Quan đIểm của ngườI nước ngoàI về văn hóa việt nam và phản ứng của ngườI việt trước những quan đIểm đó trong các đoạn phim và bình luận trên youtube

Quan đIểm của ngườI nước ngoàI về văn hóa việt nam và phản ứng của ngườI việt trước những quan đIểm đó trong các đoạn phim và bình luận trên youtube Quan đIểm của ngườI nước ngoàI về văn hóa việt nam và phản ứng của ngườI việt trước những quan đIểm đó trong các đoạn phim và bình luận trên youtube luận văn tốt nghiệp thạc sĩ

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS & CULTURES OF ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES GRADUATION PAPER FOREIGN PEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS OF VIETNAMESE CULTURE AND VIETNAMESE'S REACTION TOWARDS THESE PERCEPTIONS IN YOUTUBE VIDEOS AND COMMENTS Supervisor: Hoàng Thị Hạnh, PhD Student: Phạm Hồng Ngọc Course: QH2014.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI – 2018 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA NGƠN NGỮ VÀ VĂN HĨA CÁC NƯỚC NÓI TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP QUAN ĐIỂM CỦA NGƯỜI NƯỚC NGỒI VỀ VĂN HĨA VIỆT NAM VÀ PHẢN ỨNG CỦA NGƯỜI VIỆT TRƯỚC NHỮNG QUAN ĐIỂM ĐĨ TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN PHIM VÀ BÌNH LUẬN TRÊN YOUTUBE Giáo viên hướng dẫn:(Ts) Hoàng Thị Hạnh Sinh viên: Phạm Hồng Ngọc Khóa: QH2014.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI – 2018 Acceptance I hereby state that I: Pham Hong Ngoc, 14E2, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (programme) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Date Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Ms Hoang Thi Hanh, who took time to give me valuable advice and comments to complete this paper despite her busy schedule I would like to thank Hai Yen for spending time discussing and giving me useful suggestions for the research, Huyen M y, Ngoc Anh and Viet Linh for helping me in collecting data I also want to send my sincere thanks to all of my friends and family members who have always encouraged and supported me during the completion of this paper Finally, I would like to thank the teachers in the Faculty of Language and Culture of English Speaking Countries who participated in commenting and evaluating our graduation thesis i Abstract Different factors and elements affecting the intergroup interactions have widely been investigated and discovered by researchers of various fields This study examines the intergroup interaction among foreigners having connection to Vietnamese culture and Vietnamese people Applying critical discourse analysis method, this study analyzed five widespread YouTube videos posted by three different foreigners and Vietnamese viewers’ comments on those videos in order to understand more about their perceptions of Vietnamese culture and how they communicate with one another regarding this issue The findings sho ws the importance of language use and attitudes in conveying one’s opinions about a culture as well as the impacts of these two factors on the interaction patterns in intergroup interaction Moreover, data analysis results also indicate that foreigners’ opinions whether appropriate or not have significant influences on Vietnamese people’s views toward their own culture, specifically shaping and reshaping their perceptions and behaviors regarding cultural elements This paper also draws attention to noticeable tendency in intergroup attitudes of Vietnamese viewers in intergroup interaction, namely in-group favoritism and out-group preference with distancing from their own group in case of negative opinions from out-group members ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAG E Acknowledgements i Abstract ii List of charts iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of research problem and questions 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Organization CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical background 2.1.1 Perception 2.1.2 Culture 2.1.3 Cultural intolerance 2.1.3.1 Stereotype 2.1.3.2 Ethnocentrism 2.1.3.3 Cultural cringe 2.2 Previous research related to perceptions and attitudes of different groups towards each other 2.2.1 Intergroup interaction 2.2.1.1 In-group favoritism 2.2.1.2 The role of intergroup attitudes CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOG Y 3.1 Data collection procedure 11 3.1.1 Selection of videos 11 3.1.2 Selection of comments 11 3.1.3 The language of data 12 3.2 Data analysis procedure 12 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The impacts of language use and attitudes on the effectiveness of intergroup interaction 13 4.1.1 The effects of language use and attitudes in showing perceptions about a culture 13 4.1.2 Impacts of language use and attitudes on intergroup interaction 23 4.2 The influence of foreigners’ attitudes on those of Vietnamese people towards their own culture 29 4.3 Intergroup attitude patterns reflected in Vietnamese viewers’ intergroup interaction 36 4.3.1 In-group favoritism 36 4.3.2 The tendency to distance from one’s own in-group identities 39 References 44 iii List of charts Chart Page Chart 4.1.2 Type of reactions towards the videos Chart 4.2 The disagreement and agreement toward Dan and Kyo opinions iv 24 30 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background In the age of advanced information technology, it has become fairly convenient for people to communicate with one another Especially, in recent years, thanks to the development of social networking sites, one can now communicate his or her personal view points to a large number of people from anywhere in the world simply using computers or smart phones In addition, the improvement of transportation systems and policies enables people to travel around the world more easily People from different parts of the world, therefore, have more chances to experience and discover other cultures These processes are of great interest to researchers and scholars and inspire them to investigate how people react and adjust to others’ cultures as well as how people from different cultures communicate (Macfadyen, 2006) In the Vietnamese context, there are also a number of studies comparing how people communicate in different cultures or the problems arising in intercultural communication, which is “the