad: C.D deshmukh impact centre, council for social development Reddy.D.N 1990 Rural migrant labour in Andha Pradesh Report submitted to the national commission on rural labour, government of India Prime Minister, 1996 Decision No 99/1996/QD-TTg issued on the program of developing traffic and building up residential clusters of Mekong delta Prime Minister, 1996 Decision No 256/1996/QD-TTg issued on the programs of giving poor residents take loan to raise their house foundation or to make houses on poles to avoid the flood Prime Minister, 2001 Decision No 173/2001/QD-TTg issued on the socio-economic development of the Mekong Delta region in the period 2001 - 2005 Prime Minister, 2001 Decision No.1548/QD-TTg issued on 5/12/2001 on investment in housing foundations for residential clusters/dykes in deeply flooded areas of the Mekong Delta in 2002 59 Prime Minister, 2002 Decision No.105/2002/QD-TTg issued on 02/8/2002 by on the Government policy to allow households in flooded areas to buy on credit the houses and housing foundations in residential clusters/dykes of the Mekong Delta Tan An Commune People’s Committee, 2005 Report on status of implementation the socioeconomic Tan Chau District Peoples’ Committee, 2005 Brief report on the district’s implementation of residential clusters and dykes Tan Chau District Peoples’ Committee, 2005 Report on status of implementation the socioeconomic Tan Chau Statistic Yearbook, 2004 UN, 1992 Disaster relief organization: An overview of disaster management New York UNDRO Vietnamese Statistic Yearbook, 2001 Vinh Hoa Commune Peoples’ Committee, 2005 Report on status of implementation the socioeconomic 60 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Children were vulnerable during the flood disaster in An Giang province Item Index 1994 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Deaths 134 35 134 135 77 16 33 94 32 94 104 69 15 30 Of which deaths of children Source: Consolidated from reports by flood and storm control committees of Tan Chau district, An Giang, 2005 Appendix 2: Investment fund for seven provinces for building residential clusters/dykes in 2002 No Province An Giang Dong Thap Long An Vinh Long Kien Gang Tien Gang Can Tho Total Number of residential clusters built 65 46 27 8 164 Budget fund (billion dong) 135 100 60 10 17 10 18 350 Credit fund (billion dong) 55 45 25 150 Total fund (billion dong) 190 145 85 15 25 15 25 500 Source: Decision No.154/QD-TTg Appendix 3: Major losses human and property from floods in Tan Chau district, An Giang province from 2000 to 2005 No Index Crest of flood in Tan Chau river (m) Deaths Of which deaths of children Pupils forced to leave school during flooding Total loss (million VND) 2000 5.06 134 94 130,76 842,00 2001 4.78 135 104 34,18 172,00 2002 4.82 77 69 8,80 69,00 2003 4.06 6 2,00 Source: Consolidated from reports by flood and storm control committees of Tan Chau district, An Giang, 2005 Appendix 4: Timeline Years 1996 2000 2001 2002 Years 2003 2004 2005 BEFORE Flood caused the death of people (the crest flood was m at high) A serious flood destroyed people’s houses, assets and death Provincial Government promulgated policy of resident cluster and dyke The construction of resident cluster and dyke has already finished AFTER People moved to the resident cluster and dyke Building local market and concrete road in the resident cluster and dyke Petechial fever Source: PRA exercise, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 61 2004 4.40 16 15 10,00 2005 4.36 33 30 7,56 Appendix : Venn diagram for resettlement Before Name of institutions (Formal and Informal) Ranking by relation Ranking by important role Explanation by the respondents Neighbour (*) 1 The neighbour hired “resettlement” for off-farm jobs (e.g rice harvest, pesticide spraying, ) The neighbour helped resettlement a loan to make small business without interest Woman Union 2 Farmer Union 4 Local leaders (village and commune) Women Union supported a loan from saving fund for the members of this union to raise animal husbandry Farmer Union guided technology for resettlement to raise animal husbandry Local leaders supported small boats and nets for resettlement on flooding season Local leaders also provided rice for the poor of resettlement when they face to the difficulty of food Among resettlement, they come from different place thus they are not friendly to help each other People who live near the resident cluster and resident dyke give resettlement a loan with high interest (e.g 10%/month for expenditure) Local leaders (village and commune) Only helping resettlement for administrative procedure Yet to support employment for resettlement Woman Union Women Union supported a loan from saving fund for resettlement to small business Farmer Union Providing information to introduce resettlement new jobs such as wage labours, handicraft, After Neighbour(**) Source: PRA exercise, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 (*) Note: All households which did not move to the cluster and dyke are considered as neighbour of resettlement group (**) There are resettlement and other people who already live near the resident cluster Note: and resident dyke 62 Appendix 6: Ranking exercise on problems of resettlement group involving to flood Before