Chemical analysis of food techniques and applications edited by yolanda picó

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FOOD: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS YOLANDA PICO´ Department of Medicine Preventive, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2012 Copyright Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/ locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chemical analysis of food: techniques and applications/edited by Yolanda Pico´ p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-12-384862-8 (hardback) Food Analysis Food Composition I Pico´, Yolanda TX545.C434 2012 664’.07 dc23 2012008570 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in USA 12 13 14 15 16 10 ISBN: 978-0-12-384862-8 Contributors Ouissam Abbas Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), “Henseval” building, Chausse´e de Namur, 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium M.S Cosio Department of Food Technology, University of Milan, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy Barbara d’Acampora Zellner Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Messina, Viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy Eugenio Aprea IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Food Quality and Nutrition, Area, Via E Mach, S Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy Photis Dais NMR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Kavita Arora Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India Pierre Dardenne Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), ’Henseval’ building, Chausse´e de Namur, 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium Vincent Baeten Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), ’Henseval’ building, Chausse´e de Namur, 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium Damia` Barcelo´ Departmento of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain Paola Dugo Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Messina, Viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy Universita` CampusBiomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma, Italy Giovanni Dugo Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Messina, Viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy Simona Benedetti Department of Food Technology, University of Milan, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy Carlo Bicchi Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria n 9, Turino, Italy Lisa Elviri Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Universita` degli studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, Parma, Italy Marinella Farre´ Departmento of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain Pierre-Antoine Bonnet Laboratories and Control Department, Agence Franc¸aise de Se´curite´ Sanitaire des Produits de Sante´ (AFSSAPS), 635 rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France Michele Forina Department of Drug and Food Chemistry and Technology, University of Genova, Via Brigata Salerno, 13, Genova, Italy Virginia Garcı´a-Can˜as Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Monique Bremer RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Franca Carini Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy Maria Groot RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Alejandro Cifuentes Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain George Kaklamanos Veterinary Laboratory Serres, Terma Omonoias, Serres, Greece Chiara Cordero Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria n 9, Turino, Italy of Lina Kantiani Departmento of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain vii viii CONTRIBUTORS James M Karlinsey Department of Chemistry, Penn State Berks, Reading, Pennsylvania, 19610 USA Romdhane Karoui Universite´ d’Artois, Faculte´ des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, Lens Cedex, France Esther Kok RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Jozef L Kokini University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department Luigi Mondello Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolta` di Farmacia, Universita` di Messina, Viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy Universita` CampusBiomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma, Italy Paolo Oliveri Department of Drug and Food Chemistry and Technology, University of Genova, Via Brigata Salerno, 13, Genova, Italy Yolanda Pico´ Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Faculty of Phamacy, University of Valencia, Theo Prins RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Varinder Kaur Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Lourdes Ramos Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOGCSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain Sumati Kumar Department of Chemistry, Ch Devi Lal University, Sirsa Haryana, India Patrizia Rubiolo Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria n 9, Turino, Italy Erica Liberto Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria n 9, Turino, Italy Myriam Malet-Martino Biomedical NMR Group, SPCMIB Laboratory (UMR CNRS 5068), Universite´ Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France Ashok Kumar Malik Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Vicky Manti RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Robert Martino Biomedical NMR Group, SPCMIB Laboratory (UMR CNRS 5068), Universite´ Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France Monica Mattarozzi Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Universita` digital studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, Parma, Italy Linda Monaci Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy Mattheo Scampicchio Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Universita`, Bolzano, Italy Barbara Sgorbini Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria n 9, Turino, Italy Varsha Sharma School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India Anu Singh Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302025, India Manoj Pratap Singh Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India Nesli Sozer University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department Apostolos Spyros NMR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece CONTRIBUTORS Georgios Theodoridis IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Food Quality and Nutrition Area, Via E Mach, S Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece Ine van der Fels RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Marjolein van der Spiegel RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Leo van Raamsdonk RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands ix Saskia van Ruth RIKILT e Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Hridya Narayan Verma Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302025, India Angelo Visconti Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy Ya.I Yashin Scientific Development & Production Center “Khimavtomatika,” Selskohozyaistvennaya Moscow, Russia A.Ya Yashin Scientific Development & Production Center “Khimavtomatika,” Selskohozyaistvennaya Moscow, Russia Foreword instruments and applications in food analysis It is certainly a good exercise for the reader to compare both books to better appreciate the progress that has taken place in this field in the past years This book contains 22 chapters devoted to more general aspects such as quality assurance issues and analytical techniques involving state-of-the art sample preparation, chromatographic-mass spectrometric combinations, biosensors, nanotechnology, electrophoresis, molecular techniques, and other new tools The last part of the book reports a broad spectrum of applications including, among others, fraud, food proteomics, nutritional supplements, GMO, allergens, and emerging contaminants Overall this book covers most of the aspects on the recent analysis of food contaminants and residues, and I expect it will be a key reference in the community of food residue specialists on global scale Finally, I would like to thank Yolanda for the incredible amount of work, time, and expertise devoted as editor of the book My gratitude goes also to the various well-known authors for their contributions in compiling such a world-class and timely book It is a great pleasure for me to introduce a new book from an old friend and colleage, Yolanda Pico´, full professor at the University of Valencia I have known Yolanda since her PhD thesis and postdoctoral stay at the Free University of Amsterdam Her research interests have always been devoted to develop advanced analytical chemistry methods for determining trace organic contaminants in food and environmental samples A few years ago I was able to convince her to edit one of her first books on Food Contaminants and Residue Analysis that was published in 2008 as volume 51 of the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series I now reaffirm what I wrote in 2008 about Yolanda’s book: that its content is again extremely comprehensive and therefore will solve most of the problems encountered in food residue analysis In addition, it will be a useful guide for either newcomers and/or expert food laboratories seeking to solve the traceability of a broad range of contaminants and residues in food using the most advanced analytical instruments In this respect this new book describes the incredibly large amount of the latest analytical xi Preface Food products are analyzed for a variety of reasonsde.g., compliance with legal and labeling requirements, assessment of product quality, determination of nutritive value, detection of adulterations, research and development, etc Food analysis is an area in continuous evolution, which is especially impelled by the increasing demand of the consumers for food safety and quality, the concern of food authorities to ensure safe food of the highest nutritional quality, and the effort of producers and industry to meet these demands It is also particularly complex because it integrates and applies principles of biology, chemistry, microbiology, biochemistry, nutrition, and engineering to characterize new ingredients and food products, detect the food processing techniques used, and ensure the safety and nutritional value of the food supply The progress of food science and its concepts have driven change of classic analytical methods (titrimetric or gravimetric analysis) to instrumental and biochemical ones (chromatography, biosensors, spectroscopy) because of the new quantitative and qualitative information provided In this context, in addition to the many excellent comprehensive descriptions of historical and already well-established classical methods, this book addresses the most recent advances in analytical and bioanalytical techniques and their application in innovative and emerging areas within food science Chemical analysis of foods presents what is new or challenging within this subject through multiple topics: reviewing novel technologies increasingly applied to food analysis; describing and analyzing in depth several specific approaches, and providing a picture of the most pioneering applications with an insight into future trends The purpose of this book is to offer an updated and highquality original contribution on new developments in food analysis and its emerging applications The book contains twenty-three chapters written by experts on the subject and is structured in two parts: the first one describes the role of the latest developments in analytical and bioanalytical techniques, and the second one deals with the most innovative applications and issues in food analysis The two first introductory chapters about sampling and sample preparion and data analysis and chemometrics are followed by a review of the most recently applied techniques in process (on-line) control and in laboratories for the analysis of major or minor compounds of food These techniques ranged from the noninvasive and non-destructive ones, such as infrared spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, and ultrasounds, to emerging areas as nanotechnology, biosensors, and electronic noses and tongues, including those already well established in food analysis, such as chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques These chapters also include two important tools for solving problems in chemical and biological analysis: mass spectrometry and molecularbased techniques The second part of the book looks at the areas of food authenticity, safety, and traceability Important and innovative issues, such as fraudulent practices, biological active components, flavors and odors, novel foods including those xiii xiv PREFACE modified genetically, dietary supplements, food proteomics, metal speciation and radionuclides, are covered This book attempts to fill a void in information on recently developed analytical techniques for professionals, students, and academics in food analysis by offering information on modern instrumentation, techniques, and applications It is hoped that it will be helpful to learn more on chemical analysis of food and of particular interest to those involved in food research and development, as well as food product characterization and analysis It is also intended to serve as general reference for post-graduate students, which are not exposed to many of the emerging technologies and applications in food analysis, as well as a practical reference guide for a wide range of experts: biologists, biochemists, microbiologists, food chemists, toxicologists, chemists, agronomists, hygienists, and everybody who needs to use analytical techniques for evaluating food quality and safety The techniques and applications discussed in this book are not only emerging now but they also will be in the future critical for continued assurance of an affordable, safe, and available food supply I would like to thank the authors that have agreed to participate in this initiative for their insight and stimulating chapters and for the time and effort devoted to them They provide the perfect blend of knowledge and skills that went into authoring this book I would also really like to thank Prof Damia` Barcelo´ for providing me with the opportunity to become the editor of this book as well as to the project managers and all the staff from Elsevier for offering excellent support and advice Finally and foremost, I hope that the book lives up to the expectations of the readers You are the ones who will make the book an integral part of food analysis C H A P T E R Basics and Advances in Sampling and Sample Preparation L Ramos Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain O U T L I N E 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Samples and the Analytical Procedure 1.3 Trends in Sample Preparation for Food Analysis 1.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments 1.1 INTRODUCTION 21 21 one should recognize that, above definitions, the concept food is also highly cultural dependent Items considered food may be sourced from water, minerals, plants, animals, or other categories such as fungus, fermented, elaborated, and processed products Taking into consideration some of these viewpoints, food could be defined as any substance or product, liquid or solid, natural, elaborated, or processed that, because of their characteristics, applications, components, preparation, and conservation state, is eaten or drunk by humans as nourishment and enjoyment Whatever the definition adopted, it is a general consensus that, almost without The first problem faced when dealing with food science is probably the statement of the concept of food A number of possible definitions for this concept can be found in the specialized literature Some of them focus on its composition (typically, carbohydrates, fats, protein and water), others in the way used by humans to seek food items (which, in most cultures, has nowadays changed from hunting and gathering to farming, ranching, and fishing) In other cases, definitions focus on the nature of the matter itself and/or the expected benefices associated to its consumption Finally, Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384862-8.00001-7 Copyright Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved REFERENCES Tumey S.J., Brown T.A., Hamilton T.F., Hillegonds D.J (2008) Accelerator mass spectrometry of strontium-90 for homeland security, environmental monitoring and human health Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL-JRNL-402381, March 19 UNSCEAR (1982) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Ionizing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects 1982 Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York UNSCEAR (1988) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation 1988 Report to the General Assembly United Nations, New York UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation 2000 Report to the General Assembly United Nations, New York vol I pp 1e654 UNSCEAR (2008) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources of Ionizing Radiation 2008 Report to the General Assembly United Nations, New York U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2004 Supporting Document for Guidance Levels for Radionuclides in Domestic and Imported Foods http://www.cfsan.fda gov/wacrobat/nuclevel.pdf Vajda, N., Kim, C.K., 2010 Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: a review of analytical methodology Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68, 2306e2326 783 Vogl, K., Gesewsky, P., 1993 A rapid method for determining 89Sr and 90Sr from nuclear accidents In: Noakes, J.E., Schoănhofer, F., Polak, H.A (Eds.), Proc Intern Conf on Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry 1992 Radiocarbon, pp 435e438 Volchok, H.L., de Planque, G., 1983 In: Environmental Measurements Laboratory Procedures Manual, 26th ed US Dept of Energy, New York, HASL-300 Walter, K., Trautmann, N., Herrmann, G., 1993 Simultaneous determination of strontium-90 and strontium-89 by Cerenkov-radiation and liquid-scintillation counting: a re-evaluation for low-level counting Radiochimica Acta 62, 207 Watson, A.P., 1985 Polonium-210 and lead-210 in food and tobacco products: transfer parameters and normal exposure and dose Nuclear Safety 26, 179e191 WHO: GEMS/Food Regional Diets, https://apps.who.int/ fsf/Documents/diets2 Wicker, F.W., Schultz, V., 1982 In: Radioecology: Nuclear Energy and the Environment, vols I and II CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, US Wilkins, B.T., 2001 Principles of sampling and analytical methodology In: Van der Stricht, E., Kirchman, R (Eds.), Radioecology, Radioactivity and Ecosystems FORTEMPS, Lie`ge, Belgium, pp 543e556 Zikovsky, L., 2006 Determination of uranium in food in Quebec by neutron activation analysis Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 267, 695e697 II APPLICATIONS Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables 109 Cd, 776e777 I, 759, 762, 762t, 764, 767 134 Cs, 759, 762t, 764, 767 137 Cs, 758e759, 762, 762t, 764, 767, 773e774, 776e777 14 C, 759e760, 773e774 1D HR-NMR, 92e93 H NMR, 92e93, 99e100, 99f, 105e106, 107f, 554e556, 563f, 567f 2,4,6-tribromoanisole See TBA 210 Pb, 776e777 210 Po, 762t, 772e773 232 Th, 759e760 235 U, 759e760, 762t 238 U, 759e760, 762t, 764 240 Pu, 759, 762t 2D gel electrophoresis See 2-DGE 2D NMR, 94e95 2-DGE, 522, 585e587 2D-LC, 523e524 H, 759e760, 762, 762t, 764, 767, 771, 773e774 3-MCPD, 666, 682 3-Monochloropropane-1,3-diol See 3-MCPD 40 K, 759e760, 764, 770 4-HNE, 666 4-Hydroxynonenal See 4-HNE 89 Sr, 762, 762t, 764, 767, 770e771, 775e776 90 Sr, 758e759, 762, 762t, 764, 767, 769e771, 773e777 90 Y, 764, 769e771 90 Zr, 773e774 93 Zr, 773e774 95 Zr, 762t 131 A AAS, 717e718, 725, 732, 734e735, 739e743 Accelerator mass spectrometry See AMS Acetone, 18e19, 258, 384, 526e527, 678, 725 Acoustic crystal sensor See Piezoelectric crystal sensor Acoustic parameters, 118e119, 133 impedance, 118e119, 122, 131e133 Acrylamide, 17, 258e260, 264, 665e666, 668te669t, 681e682 Active packaging, 163e164 AEDA, 621e623, 624f, 630, 635e636 AES, 727e728, 734, 736, 739 Affinity chromatography, 287, 523 AFLP, 439e440, 480 AFS, 725, 729e730, 732, 742e744 AIC, 618, 619f Alcohol, 4f, 11te13t, 31e33, 32t, 78e79, 81e82, 151e152, 160, 183, 238, 261, 290, 325, 339, 341f, 342, 346, 356, 396f, 488, 588, 601, 622, 625, 631, 633, 637, 640e641, 645e646, 679e680, 682, 723f a, 288, 315e316 a-Glucose, 107e108 a-la, 128te130t, 136 a-lactalbumin See a-la Alcoholic drinks, 14, 71, 81e82, 93e94, 94f, 159e160, 225, 491, 633, 682, 725 Alkaloids, 80, 229t, 549e550, 671e672 jacobine-N-oxide, 671e672 seneciphylline-N-oxide, 671e672 pyrrolizidine, 486 senecionine-N-oxide, 671e672 Allergenicity, 695e696, 698e699, 702e703 Allergens, 693e714 nomenclature, 695e696 threshold level, 696e697 Allyl isothiocyanate, 610, 629 Allyl methyl sulphide, 258 ALMERA, 771, 776e777 Almond, 491, 525e526, 697e698, 702, 704te705t 785 Alpha-spectrometry, 767, 772e773 Alveograph, 135 Ambient ionization techniques, 671e672 AMDIS, 335, 339, 608 Aminoglycosides, 195e197, 673 Amperometric sensors, 234e235, 237 Amplified fragment length polymorphism See AFLP AMS, 771, 773e774, 777 Amylopectin, 106e107, 152e153, 152f, 165 Amylose, 106e107, 146e147 Analysis of variance See ANOVA Analytical-ion chromatogram See AIC Animal feed, 472 Animal food, 224 Animal tissues, 17, 267 ANNs, 48, 75, 82e83, 226, 228, 241e243 Counterpropagation See CP CP, 48 Kohonen’s self organising maps See SOMs MLF, 48 multilayer feed-forward See MLF SOMs, 48 ANOVA, 30e33, 32t Antibacterial, 665e666, 678e679, 683 Antimicrobial delivery, 149 Antimony See Sb Antioxidant capacity, 80 Antioxidants, 147, 149e150 APCI, 250e251, 252f, 264e265, 266f, 288, 336, 734 APCI-TOF-MS, 648 APPI, 250e251, 252f Apples, 69, 110, 111f, 126, 128te130t, 134e135, 196t, 225e226, 258e260, 262, 263f, 273, 274f, 355e356, 491, 503e504, 625, 633, 649e650, 672f, 697e699, 706e707, 723e724 786 INDEX Aptamers, 181e182 Aroma, 147e148, 160, 163e166, 169, 312, 323e324, 332t, 338e339, 341e342, 355e356, 358, 362, 491, 588, 599e663 Aroma extraction dilution analysis See AEDA Arsenic See As Artificial neural networks See ANNs As, 718e726, 721f, 723f, 729, 732e733, 740 Atmospheric nuclear tests, 758e759 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization See APCI Atmospheric pressure ionization, 252f, 264e265, 270e271, 642e643, 734 Atmospheric pressure photoionization See APPI Atomic absorption spectrometry See AAS Atomic emission spectrometry See AES Atomic fluorescence spectrometry See AFS ATR, 67, 67f, 82 ATR-FTIR, 554 Attenuated total reflectance See ATR Automated mass deconvolution and identification system See AMDIS Autoscaling, 29e30, 30f, 31f, 33e35, 34f, 37e38, 42e43 B b-Agonists, 200, 201te202t b-Glucose, 107e108 b-Lactams, 197e198, 267 Bacillus anthracis, 157e158 Background concentrations, 719 Bacteria, 251e253 Bacterial pathogens, 203e204 Bacterial toxins, 185, 211e212, 675e676 Bartlett’s test, 31 BAW, 223e224 Beef, 73e74, 77e78, 105e106, 107f, 110, 476e477, 481, 484 Beer, 81e82, 104e106, 237 Benzene, 260, 264 Beverage industry, 159e160, 164e165 Beverages, 147, 149e151, 160, 165e167, 228, 237e239, 352e353 BFRs, 668te669t BHA, 626e627, 629 Bidimensional table, 27, 35 Bioaccumulation, 716e717, 720, 734, 741e742 Bioavailability, 715e720, 730, 732, 739e740 Biochemical methods, 522, 672e675, 698e699 Biochip See DNA microarray Bioinformatics, 432, 671 Biological identification methods, 468e471 Biological methods, 672e675 Biomethylation, 717 Biopolymers, 106e107, 112, 148, 151e152 Biosensors, 156e159, 162e163, 177e218 absorption, 185 acoustic, 157, 183 amperometric, 180, 183e184, 193, 196t, 210te211t BAW, 183 biological element, 178e183 antibody/antigen interactions, 180e181 bacteriophages, 182 enzymes, 180 nucleic acids, 181e182 whole cells, 182e183 bioluminiscence, 185 bulk acoustic wave See BAW calorimetric, 183 chemiluminiscence, 185 direct optical, 186 electrochemical, 183e184 evanescent field techniques See Microrefractometry fluorescence, 185 interferometry, 188 luminescence See fluorescence mass, 157 mass sensitive, 189 microreflectometry, 188 microrefractometry, 186, 187f optical, 183e185 potentiometric, 184 reflectometry, 183, 188 SAW, 183 surface acoustic wave See SAW thermal, 157 voltametric, 183e184 Biotechnology, 145, 157, 160, 212, 271e272 Biotoxins, 208e211 Bisphenols, 346, 348f, 667, 668te669t, 681e682 Bitterness, 229e231, 238 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy See BSE Bread, 110 Breakthrough volume, 297e298 Brominated flame retardants See BFR Brucella melitensis, 157e158 BSE, 466, 486e487 Buccal headspace analysis See BHA Bulk acoustic wave See BAW Butter, 260, 466, 484, 501, 639e640, 646 C C, 337 CA, 241e242 Cadmium See Cd Caffeine, 10e14, 19e20, 80, 398f Cake batters, 128te130t, 149e150 Camellia oils, 77 Campylobacter jejuni, 157e158, 207, 210te211t Capillary electrochromatography See CEC Capillary electrophoresis See CE Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry See CE-MS Capillary electrophoresis-time-offlight-mass spectrometry See CE-TOF-MS Capillary GC columns, 312e313, 327e330, 336e337, 341f, 347, 349 PLOT, 312, 314f porous layer open tubular See PLOT SCOT, 313, 314f support coated open tubular See SCOT wall-coated open tubular