Death because of serious food After People are difficult to find jobs Polluted water by flood People can not raise animal husbandry Children are difficult to go school and have to stop studying on flood season Income was decrease from catching natural fish Source: Group discussion with farmers, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 Appendix 7: RRA the results outside groups in Tan An and Vinh Hoa commune, Tan Chau district No Some of reasons why households did not move to residential clusters and dykes Some household have not gotten money so they not resettle in residential clusters and dykes They said that if they want to living in residential clusters and dykes, they have to pay a sum of money from 1,5 to million VND in order to repair their house Among the households who not resettle some households are capable of borrowing but they are afraid debt so they decide not borrow They are waiting for saving enough money to move to residential clusters and dykes They are afraid of having difficulty in finding job, when they moved to residential clusters and dykes since it is 2-3 far from their original location Their main means of earning a living is hired labour so the relationships between of their between them and their employers are important When they moved to residential clusters and dykes, their relationship was decreased Those who were hired before afraid of not being hired anymore which made them lose the job opportunity The others not move to residential clusters/dykes because they still have some land for cultivating and/or believe that their houses are strong enough to withstand against flood Source: PRA exercise, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 Appendix 8: Household strategies dealt with floods Items Household strategies dealt with floods Move to higher land Elevate floor of the house Move to other places Employment of main labours On-farm Cultivation Animal husbandry Off-farm Hired agriculture labour Catching fish Non-farm Hired non-agriculture labour Handicraft Small trader Resettlement types Cluster Dyke (n=36) (n=36) No No of hh of hh No of hh 30 32 62 0 11 15 1 19 10 1 1 30 15 16 Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 63 Total sample (N=72) Appendix 9: General information of interviewed households inside residential clusters and dykes Items Sex of householder a Female b Male Age range of householder a 20-30 years old b 30-50 years old c >=50 years old Education of householder a No schooling b Primary school c Secondary school d High school Grouping by household size a 1-2 persons b 3-4 persons c 5-6 persons d >=7 persons Resettlement types Cluster (n=36) No of hh % Dyke (n=36) No of hh % No of hh % 14 22 39 61 28 22 78 22 50 31 69 20 14 56 39 18 15 50 42 38 29 53 40 19 17 53 19 11 25 17 69 11 12 44 11 17 61 15 13 10 11 36 28 25 10 16 28 44 25 23 26 18 32 36 25 Total sample (N=72) Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 Appendix 10: Water and toilet usage habit in residential clusters and dykes Items Water usage Before Canal, river Tap-water Underground water After Canal, river Tap-water Underground water Toilet usage habit Before Do not have After Have but can not use Refurbish for using Do not have Resettlement types Cluster (n=36) No of hh % Dyke (n=36) No of hh % No of hh % 33 92 35 97 68 2 94 3 10 20 28 17 56 33 92 13 39 20 18 54 28 33 92 33 92 92 22 7 61 19 19 23 10 64 28 45 10 17 63 14 23 Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 64 Total sample (N=72) Appendix 11: Changes of main jobs of households Items On-farm (1) Off-farm (2) Non-farm (3) Cultivation Animal husbandry Hired agriculture labour Catching fish Hired non-agriculture labour Handicraft Small trader Sub-Total Cluster Past (Before) 64 17 % of households answers Resettlement types (%) Dyke Present Future Past (After) (Before) 0 0 30 28 54 13 29 44 22 Present (After) 54 27 Future 12 100 13 100 100 100 16 34 100 100 27 62 Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 Appendix 12: Changes of total working days per year of main labours Items Before Mean Standard deviation Sub-Total After Mean Standard deviation Sub-Total Resettlement types Clusters (n=36) Dykes (n=36) 177 69 89 195 84 91 186 77 180 136 51 89 146 81 91 141 67 180 Total sample (N=72) Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 Appendix 13: People’s opinion to stabilize in Residential Clusters and Dykes Items People’s opinion to stabilize Provide Loaning credit Open enterprise Provide vocational training Choosing residential area Residential cluster Residential dyke Move to other place Resettlement types Cluster (n=36) No of hh % Dyke (n=36) No of hh % No of hh % 25 11 69 31 21 11 58 11 31 46 22 64 31 24 19 67 14 30 17 83 13 59 18 75 Source: Household survey, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 65 Total sample (N=72) Appendix 14: SWOT analysis resettlement before and after A BEFORE STRENGTHS - Plenty activities to generate income for people, especially off-farm activities - Good relationship with neighbours OPPORTUNITIES - People are easy to find jobs - People can raise animal husbandry - Catching natural fishes - Local leaders supported means to people for fishing B AFTER STRENGTHS - Plenty of labour force - Stable houses for resettlement - Access to public services such as market, school, medical station OPPORTUNITY - Decreasing death by flood - Increasing education level of children because children can easily go to school - Decreasing transportation cost to go market Source: PRA exercise, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 66 WEAKNESSES - Most of households have temporary houses thus it is difficult to face to annual floods - Children are difficult to go school and interrupted on flooding season THREATS - Flood causes people to be died - People were living on a bank river afraid of flood will destroy their houses - People use polluted water (when flood comes) as running water WEAKNESSES - No land for raising livestock - Lack of capital for production - No have professional skill to access new jobs - High cost of expenditure THREAT - People are difficult to find jobs because of high competition among resettlement - Sickness because of environment pollution - Social evils in residential clusters/dykes happened - High dept for payment house foundation Appendix 15: Seasonal Calendar on jobs before and after moving to new place for living SEASONAL CALENDAR ON JOBS BEFORE AND AFTER MOVING TO THE NEW PLACES FOR LIVING ITEMS BEFORE (Old place) Month 10 11 12 Catching natural fish Rice harvesting Natural vegetable collection Pesticide spraying Land preparing Bean harvesting Non-farm activities This activities are not regular and bring income lower than after moving to the new places AFTER (New place) CLUSTER Catching natural fish L L L L L L L L L Rice harvesting L L Natural vegetable collection L L L Pesticide spraying L Land preparing Bean harvesting L Non-farm activities L L Wage labour for resident dyke construction (this income source will loss after construction finished) + Small trade DYKE Catching natural fish L L L Rice harvesting L L Natural vegetable collection Pesticide spraying Land preparing Bean harvesting L Non-farm activities Wage labour for resident dyke construction (this income source will loss after construction finished) Note: + L : Loss + The differences focus on non-farm activities Before After Cluster Dyke + Handicraft + Handicraft + Small trade + Wage labours + Wage labours + Wage labours + Small trade + Small trade LOSS + Venders + Loss "handicraft" + Venders + Hired labour (sand for building) NEW JOBS NEW JOBS + Hired labour (wooden) + Lottery seller + Hair cutter ===> Based on discussion, the respondents compared the income from non-farm activities before and after as follows: INCOME "BEFORE" INCOME " DYKE" NON-FARM INCOME " CLUSTER" Higher Higher ===> Based on discussion, the respondents compared the income from non-farm activities before and after as follows: INCOME "BEFORE" INCOME " DYKE" OFF-FARM Lower INCOME " CLUSTER" Lower ===> Based on discussion and household survey, the respondents asserted that: INCOME "BEFORE" INCOME " DYKE" TOTAL INCOME Lower === > I will argue the changes on livelihood activities and income of households Source: PRA exercise, Pham Xuan Phu, 2006 67 INCOME " CLUSTER" Lower Appendix 16: Number of household register to buy housing foundation in RC & RD Number of households register to buy housing foundation in residential clusters and dykes 7061 Number of households move to residential clusters and dykes Rate of percent 2824 40% Source: Board management of residential clusters and dykes in Tan Chau district, 2006 Appendix 17: HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (OUTSIDE CLUSTERS &DYKES) (LIVELIHOOD OF RESIDENTIAL CLUSTERS AND DYKES PROGRAM) Interviewer: (Q01)……………………… …………… Date and time of interviewer: (Q02)…………………………………………….……………………… Location: Hamlet (Q03)……………………………commune(Q04)………………………………… Respondent characteristics: 1.1 Name of head household (Q05) 1.2 Ethnic group (Q06)…………… ………………………………………………………………… 1.3 How many people in your family? (Q07)………………………………………………………… 1.4 How many land have you got? (Q08) Of which, for rice………………………/garden …………… ……….(Q09) 1.5 Household occupation (Q10): Main occupation Secondary occupation………………………………………… The reason that you did not move to residential clusters and dykes: 2.1 Where are you living now? How far from your area to residential clusters and dykes? (Q11) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.2 Why not you move to live in residential clusters and dykes? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.3 Where you live when your area is flooded or bank erosion? How you respond with this disaster? (Q13) ………………………………… 2.4 How much you earn a month? (Q14) …………………………………………………………… 2.5 Do you intend to move into residential clusters and dykes? (Q15) Yes † No † Why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… … 2.6 In your opinion, is the construction policy of residential clusters and dykes true of false? (Q16) True † False † No idea † Why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.7 Can you make a suggestion for the construction of residential clusters and dykes? (Q17) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68 Appendix 18: Household survey questionnaire HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF RESIDENTIAL CLUSTER AND DYKE PROGRAM) Interviewer:(Q01)……………………… …………………… Date and time of interviewer: (Q02)…………………………………………….