See WCOT WCOT, 312, 314f Capillary gel electrophoresis See CGE INDEX Capillary gel electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence See CGE-LIF Capillary isoelectric focusing See CIEF Capillary isotachophoresis See CITP Capillary zone electrophoresis See CZE Carbon adsorbents, 291, 294 Carbon nanotubes See CNT Carbon paste electrodes See CPEs Carotenoids, 82e83, 104e105, 502e503, 550e551 Carrier ampholytes See CAs CAs, 388e389 Catechins, 384, 384f, 398, 501 Cd, 727e728, 736 CDs, 384, 384f, 395e397 CE, 14, 20, 270e271, 375e376, 378e383, 379f, 388e390, 392e394, 394te395t, 398e400, 726e727, 736e740, 745e746 CEC, 385e386, 385f, 393e394, 394te395t CE-ESI-MS, 587 CE-ESI-TOF-MS, 587, 589 Cellulose, 106e107 CE-MS, 270e271, 392, 394te395t, 400 Cereals, 135e136, 147, 208, 262, 476e478, 490 Certified reference materials See CRMs CE-TOF-MS, 589e591 CF-IRMS, 613 CGE, 381, 386, 387f, 400 CGE-LIF, 579e580, 580f CHARM, 621, 622f, 623e626, 641 Cheese, 66e67, 73, 110, 112, 125, 128te130t, 136e139, 149, 225e226, 258e262, 259f, 264, 395e397, 472e474, 477e478, 484, 491, 500e504, 504f, 506e510, 531, 534, 609, 623, 626e627, 636e637, 646e648, 647f, 650 Chemical analysis, 483e485 profiling multicomponents, 484e485 single marker, 483e484 Chemical ionization See CI Chemical sensors, 220e222, 232, 237e238, 242e243 Chemiluminescence See CL Chemometrics, 6e7, 25e58, 69e73, 92, 105e106, 110, 231, 238, 242 Chicken, 73e74, 160, 197, 199, 201te202t, 474, 476 Chiral chromatography, 287, 293 Chiral stationary phases See CSPs Chlorophenols, 391e392 Chlorophyll, 17 Cholesterol, 262 Chondroitin sulfate See CS Chromatographic column, 264, 269e270, 288, 295e296, 631, 730 semi-preparative, 295 Chromatographic methods See Chromatography Chromatographic techniques See Chromatography Chromatography, 287, 717e720, 725, 769 Chromium See Cr CI, 250e251, 334e336 CID, 257 CIEF, 381, 388e389, 389f, 393e395 Cinnamon, 262 Cinnamon camphora, 151 CIS, 322 CITP, 381, 387e388, 388f, 393, 398f CL, 389, 391 Class model, 39e41 distance-based techniques, 41e43 experience-based techniques, 41 probabilistic techniques, 41, 43e45 Classical least squares See CLS Clean-up, 6e7, 10e14, 20 Clostridium botulinum, 157e158, 167 CLS, 45e46 Cluster Analysis See CA CMC, 383e384 CNTs, 178, 180, 191, 193, 196t Co, 717, 727e728, 736 Cobalamin, 716, 736 Cobalt See Co Cobweb chart See Radar chat Cochran’s test, 31 Cocoa beans, 262 Coenzyme Q See CoQ Coffea arabica See Coffee Coffee, 160, 224e225, 237, 262 Cognac, 237 Cold on-column injection, 323 Collision-induced dissociation See CID 787 Colorants, 147 Combined hedonic aroma response method See CHARM Compound-specific isotope analysis See CSIA Comprehensive GC See GC x GC Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry See GC x GC-MS Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography See GC x GC Comprehensive two-dimensional GC See GC x GC Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography See LC x LC Conductimetric sensors, 231e233 Conducting organic polymers See CP Contaminants, 312, 322e323, 337e338, 341, 344e345 Contaminants formed during food processing, 341e343 Continuous-flow IRMS See GC-IRMS Controlled release systems, 147 Cooled injection system See CIS Coomans’ plot, 40, 41f CoQ, 148 Correlation optimised warping See COW Corticosteroids, 265 Counter-current chromatography, 287, 298t COW, 38 CP, 222e223, 228 CPEs, 180 CPMAS, 95, 102, 104t, 106e107, 108f Cr, 717, 739e740 Critical micellar concentration See CMC CRMs, 452, 583e584 Cross-polarization MAS CPMAS Cross-validation See CV Cs, 758e759, 762, 762t, 764, 766e767, 773e774, 776e777 CSIA, 337, 355 CSPs, 605e606 C-trap, 256e257 Curved linear trap See C-trap 788 INDEX Custard, 258e260 CV, 39 CVAFS, 743 Cyclodextrins See CDs CZE, 381e385, 383f, 387e388, 393e394, 394te395t, 396f, 397f, 398f, 399f D DA, 72e73, 72f, 75e76 Dairy products, 68, 77, 82e83 DART, 649, 671e672, 678 Data exchange, 471, 474 EDI, 471 electronic data interchange See EDI electronic identification methods, 468e469 radio frequency identification device See RFID RFID, 469e475 extensible markup language See XML XML, 471 DBPCFC, 694e695 Degree of emulsification, 132 Dehydration, 132 Denaturation, 411e415, 415f, 423e424, 432, 443, 448 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis See DGGE Deoxyribonucleic acid See DNA Derivatives, 38 Derivatization, 328, 346e347, 348f, 390e393, 395e397, 397f DESI, 668te669t, 671e672, 673f, 677e678 Desorption electrospray ionization See DESI DGGE, 443 DHA, 147e148 DHS, 603, 609, 628e629, 635e636, 646e648 Diallyl disulphide, 258 Diallyl sulphide, 258 Diallyl trisulphide, 258 Dietary supplements, 539e573 Differential gel electrophoresis See DIGE Differential scanning calorimetry See DSC Diffusometry, 91e92, 98e100, 102e103, 112 DIGE, 522, 585e587, 586f Dioxins, 256, 262e264, 322, 333e334, 346 Direct analysis in real time See DART Direct injection mass spectrometry, 258e261 Discriminant analysis See DA Discriminant classification, 39e40 Dispersive solid-phase extraction See dSPE DLLME, 15, 18e19 DMA, 722e726 DNA, 251e253, 407e461, 467, 488 DNA arrays, 6e7, 434e436 DNA based-methods, 445, 467, 470, 476e483, 492 GMOs identification, 445e446 species identification, 479e480 variety identification, 480e481 DNA chip See DNA microarrays DNA microarrays, 147, 156, 159 Docosahexaenoic acid See DHA Double stranded DNA See dsDNA Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge See DBPCFC Dough, 125, 128te130t, 135e136, 139 DRC-ICP-MS, 740 Drinking water, 238 Dry animal feed, 262 dsDNA, 181 dSPE, 17, 18 GCB, 17 graphitised carbon black See GCB primary secondary amine See PSA PSA, 17 Dynamic sensors, 233e234 E Eau-de-vie, 237 EC, 384f, 389, 391e392, 395e398, 397f, 400 ECD, 332t, 333, 345 ECDa, 523e524 EDCs, 338, 345e347, 348f Edible fats, 132 Edible oils, 71, 74e75, 79e80, 224e227, 238 EFD, 29e30 Egg, 267e268 Egg yolk, 19 EI, 250, 272, 331f, 334e335, 341f, 344f, 345, 348f, 359f, 361f Eicosapentaenoic acid See EPA EKC, 384, 384f, 395e397 Electric sectors, 256 Electrochemical See EC Electrochemical sensors, 233e237 Electrokinetic chromatography See EKC Electromagnetic radiation, 60e63 Electron capture dissociation See ECDa Electron microscopy See EM Electron transfer dissociation See ETD Electron-Capture Detector See ECD Electronic noses See E-noses Electronic tongues See E-tongues Electron-impact ionization See EI Electroosmosis, 379f, 380e381 Electrophoresis, 375e405 Electrospray ionization See ESI ELISA, 207, 509, 668te669t, 672e673, 674f, 675e676, 679, 682e683 Eluent See Mobile phase EM, 668te669t, 681 Emerging contaminants, 665e691 Empirical frequency distributions See EFD Enantiomeric excess See Ee Enantiomeric ratio See ER Enantioselective-GC See Es-GC Encapsulation, 147e149, 166e167 Encapsulation technology, 147, 149 Endocrine disrupting chemicals See EDCs Engineered nanomaterials, 150e151 inorganic, 150e151 organics, 150e151 surface functionalized, 150e151 E-noses, 160, 219e247 MS, 224 validation, 239e240 dynamic concentration range, 239e240 limit of detection See LOD LOD, 239e240 precision, 239e240 selectivity, 240 sensitivity, 239 Environmental alkylation, 717 Environmental contaminants, 261, 334, 338, 345 Enzyme biosensors, 180, 193 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays See ELISAs INDEX Enzymes, 147e149, 158e159, 158f, 165e167, 169 EPA, 148 Epoxidized soybean oil See ESBO ER, 585e588 ERP, 470e471 ESBO, 683 Escherichia coli, 151, 157e158, 164e165, 168, 185, 203, 210te211t Es-GC, 329, 605e606 Es-GC-C-IR, 606 Es-GC-IRMS, 606 Es-GC-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry See Es-GC-IRMS Es-GC-mass spectrometry See ES-GC-MS Es-GC-MS, 606 Es-GC-O, 606 Es-GC-olfactometry See Es-GC-O ESI, 250e251, 252f, 264e265, 270e271, 716 ESI-MS/MS Es-MDGC, 606, 631, 633 Es-MDGC-IRMS, 606, 636 Es-MDGC-MS, 606, 634 Es-multidimensional GC See Es-MDGC ETAAS, 744e745 ETD, 523 Ethanol, 222e224, 237 E-tongues, 160, 219e247 MS, 224 design, 232e237 perception mechanism, 229e232 validation, 239e240 dynamic concentration range, 239e240 limit of detection See LOD LOD, 239e240 precision, 239e240 selectivity, 240 sensitivity, 239 Evaluation parameters, 40e41 Extraction non-selective, 6e7 off-line, 6e7 F FAAS, 738e739, 744 Factor of capacity See K FAME, 327, 330, 338e340 Fast Enantioselective-GC, 338 Fast-GC, 317e318, 332e333, 336, 338, 347e355, 615e616, 617f, 618, 619f, 678 Fast immunoassays, 701e702 Fats, 135, 141 Fatty acids, 261e262 Fatty acids methyl esters See FAME Fe, 717, 727e728, 736e737 Fenicols, 199e200, 201te202t FET, 163 FIA, 232e233 FID, 332e333, 332t, 342, 349, 350f, 353f Fingerprints, 60e62, 69e70, 72e73, 76, 80e81, 169, 358e362 Fish, 71, 77, 83, 157e158, 160, 164e165, 169, 197, 199, 201te202t, 209, 224e227, 267, 377, 378f, 476, 479e480, 486e487, 490, 492, 759, 762t, 764e766, 772e773 Fish oil, 148, 150 Fisher’s F test, 30e31 Fission weapons, 758 Flame-Ionisation Detector See FID Flame Photometric Detector See FPD Flavonoids, 104e107 Flavour, 147e149, 160, 164e167, 169, 258e260, 312, 323e324, 332t, 338e339, 341e342, 355e356, 358, 362, 489e492 Flax seed oil, 150 Flour, 110 Flow analysis, 232e233 Flow injection analysis See FIA Fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry See SFC-MS Fluorescence polarization immunoassay See FPIA Food, 92e95 additives, 6, 301, 302t, 381, 394te395t, 398e399 adulteration, 60, 71, 75e78, 93e94, 481e485, 499e517 analysis, 4e7, 92, 101, 312e313, 344e345, 381, 386e393, 394te395t, 398, 400 chemical, 4e6, 21, 338 enantioselective, 300e301 microbiologic, 4e5 microscopic, 4e5 789 organoleptic, 4e5 physical, 3e5 sensory, 225e228, 232e233, 243e244, 489e492 antioxidants, authenticity, 73e74, 92, 224, 227e228, 337, 355e356, 362, 475, 477, 479, 483e485, 490e491, 499e517 contaminants, 6, 15, 21, 302t, 339e340 foreign bodies, 132, 137e139 geographical origin, 71, 73, 93e94, 224, 227e228, 238, 262 naturally active compounds, 304 residues, 5e6, 21 sensory properties, 220, 224 sensory quality, 224e225 shelf life, 219, 224e226 Food allergen analysis, 701e709 Food allergens, 695e696 labelling, 697e698 legislation, 697e698 EU, 697 USA, 697e698 Food allergy, 699e701 Food colloid science, 148 Food emulsions, 112 Food flavour profile Food gelation, 148 Food metabolomics, 110 Food packaging migration products, 341 Food packaging nanocomposites, 164e167 Food properties, 127, 128te130t, 132e139 Food quality, 82e83, 104e105, 110, 112, 148, 157, 169, 177e178, 180, 189e191, 219e220, 224, 226, 237e239, 243e244, 258, 302, 341, 392, 394te395t, 466, 484 Food safety, 157e159, 166e167, 170, 299, 301, 341, 345, 466e468, 471, 475e476, 490 Food science, Food supplements, 539e573 Food taste, 230, 232, 236 Food tracking RFID based sensors, 168 790 INDEX Foodborne pathogens, 207e208, 409e410, 412e443 Foodstuffs, 237 Forensically informative nucleotide sequencing, 509 Fourier transform See FT Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance See FT-ICR Fourier transform IR spectroscopy See FTIR Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry See FT-ICR-MS Fourier-transform infrared See FT-IR FPD, 332t, 333e334, 345, 633, 735 FPIA, 677 Fractionation, 6e7 Free solution capillary electrophoresis See CZE Frequency distribution, 27, 29 Fructose, 230 Fruit, 68, 71, 77, 82e83, 107e110, 124f, 134e135, 157e158, 164e165, 168, 170, 193, 195, 196t, 208, 224e226, 258, 259f, 260e262, 272e273, 324, 337, 345, 352e353, 355e356, 398, 454, 469, 491 firmness, 128te130t, 134 juices, 132, 237 mealiness, 134e135 FSCE See CZE FT, 37, 256e257 FT-ICR, 253e254, 256, 272 FT-ICR-MS, 254 FT-IR, 334 FT-MIR, 79e80, 82 accessories, 67 Functional food, 82e83, 146t, 159, 301e302, 520e522, 533e534, 539e540, 543, 545e546, 555 Furans, 262e264, 267 G Gamma ray emissions, 759e760 Gamma ray spectrometry, 767 Garlic, 250e251, 258 GAs, 243 Gas chromatography See GC Gas chromatography olfactometry See GC-O Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry See GC-MS Gas isotope-ratio mass spectroscopy See GC-IRMS Gas sensor array instruments, 222 Gas sensors, 220e222, 224e227 Gas-liquid chromatography See GLC Gas-solid chromatography See GSC Gaussian probability function, 45 Gaussian-like functions, 45 GC, 14e15, 18, 220, 226e227, 250e251, 261e264, 270, 272, 311e373, 718e720, 722, 726e727, 728f, 729e730, 734e736, 742e746 carrier gas velocity, 318e319, 357 distribution constant See Kc fundamental aspects KC, 313, 325 qualitative analysis, 339e340 quantitative analysis, 319, 341e343 flavors and aromas, 341e342 process contaminants, 342e343 through HS sampling, 342e343 resolution, 316e318, 327 separation efficiency, 314e318, 325, 347 separation factor, 315e318 total analysis systems See TAS TAS, 343e347 GC-APCI-QTOF MS, 336 GC-GC See MDGC GC Â GC, 317e318, 332e333, 336, 338, 356e362 GC Â GCeMS, 358e362 GC Â GCeTOF MS, 7e9 GC/MS See GC-MS GCÂenantio-GC-qMS, 638 GC-AED, 727, 728f GC-C-IRMS, 337 GC-FID, 332e333, 548e549 GC-FPD, 735 GC-FTIR, 610 GC-HR-TOF-MS See GC-TOF-MS GC-ICP-MS, 742 GC-IRMS, 337e338 GC-IRMS with a pyrolysis interface See GC-P-IRMS GC-mass spectrometry See GC-MS GC-MS, 226, 261e265, 272e273, 275 GC-MS/MS, 262, 275 GC-O, 220 GC-pyrolysis-AFS, 743 GC-TOF-MS, 273, 275 Ge, 717 Gelation processes, 128te130t, 131 Gene chip See DNA microarray Genetic algorithms See GAs Genetically modified organisms See GMOs Geographically registered designation See RDO Germanium See Ge GF-AAS, 740e741 Ginger, 160 GLC, 312 Glucose, 229t, 230, 272e273 GMOs, 386, 444e454, 477e478, 482e483 legislation, 576e577 profiling, 584e591 metabolomics, 585 proteomics, 585e587 transcriptomics, 587e591 safety issues, 576e577 target analysis, 577e584 quantitation, 581e584 screening methods, 578e581 Good traceability practice See GTP Gradient, 291, 298e299, 298t, 303 Grain, 68, 77, 80 Grapes, 7e9 Gravimetric crystal See Piezoelectric crystal sensor Green coffee, 74 Green coffee bean, 104, 105f Green tea, 80, 384, 384f, 398f Growth promoters, 193, 195e200, 265e267 GSC, 312 GTP, 474 H HACCP, 158e159, 408e409, 700, 709e710 Half-life, 758e759, 761e762, 769 Halogenated naturally produced compounds See HNPs Hazard analysis and critical control point See HACCP Hazelnuts, 226e227 Head space-SPME See HS-SPME Headspace See HS 791 INDEX Headspace gas chromatography See HS-GC Headspace injection, 324e325 Hexanal, 10, 226e227 HF(2)LPME, 14 HF(3)LPME, 14 HF-LPME, 14 Hg, 717, 741e743 HG-AFS, 732 Hidden allergens, 525e526, 698e700, 709 High performance liquid chromatography See LC High Performance TLC See HPTLC High resolution liquid state NMR, 92e93, 100e102, 104e106 High resolution magic angle spinning See HRMAS High resolution solid state NMR, 95, 102 High resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry See TOF-MS High-resolution mass spectrometry, 335 High-temperature liquid chromatography, 287 HILIC, 292t, 293, 589, 731, 732 HILIC-MS, 273 Histogram, 27e28 Histology, 488e489, 492 HNPs, 670 Hollow fiber two-phase liquid microextraction See HF(2) LPME Honey, 72e74, 76, 80e81, 195e197, 199e200, 201te202t, 230, 262, 355e356, 474, 476e477, 482 Horizontal alignment, 38 Hotelling’s T, 44 Hot-injector vaporization methods, 320e322 HPLC See LC HRMAS, 107e110 HR-TOF-MS See TOF-MS HS, 8t, 9, 342, 601, 603, 682, 722, 746 HS-GC, 324e325 HS-SPME, 7e9, 735e736, 742e743 HS-SPME- GCÂGC-qMS, 639 HS-SPME-GC, 616, 638 HS-SPME-GC-MS, 274f, 735e736 HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS, 262, 263f Human exposure, 719, 722e723, 729e730 Human nose, 220e222 Human taste, 228e229 Hydrophilic chromatography, 287, 287t, 293, 298 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography See HILIC Hydrophilic interaction chromatography mass spectrometry See HILIC-MS Hypercarb See carbon sorbents Hyphenated techniques, 261, 270e271, 727, 729 I Ice-creams, 149e150 ICP-AES See ICP-OES ICP-MS, 718e740, 721f, 742, 744e746, 745f, 771e774, 777 ICP-OES, 737, 742e744 Identification of unknowns, 338 IEC, 286, 287t, 293e294, 297 anion-exchange chromatography, 286 cation-exchange chromatography, 286, 298 IC, 286 ion chromatography See IC IEF, 389, 470, 522 Imaging SPR See iSPR Imaging systems, 68e69 Immunohistochemistry, 488e489 Immunosensors, 180e181, 185, 194e197, 203, 209 label-free formats, 180e181 direct, 180e181 indirect, 180e181 labelled formats, 180 competitive assays, 180 Immunosorbents, 682 Indirect UV detection, 390, 397f Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy See ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry See ICP-MS Infant formulas, 147 Information management, 468, 470e471, 473e476 enterprise resource planning See ERP ERP, 470e471 Laboratory management information systems See LIMS LIMS, 470e471 manufacturing execution systems See MES MES, 470 warehouse Management Systems See WMS WMS, 470e471 Infrared spectroscopy See IR Inositol, 107e108, 396f In-silico, 290 Ion detector, 249e250 Ion source, 249e250, 258 Ion traps See IT Ion-exchange chromatography See IEC Ionic liquid, 15 IR, 60e67 on-line systems, 67e68 IRMS, 