………… Location: Hamlet (Q03)………………………………… Commune(Q04)………………… Respondent characteristics: 1.1 Name of householder(Q05) 1.2 Ethnic group (Q06)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.3 Number and occupation of members of immediate family (Q07): N0 Relationship with Age the householder Gender M F Edu Occupation Before Kind of job Time D/M After Kind of job Job opportunity M/Y 1 (1) Easy to find the jobs (2) Suitable job (3) Stable job (4) Others 69 Time D/M Job opportunity M/Y 1.4 Land Ownership (Q08): Area (m2) Kind of land Before After Land for living Land for cultivation …………………………………………… …………………………………………… Resettlement process (Q09) 2.1 When did you move to the residential cluster(Q10)? 2.2 Why didn’t other households move to the residential cluster?(Q11) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.3 Why you think your household was selected? (Q12) Households subject to preferential policy † Poor household fleeing from floods † Bank erosion † Other……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Were you compulsory to resettle in the residential cluster?(Q13) Yes † No † Why? 2.4 In the family, who decide on the resettlement?(Q14) Head of household † father † mother † Other † Why? 2.5 What are the cost of the foundation of your house in the residential cluster?(Q15) How much ? High † Low † Acceptable † 2.6 What are the cost of moving your house?(Q16) How much ? High † Low † Acceptable † 70 Household strategies 3.1 How often was the flooding/bank erosion in your area? How many months per year?(Q17) 3.3 What was your response with the flooding/bank erosion?(Q19) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.4 What were household strategies for dealing with the annual flood?(Q20) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… … …….…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… …………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… … ……………………………….….…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… … ………………… …………………….……….….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71 Comparison of living condition between before and after resettlement (Q21) Source of income of the household Household expenditure Loaning capital House Before Farm Labour † Agriculture: Rice † Crop † Husbandry † Aquaculture † None agriculture: Small trader † Handicraft † Others………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… How much VND/months What for? ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… After Farm Labour † Agriculture: Rice † Crop † Husbandry † Aquaculture † None agriculture: Small trader † Handicraft † Others…………………………………………………………… Is your family income higher (1) or lower (2) or invariable (3) than before? Why? How much VND/months What for? Is your family expenditure higher (1) or lower (2) or invariable (3) than before? Why? Yes † No † If yes, from whom? Bank † Private † Others……………………………… Interest rate? High † Low † Acceptable † For what? If no,why? Structure: Thatched House † Concrete † Wood † Others………………………………………………………… Qualities: Airy † Commodious † Narrow † Others…………………………………………… Facultative Building: Yes † No † Yes † No † If yes, from whom? Bank † Private † Others………………………………… Interest rate? High † Low † Acceptable † For what? If no, why? Structure: Thatched House † Concrete † Wood † Others……………………………………………… Qualities: Airy † Commodious † Narrow † Others………………………………………………… Facultative Building: Yes † No † 72 Safety: Yes † No † Water Supply: Tap-Water † Cannal, River † Underground-Water † Rain-Water † If tap-water, from whom? Government Private Toilet: Have † Do not have † Have but can not use † Electricity: Have † Do not have † † † Safety: Yes † No † Water Supply: Tap-Water † Cannal, River † Underground-Water † Rain-Water † If tap-water, from whom? Government Private Toilet: Have † Do not have † Have but can not use † Electricity: Have † Do not have † † † Suggestion of local people in the residential clusters and dykes 5.1 In your opinion, is the new location better or worse than the original one?(Q22) Yes † No † Why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.2 In your opinion, you want to return to your original location/house? (Q23) Yes † No † Why ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.3 In your opinion, you still like staying inside or move out the residential clusters? (Q24) Yes † No † Why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.4 In your opinion, would you like opening a lot of the residential clusters?(Q25) Yes † No † Why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.5 Do you make suggestion to the building techniques of the residential clusters/dykes? What can be improved?(Q26) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73 ... 32 Vinh Xuong Tan An Vinh Hoa Long An Tan Tan town Chau Phong Le Chanh Chau Phong Chau phong Long An Vinh Hoa Phu Vinh Long An Le Chanh Tan An Tan An Long An Tan An Chau Phong Tan An Vinh Hoa. . .Livelihood Outcomes in the Residential Cluster and Dyke Programme in An Giang Province, Vietnam Case study in Tan An and Vinh Hoa Communes, Tan Chau District, An Giang Province Pham Xuan Phu,... Flood and Storm control Committees of An Giang province and Tan Chau district for providing useful information The commune officers at Tan An, Vinh Hoa in Tan Chau district who cooperated and assisted