337 Iron See Fe Isocratic, 290e291, 298t Isoelectric focusing See IEF Isotope ratio mass spectrometry See IRMS IT, 264e265 ITs, 339 IT-TOF, 253e254 J Juices, 104e106, 104t, 108e110, 196t, 203, 205e207, 237, 259f, 260, 265, 355e356, 383, 383f, 387e388, 388f K K, 288e289 k Nearest neighbors See k-NN Kangaroo, 73e74 Kiviat diagram See Radar chat k-Nearest-Neighbor algorithm See k-NN k-NN, 41, 225 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 29 Kumquat, 60 L l, 60 Lab-on-a-chip See LOC Lamb, 110 LAMP, 424e428 Large volume injections See LVI Laser resonance ionization mass spectrometry See RIMS 792 Laser-induced fluorescence See LIF Latent variables See LVs Lateral-flow assays See LFAs LC, 14e15, 18t, 20, 256e257, 261, 264, 267e268, 270e272, 285e310, 717e725, 723f, 727e732, 734e735, 737, 742e743, 743f, 745e746 ion-pair reversed phase, 286, 287t, 290, 720e722 normal phase See NPLC NPLC, 286, 290e291, 292t, 293, 644, 645f reversed phase See RPLC RPLC, 286, 290e294, 292t, 523, 644, 645f LC on CHIPS, 300 LCeGC, 323e324 LC-ICP-MS, 729e730, 742 LC-MS, 250e251, 256e257, 262, 264e270, 272e273 LC-MS/MS, 18t, 264e270 LC-NMR, 101, 104e105 LC-NMR-MS, 104e105 LC-Orbitrap, 265 LC-SPE-NMR, 101 LC-QqLIT-MS/MS, 270 LC-QqQ-MS/MS, 264e265, 266f, 267e268 LCR, 432e434 LC-UV-SPE-NMR, 104e105 LDA, 43e45, 73e76, 78e79, 225, 227, 238e239, 241 LE, 387e388, 388f Lead See Pb Leading electrolyte See LE Least squares-SVM See LS-SVM Leave-one-out procedure See LOO LFAs, 702 LIF, 389e397, 396f, 397f, 400 Ligase Chain Reaction See LCR Ligation-dependent probe amplification See LPA Lilliefors test, 29e30, 30f Linear discriminant analysis See LDA Linear ion trap See LIT Linear retention indices See LRI Lipid coated polymer nanoparticles, 148 Lipid nanoparticles, 148e149 Lipid oxidation, 224, 226e227 Liposomes, 149 INDEX Liquid chromatography See LC Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry See LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry See LC-MS Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance See LC-NMR Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry See LC-NMR-MS Liquid foods, 104e105 Liquid scintillation, 767, 769e770, 772e773, 776e777 Liquid scintillation beta spectrometry See LSS Liquid solid extraction See LSE Liquid-liquid extraction See LLE Liquid-liquid microextraction See LLME Liquid-phase microextraction See HF(2)LPME Listeria monocytogenes, 207e208, 210te211t LIT, 269e270 LIT-FT, 269e270 LIT-Orbitrap, 269e270 LLE, 8t, 10, 14e15, 18, 265, 267e268, 270, 296e298, 297t LLME, 296e297 LOC, 156e157, 160, 169e170, 178, 189e192, 212 Localized surface plasmon resonance See LSPR LOO, 39 Loop mediated isothermal amplification See LAMP Low field NMR, 98e100, 102e103, 112 Low Pressure GC See LP-GC Low-chain fatty acids, 338 Low-resolution mass spectrometry, 335 LP-GC, 317 LSE, 265 LSPR, 187e188 LSS, 770, 777 LS-SVM, 75e76, 82e83 Lutein, 148, 150 LVI, 322e323, 327 LVs, 46e47 Lycopene, 148, 150 M Macrolides, 198e199, 210te211t MAE, 6e7, 8t MAEE, 720 Magnetic NPs, 178, 207 Magnetic resonance imaging See MRI Magnetic sectors, 256e258, 262e264 Magnetostrictive microcantilever See MSMC Mahalanobis distance, 41, 43e44 Maillard reaction, 264, 342, 394te395t, 600, 609e610, 628 Maize, 19e20 MALDI, 250e253, 252f, 256e257, 273, 299, 522e524, 534e535, 668te669t, 675e676, 716, 727 MALDI-MS See MALDI MALDI-time-of-flight See MALDI-TOF MALDI-TOF, 251e253, 522, 529, 531, 534, 585, 668te669t, 681, 706e707 MALDI-TOF-MS See MALDI-TOF MALDI-TOF-TOF, 534 Manganese See Mn Mapping systems, 68e69 MASE, 322 Mass spectra, 299, 339, 360 Mass spectrometry See MS Mass-selective analyzer, 249e250 Matrix assisted laser desorption See MALDI Matrix solid-phase dispersion See MSPD Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry See MALDI-MS Maximum residue limits See MRLs Mayonnaise, 132, 149e150, 158f MDGC, 338, 356e357 Meat, 66e68, 73e74, 77e78, 132e134, 157e158, 160, 164e165, 170, 224e227, 265, 266f, 267, 399f, 467, 471e473, 487, 760, 762t, 764e766, 772 Meat products, 73e74, 157e158, 207, 476, 479, 489e490, 489f MEKC, 381, 383e385, 384f, 394te395t, 397f, 398f, 399f 793 INDEX Membrane-assisted solvent extraction See MASE MEMS, 151, 156e161, 165e166, 168e170 Mercury See Hg Metabolomics, 256e257, 271e275 Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors See MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductors See MOS Metal NPs, 180, 187e188 Methyl methacrylate, 9e10 Methyl N-methylanthranilate See MNM Micellar electrokinetic chromatography See MEKC Micellar liquid chromatography, 287 Micro total analysis system See m-TAS Microchip electrophoresis, 376, 381, 382f Microelectromechanical systems See MEMS Microfluidic devices, 6e7, 147, 156e162, 163f, 177e217 Microorganism growth, 136 Microwave assisted enzymatic extraction See MAEE Microwave-assisted extraction MAE Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, 601 Mid infrared See MIR Mid infrared spectrometers, 64e65 dispersive, 64e65 Fourier transform See FT FT, 65 Milk, 66e67, 69e71, 132, 136, 147e149, 157e158, 162, 224e225, 237, 258e261, 267, 268f, 758, 760, 762t, 764e766, 770e771 coagulation, 131e132 powder, 75e76 UHT, 136 Mineral water, 237e238 MIP-OES, 719e720 MIPs, 15e17, 294, 297t, 298, 679, 683 MIR, 60e63, 62f, 69e71, 73, 77e78, 81e82, 483 accessories, 66e67 on-line, 68 MLGA, 580, 580f MLR, 227 MLST, 430e432 MMA, 720, 721f, 722e726 Mn, 727e728, 736e739 MNM, 613 Mobile phase, 250e251, 285e288, 290e292, 295, 298e299, 312e313, 315, 318e320, 349, 385, 500, 527f, 547e548, 567f, 644, 702, 719, 725, 729e731, 734f, 735f, 742e743, 745e746 Molecular imprinting polymers See MIPs Molecular methods, 407e461 Molecular techniques, 6e7 Monoterpenoid profile, 7e9 Monoterpenoids, 7e9 Monte Carlo simulations, 29 Monte Carlo validation, 39 MOS, 222e223, 228 MOSFET, 222e223 Mousse, 149e150 MRI, 91e92, 97, 110 MRLs, 4, 15, 195e197, 201te202t, 265, 345 MS, 224e226, 249e283, 334e337, 335t, 389, 392e393, 394te395t, 395e397, 400 MS/MS, 257e258, 336 MS-MS See MS/MS MSMC, 203e204 MSPD, 6e7, 8t, 18e19, 19f MUDPIT, 523 Multidimensional gas chromatography See MDGC Multidimensional GC See MDGC Multidimensional LC See MDLC Multidimensional protein identification technology See MUDPIT approach Multilocus sequence typing See MLST Multiple linear regression See MLR Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Genome Dependent Amplification See MLGA Multivariate mathematical analysis, 26, 34e48 Multivariate methods, 26e34 Mycotoxins, 208, 265, 267e269, 301, 302t, 394te395t, 666, 668te669t, 672e673, 676 m-TAS, 178, 192 N N, 288e289, 289f, 289t, 291 NAA, 717e718 NAIMA, 582f Nanobiosensors, 189e192 label-based, 190e192 Au (Gold) NPs, 191e192 carbon nanotubes See CNTs CNTs, 191 fluorophores, 190e191 magnetic particles, 192 QDs, 191 quantum dots See QDs label-free, 192 Nanocomposites, 151e156, 164e167, 170 Nanoemulsions, 147e150, 170 Nanoengineered smart packages, 164 Nanofibers, 147, 152e153, 166, 170 Nanofluidic devices, 178, 191 Nanofoams, 148 Nanoliposomes, 147, 149 Nanomaterials, 147e156, 156f, 162e167, 178, 180, 184, 205 Nanoparticles See NPs Nanoscience, 145e146, 148, 170 Nanosensors, 147, 156e160, 168e169, 178, 190 Nanostructures, 147e156 Nanotechnology, 145e176 Nanotube, 145e148, 151e153, 160, 163e168, 163f Nanotube based field effect transistor sensors See FET Nanovehicles, 147e148 NASBA, 428e430 Natural radionuclides, 760 Natural toxins, 258 NDT, 127, 134 Near infrared spectrometers Near infrared spectroscopy See NIR Near-IR spectroscopy See NIR Neutron activation analysis See NAA NIR, 483 Nitrogen/Phosphorus Detector See NPD NMR, 91e116, 483 794 INDEX Non-destructive techniques See NDT Non-target analysis, 271e275 NPD, 332t, 333, 345 NPs, 147e149, 151, 153e156, 162, 164e165, 168e171, 178, 180, 187e188, 190e192, 194, 196t, 200, 203, 205e209, 210te211t Nuclear Magnetic Resonance See NMR Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification See NASBA Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification See NAIMA Nucleic acids, 409e411 Number of theoretical plates See N Nutraceuticals, 146t, 147e148, 166e167 Nutrients amino acids, 298t, 300e301, 301t, 304t, 328, 380e382, 391e392, 394te395t, 397f carbohydrates, 3, 4f, 6, 6t, 21, 146e147, 261e262, 270, 274e275, 294, 300e301, 301t, 303, 385, 390e393, 394te395t, 395e397, 396f fats, 3, 4f, 6, 6t, 251e253, 258, 261e262, 270 fatty acids, 300e302, 301t lipids See fats minerals, 300e301, 303 oligosaccharides, 251e253 peptides, 251e253, 256, 270e271 proteins, 3, 4f, 6, 6t, 21, 146e151, 154, 159e160, 162e165, 170, 256, 258e260, 265, 270e271, 287, 300e303, 301t, 375e377, 380, 385e386, 388e389, 393e394, 394te395t, 396f, 470, 485e488 vitamins, 6, 6t, 20, 146t, 147e150, 158f, 264e265, 300e303, 301t, 304t water, 3, 4f Nutritional supplements, 519e537 O Objective function See Q2 Odor attributes, 224e225 Odor compounds, 222 OFA, 227 Oils, 61, 62f, 71, 74e75, 77e80, 100e101, 101f, 104e105, 104t, 106f, 112, 121, 132, 135, 146t, 148, 150, 165e166, 220, 227e228, 238, 261, 270, 324, 330, 331f, 334, 338, 341e342, 349e356, 350f, 354f, 358, 444, 446e447, 490 frying, 135 Olive oil, 72, 224e225, 227e228, 258e260, 262, 264, 267e268, 296, 477e478, 480e481, 490e491 OLS, 45e46 Omega fatty acids, 166e167 On-column injection, 319e320, 322e323, 327 One dimensional gel electrophoresis, 381, 416, 418, 479, 522, 553, 579 One dimensional high-resolution liquid state NMR D HR-NMR On-line combustion See C Open-tubular GC columns See Capillary GC columns OPLS-DA, 106, 107f Optical biosensors surface plasmon resonance See SPR Optical identification methods, 469 alphanumeric codes, 469 bar codes, 469 imaging and vision systems, 469 laser etching and dot peening, 469 Oranges, 128te130t, 132 Orbitrap, 252f, 253e254, 254f, 256e257, 265, 269e270, 272e273 Ordinary least squares See OLS Oregano, 104e105 Organic contaminants, 265, 269e270 Organometallic compounds, 717 Organotin compounds See OTCs Orthogonal projection to latent structureÀdiscriminant analysis OPLS-DA OSME, 626e627 Ovation amplification, 430 Overfitting, 26e27, 47e48 Oxidation state, 716e717, 739, 744e746 Oxidized fatty acid See OFA Oxygen sensors, 168 P P&T, 6e7, 8t Packaging materials, 261, 264 Padlock Probe Ligation technique, 481, 482, 581 PAHs, 322e324, 334, 338 Paprika, 160 Partial least quares regression See PLS Partially concurrent solvent evaporation See PCSE Partition chromatography See counter-current chromatography Passivated Implanted Planar Silicon detectors See PIPS Pattern recognition See PR Pb, 727e728 PCA, 34e38, 42e43, 45, 70e71, 73e74, 78e83, 105e106, 107f, 225, 238, 241, 273, 274f PCBs, 338e340, 345e346 PCR, 177e178, 181, 203, 208e209, 212, 386, 412e424 competitive PCR, 449e450 mPCR, 452 multiplex See mPCR Nested See nPCR nPCR, 417 Real time PCR See RT PCR Reverse transcription See rt-PCR RT PCR, 6e7 quantitative, 450e452 rt-PCR, 419e421 PCRa, 46 PCSE, 323 PDO, 338, 481e482 Peaches, 69, 225, 262, 355, 649e650, 697e698 Perfusion chromatography, 287, 294 Persistent organic pollutants See POPs Pesticides, 5, 6t, 11te13t, 15e18, 17f, 21, 158e159, 168, 171, 193e195, 261e262, 264e265, 267, 269e270, 272, 294, 301, 302t, 321e324, 330, 333e334, 336e339, 345, 352, 353f, 391, 394te395t, 398e399, 665e667, 668te669t, 671e673, 678 PFGE, 436e437 PGI, 338, 481e482 Phages, 178, 182, 210te211t Pharmaceuticals, 10, 68, 93e94, 120, 149, 169, 257e258, 269e272, 301, 333, 346e347, 454, 520, 545e546, 553, 555e556, 561e563, 666, 668te669t INDEX Phenolic compounds, 160e161, 346, 398 Phenols, 322, 346, 348f, 356 Phenylethyl isothiocyanate Phosphopeptides, 251e253 Phthalates, 322, 346, 348f Phycotoxins, 209e211, 268e269, 666, 668te669t, 673, 676e677 Phytochemicals, 146t, 150 Phytosterols, 148 Phytotoxins, 208 Piezoelectric crystal sensors, 223e224 Piezoelectric immunosensors, 195 Pigments, 17 PIPS, 772e773 Plasma source time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 716 PLE, 6e7, 8t, 19e21, 267 PLS, 46e48, 70e71, 75e76, 227, 242 PLSR See PLS Poisson probability distribution, 37 Polar chart See Radar chat Polychlorinated biphenyls See PCBs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons See PAH Polymer nanocomposites, 151, 156, 165 Polymerase chain reaction See PCR Polymers, 291, 293e295, 297, 297t Polyphenols, 80, 82e83, 104e107, 262 Polystyrene, 293e294 Pork, 73e74, 77e78, 476 Post-transational modification See PTM Potential function techniques, 45 Potentiometric sensors, 231, 231f, 236e237 Poultry, 224e225 PR, 237, 240e241 Pressurized fluid extraction See PFE Pressurised liquid extraction See PLE Principal component analysis See PCA Principal component regression See PCRa Probabilistic techniques, 41, 43e45 Process control, 127 Programmed Temperature Vaporizing See PTV Programmed-temperature retention indices See IT Protected Designation of Origin See PDO Protected geographical indication See PGI Protein-based foams, 148 Protein-based gels, 148 Protein-based nanoemulsions, 148 Proteinase K Proteomics, 251e253, 256e257, 271e272, 728e729 Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry See PTR-MS PTM, 523e524 PTRI See IT PTR-MS, 258e261, 259f PTV, 322, 345, 348f PTV/LVI, 322 Pu, 758e759, 762, 762t, 764 Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis See PFGE Purge-and-trap See P&T Q Q, 253e255, 257e258, 271f Q2, 243 QCM, 223e224 QDA, 43e45, 44f QDs, 178, 190e191 Q-LIT, 270 QMB See QCM QqQ, 257e258, 336e337 QqTOF, 253e254, 269e270, 731e732 QqTOF-MS See QqTOF Quadratic discriminant analysis See QDA Quadrupole See Q Quadrupole linear ion-trap See QLIT Quadrupole time-of-flight See QqTOF Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry See QqTOF-MS Quality assurance, 219 Quality assurance systems, 467e468 Quantum dots See QDs Quartz crystal microbalance See QCM QuEChERS, 17, 17f, 18t, 267, 296, 297t Quinoa, 485, 487e488 Quinolones, 197, 210te211t R Radar chart, 33e34 Radio frequency identification See RFID 795 Radiochemical separation, 769, 772, 775e776 Radiometric methods, 767, 774 Radiostrontium, 770e771, 774 Radon See Rn Raman spectrometers, 65e66 dispersive, 65e66 FT, 66, 72e73, 76, 78, 80e81 Raman spectroscopy, 60e63, 66e71, 67f, 73e74, 78, 83 accessories, 67 on-line, 68 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA See RAPD RAPD, 437e439 Raspberries, 262 RAS, 623 RDO, 72 Real-time PCR See PCR See also RT-PCR Reflectometric interference spectroscopy See RIS Refractive index, 186e188 Regression techniques, 45 Relative retention value See a Relaxometry, 91e92, 98e100, 102e103, 112 Rennet-induced coagulation, 131e132 Residues, 312, 323, 332, 338e339, 341, 344e345 Resolution See Rs Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism See RFLP Retention factor See K Retention gap, 323 Retention time See tR Retention time locking See RTL Retronasal aroma simulator See RAS RFID, 168, 170 RFLP, 439 Rheology, 148, 150, 128te130t Ribonucleic acid See RNA Ribotyping, 437e438, 440e443 Rice, 262, 720e726, 731e732, 740, 742 RIMS, 771, 774, 777 RIS, 188 RMSEC, 242 RMSEP, 75e77, 242 Rn, 760, 764 RNA, 251e253, 410, 480, 488 796 INDEX Root mean squares error in calibration See RMSEC Root mean standard errors of prediction See RMSEP Row pre-processing See Signal pre-processing RP sorbents, 293 RS, 288, 289t, 316e318 RTL, 339e340, 345 Rubus idaeus See Raspberry S S-adenosyl-L-methionine See SAMe Salad dressings, 150 Salmon, 107e108 Salmonella paratyphi, 157e158 Salmonella serovars, 205e207 Saltiness, 229e231 SAMe, 555 Sample preparation, 5f, 6, 18t, 21, 719e720, 730 Sampling, 5, 5f Sausages, 76 Savitzky-Golay algorithm, 38 Savitzky-Golay smoothing, 37 SAW, 223e224 Sb, 744, 745f SBSE, 7, 8t, 9e10, 298, 345e346, 348f SBSE-LD, 322 SBSE-TD, 322, 346e347 Scanning tunneling microscope See STM SCC-GC, 347, 349, 350f Scintillator NaI(Tl) SCPEs, 238 Screen-printed carbon paste electrodes See SCPEs SDE, 8t, 9e10 SDE under static vacuum See SDESV SDME, 10, 14e15 DDME, 10 DI, 10 direct-immersed See DI drop-to-drop micro-extraction See DDME head space See HS HS, 10 liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction See LLLME LLLME, 10, 11te13t SD, 9e10 SDS, 384, 384f, 395e397 Se, 719e720, 725e732, 727f, 728f SE, 296 Seafood products, 157e158, 772 SEC, 287, 287t, 298t, 730, 738e739 SeCys, 731e732 Sediments, 717 Selected ion monitoring See SIM Selected reaction monitoring See SRM Selenite, 726e727, 727f, 729e732 Selenium See Se Selenoamino acids, 731 Selenocysteine See SeCys Selenomethionine See SeMet Selenoproteins, 726, 732e733 SELEX, 181 Self cooling packages, 167 Self healing polymers, 167 Self heating packages, 167 SeMet, 720, 729e732 Semi-permeable membrane devices See SPMDs Sensors, 6e7 mode of use, 232 at-line, 232, 232f, 243e244 in-line, 232, 232f off-line, 232, 243e244 on-line, 232, 232f, 243e244 Sensory evaluation, 489e492 SEP, 80e82 Separation factor See a SFC, 270 SFC-MS, 270 SFE, 6e7, 8t, 19e20 SF-ICP-MS, 737 Shellfish, 208e211, 268e269 SHS-GC, 324 Signal pre-processing, 37e38 Silica, 291e294, 292t bonded to alkyl groups, 292e293 C18, 290e293, 292t, 303 C8, 291e293, 292t octadecyl See C18 octyl See C8 SIM, 334e337, 335t, 339e340, 342, 346e347, 350e351 SIMCA, 42e43 Simultaneous distillation-extraction See SDE Single drop microextraction See SDME Single evaluation set, 39 Single stranded DNA See ssDNA Site-specific natural isotope fraction by NMR See SNIF-NMR Size exclusion chromatography See SEC SLE, 296, 297t Sn, 717 Snacks, 147 SNIF-NMR, 93e94, 104t SNV, 37e38 Sodium dodecyl sulfate See SDS Soft drinks, 237e238 Soft independent modelling of class analogy See SIMCA Soils, 717, 719, 736, 739, 743e744 Solid graphite electrodes, 180 Solid-phase extraction See SPE Solid-phase microextraction See SPME Solvent extraction See SE Solvent vapor exit See SVE Sorbent, 285, 287e296, 292t, 297t, 304 monolithic, 294 Sound, 118e125, 133 propagation, 119, 133 Sourness, 229e231, 239 Southern blotting, 439, 448 Soxhlet extraction, 601e602, 680, 683, 720e722 Soy sauce, 160 Soya milk, 131 Soybeans, 20 SPE, 8t, 9e10, 15e17, 265, 267e268, 270, 296e298, 297t C18, 15 C8, 15 cross-linked polymers, 15 Florisil, 15 immunoaffinity, 15e17, 298 MIPs, 15e18, 18t molecular imprinted polymers See MIPs RAM, 15e17 restricted access media RAM silica, 15 single walled carbon nanotubes See SWCNTs Speciation, 715e746 Spectrophotometric sensors, 232e233 Spectroscopic methods, 60, 63, 66, 71, 73e83 Spectroscopy, 37e38, 60e61 INDEX Spider chart See Radar chart Split injection, 320e321 Splitless injection, 320e322 SPME, 6e10, 297t, 298 In-tube SPME, 8t Head space-SPME See HS-SPME Molecularly imprinted-SPME See MIPs-SPME MIPs-SPME, 18, 18t SPME- GCÂGC-TOF-MS SPME-GC-MS, 273 SPP See SPR SPR, 160, 162e163, 186, 187f, 192, 194e200, 196t, 209e210, 210te211t ssDNA, 181 Standard deviation, 29, 32t, 37e38, 42e43, 45, 47, 49te55t Standard errors of prediction SEP Standard normal variate See SNV Staphylococcal enterotoxins, 208 Star chart See Radar chart Star plot See Radar chat Starch, 106e107, 146e147, 151e152, 164e165, 489 Static headspace gas chromatography See SHS-GC Static sensors, 233e234 Stationary phase, 285e295, 312e313, 315e316, 318e320 polarity, 313, 320, 325, 339 selectivity, 317, 325 chiral, 287 IL, 329e330, 339 ionic Liquids See IL PEG, 327e328 polyethylene glycols See PEG polysiloxanes, 325e327 room-temperature ionic liquids See RTILs RTILs, 330 sol-gel materials, 329 Statistical normality test, 29 Steam distillation See SD Stepwise, 291 Steric factor, 290 Steroids, 251, 265e267, 273e274 Sterols, 261e262, 338, 348f Stilbenes, 265 Still drinks, 237 Stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption See SBSELD Stir bar sorptive extraction with thermal desorption SBSE-TD Stir-bar-sorptive extraction See SBSE STM, 145e146 Strong cation exchange See SCX Student’s t distribution, 26, 29 Styrene, 264 Subcritical water extraction See SWE Sucrose, 80e81, 107e108, 229t, 230, 272e273, 383f Sudan dyes, 19, 19f Sulphonamides, 199, 201te202t Supercritical fluid chromatography See SFC Supercritical fluid extraction See SFE Supervised chemometric methods, 38 Supervised qualitative modelling, 38e39 Supported Liquid Extraction See SLE Surface acoustic wave See SAW Surface modified electrodes, 180 Surface of nasal impact frequency Surface plasmon polaritons See SPR Surface plasmon resonance See SPR Surrogate standards, 12 SVE, 323 SWCNs, 7e9, 15e17 Sweeteners, 237 Sweetness, 229e231 Synthetic polymers, 251e253 Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment See SELEX T t0, 288 Tandem mass spectrometry See MS/MS or MS2 Tap water, 237e238 Targeted analysis, 261, 264e270 TAS, 343e347 TBA, 670 TBT, 733e734 TCD, 332, 332t TE, 387e388, 388f Tea, 224e225, 237e239, 262 TEM, 154, 155f TENORM See TENR TENR, 760 Terminating electrolyte See TE Terpenes, 270 Tetracyclines, 11te13t, 18, 18t, 199 797 Thermal conductivity detector See TCD Thermal desorption See TD Thermal energy analyzer See TEA Time of flight See TOF Time-of-flight mass-spectrometers See TOF-MS Tin See Sn TIRF, 188e189 TOF, 251e254, 254f, 259f, 261, 267, 272, 336 TOF-MS See TOF Tofu curd, 128te130t, 131 Total analysis system See TAS Total internal reflection fluorescence See TIRF Total ion current See TIC Total trace metal content, 717e718 tR, 288 Trace elementselements, 715e716, 720, 727, 739e740 Traceability, 465e498 chain, 466e489 conventional, 467 genetic, 467 geographic, 467 internal, 466e467, 474 Traceability of allergenicity, 475 animal feed, 472 cheese production chain, 473e474 Halal food products, 474 livestock, 472e473 Traceability systems, 467e476 data exchange, 468e469 data identification, 470e471 information management, 471 TRACES, 475e476 Trade control and expert system See TRACES Traditional specialty guaranteed See TSG Trans fatty acids See TFA Transcriptomics, 271e272 Transgenic organisms See GMOs Transmission electron microscopy See TEM Tributyltin See TBT Triglycerides, 338, 485 Triple quadrupole See QqQ TSG, 338, 481e482 Turkey, 73e74, 476 798 INDEX Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis See 2-DGE Two-dimensional LC See 2D-LC Two-dimensional NMR See 2D NMR U UFM-GC, 332e333, 347, 351e352 UHPLC, 264, 272e273, 275, 287, 296, 299 UHPLC-MS/MS, 270, 271f UHPLC-QqQ-MS, 269f UHPLC-TOF-MS, 268f Ultra Fast Module GC See UFM-GC Ultra Fast-GC, 338 Ultra high resolution MS, 256e257 Ultra high-pressure chromatography See UHPLC Ultrasonic See ultrasound Ultrasound, 6e7, 117e144 analysis, 134 continous, 121 data presentatio, 123 A-scan, 123 B-scan, 123 C-scan, 123 high frequency See low intensity high intensity, 120 applications, 120e121 high power See high intensity instrumentation, 121e123 digitizers, 123 pulser-received, 122 transducer, 121e122 low frequency See high intensity low intensity, 6e7, 121e127 applications, 127e139 low power See low intensity measurement, 123e124 PE, 124 pulse-echo See PE through-transmission See TT TT, 123e124 pulsed, 121, 124 pulse-echo, 122 velocity, 127, 132 wave, 118e119 amplitude, 118e119, 121e122, 124, 126, 128te130t, 136, 139, 140f attenuation, 118e119, 123e124, 126e127, 128te130t, 134e136 frequency, 118e119, 121, 123, 125e127, 131 intensity See amplitude longitudinal, 118e119, 125e126, 135e137 plate, 119, 131 Rayleigh See surface shear, 119e120, 125e126, 134 surface, 119 types, 118e119 velocity, 118e119, 124e127, 128te130t, 134e136, 139 wavelength (l), 118e119, 125, 139 Ultrasounds-assisted extraction See USE Ultraviolet See UV Umami, 229e231, 229t Uncertainty, 46, 82, 447, 479, 701, 734, 765, 768, 774e776 UNEQ, 44e45 Unequal class models See UNEQ Univariate methods, 26, 231 UPLC See UHPLC USE, 6e7, 8t, 18e19, 19f UV, 383f, 384f, 385e386, 385f, 389e399, 396f, 397f, 398f, 399f V Vegetable oils, 75, 78e80, 149e150, 355e356 Vegetables, 71, 77, 79e80, 107e110, 118, 134e135, 157e158, 170, 193, 195, 262, 337e338, 345, 355e358, 362, 399f, 490, 764e766 canned, 157e158 Veterinary drugs, 21, 193, 195e200, 251, 261, 265e267, 338 Vibrational energy, 60e61, 63 Vibrational spectroscopy, 60, 71, 74 Virgin olive oils See VOOs Visual inspection, 485e488 Chenopodium quinoa See Quinoa contaminants, 488 processed animal proteins, 486e487 Quinoa, 487e488 Ragwort, 486 Senecio jacobaea See Ragwort Vitis vinifera, 7e9 VOCs, 225, 258, 260e262, 273 Vodka, 237 Volatile organic compounds See VOCs Voltammetric sensors, 235e236 VOOs, 72, 75, 78, 227, 491 W Warmed-over fla See WOF Water, 146t, 149e151 Wavelength See l Web chart See Radar chart Wheat flour, 135, 151 Whey-protein, 132 Whole cell assays, 178, 182e183, 208, 577 Whole Genome Amplification Wine, 78e79, 104e106, 104t, 157, 157f, 160e161, 225, 227e228, 237e239, 258e260, 262, 273, 324, 355e356, 378e379, 379f, 385, 385f, 395e397, 396f, 489e491 X X-ray crystallography, 410 X-ray diffraction, 154 X-ray fluorescence See XRF XRF, 731e732, 739 Y YAN, 122f, 135e136 Yellow alkaline noodle See YAN Yoghurt, 264 ... analysis of food: techniques and applications/ edited by Yolanda Pico´ p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-12-384862-8 (hardback) Food Analysis Food Composition I Pico´, Yolanda. . .CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FOOD: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS YOLANDA PICO´ Department of Medicine Preventive, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain AMSTERDAM... helpful to learn more on chemical analysis of food and of particular interest to those involved in food research and development, as well as food product characterization and analysis It is also intended