process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings” (Lustig & Koester, 2006, p 46) There are also several universities that teach students intercultural competence – the skills or behaviors that are considered appropriate and effective when people commu nicate with ones from other cultures (Spitzberg, 2000) Nevertheless, the field of intercultural communication is still a new area and needs more investigation In particular, with the increasing trend of foreigners coming to Vietnam for tourism or employment, their perception of Vietnamese culture are highly concerned Examples of this phenomenon can be easily found on the Internet, as thousands of articles appear when the key words about foreigners’ perception of Vietnam are searched Besides, as foreigners who have experienced Vietnamese culture express their thoughts and feelings, Vietnamese people also show their reactions toward those thoughts and feelings in different ways This process can be considered intercultural communication as it reflects the way people from different cultures exchange meanings When searching for information about this issue, the researcher found a widely spread opinion that Vietnamese people should have their own opinions regarding their own culture instead of depending on outsiders’ comments (Hữu, 2015) However, no specific and comprehensive evidence of Vietnamese people’s reaction to outsiders’ views on their culture was presented Moreover, from the researcher’s investigation on the topic, no research studies regarding the views of foreigners toward Vietnamese culture and Vietnamese responses to those views have been found, which leads to the decision on the topic of this thesis: Foreign people's perceptions of Vietnamese culture and Vietnamese's reaction towards these perceptions in YouTube videos and comments Recently, there is a trend among foreigners to convey their thoughts of Vietnamese culture on social networks, and this draws great attention from Vietnamese people In their discussions and conversations regarding this issue, there have been diverse attitudes, leading to heated debates about Vietnamese culture This is a valuable source of data for intercultural communication study, yet it has not been thoroughly investigated In other words, there is not any st udy found analyzing these data systematically Hence, the researcher decided to examine the videos where foreigners express their thoughts about Vietnamese culture and the comments on those videos in order to understand more about the way Vietnamese and foreigners perceive Vietnamese culture as well as how they communicate with each other regarding cultural differences Furthermore, studies with similar approaches to one group of people’s perception of themselves and others in the world revealed remarkable thought provoking results One of them is the negative and inferior image of Africans as portrayed by Chinese online community investigated by Shen (2009) Another research showed the tendency that Western customers perceive the local services more negatively than Asian ones (Lin, Nguyen & Lin, 2013) From these findings, it can be seen that several problems may arise when people perceive their own culture and others’ Whether the same case would apply for Vietnamese context is the question that motivates the researcher to conduct this study 1.2 Statement of research problem and questions From what is observed from the social networking sites, especially YouTube, the researcher discovered that the topics related to foreigners’ opinions on Vietnamese culture attract great attention from Vietnamese internet users The view counts and comments for posts and videos concerning this matter are usually quite high, ranging from a few thousands to more than a million views and hundreds of comments Not only are those contents paid attention to, but they also create various debates on social networks With a view to understanding more about the problem and search for effective solutions, this research is conducted and aims at answering three main questions: As shown in their YouTube videos, how foreigners perceive Vietnamese culture? How Vietnamese viewers react to the way foreigners perceive Vietnamese culture via the comments for those videos? What are Vietnamese viewers’ perceptions of their own culture? 1.3 Scope of research The research investigates five YouTube videos in which foreigners express their opinions about Vietnamese cultures and a total of about 2000 comments of Vietnamese internet users for those videos Thanh Tran: I see your point Now I realize how strange this "mời" really is It should be "con xin phép ăn cơm", just like what you demonstrated in the end of the 1st section I think asking the mother for permission to eat is very nice I think I will teach my children to that In the comment of Thanh Tran, one long-lasting cultural practice of Vietnam was mentioned, which is juniors showing respect to their seniors by say “mời” at the beginning of the meal This was also the most debated topic among Vietnamese viewers of Dan’s video Although this practice has existed for a very long time in certain regions of Vietnam with different variations, due to the Dan’s video, it suddenly became questionable and unnecessary to a number of viewers In particular, Thanh Tran and several other viewers decided that the saying “mời” should be altered or omitted Thanh Tran and three other viewers, moreover, stated that they would teach their children according to the way Dan suggested “mời” should be changed or allow their children to skip the “mời” part in a meal, which is possibly the start of a shift in this cultural practice There were also a number of viewers who claimed that they acted according to what Dan’s advised them to, which meant either abandoning their customs or habit or forcefully following them: Gaucon 133: I tried following what you said in the first part I eat without saying the sentence to my parents […] Force User: […] now I've gotta spend the rest of my life thinking about if these kinds of thing are right or wrong Zelo Min: I want to move to the South (where “mời” is said by some to be not a must) I always have to say “mời” to everyone one by one before started eating Anh Thư: […] but if I eat without saying “mời”, I will get hit by the mouth 32 From these comments, it can be noticed that viewers either tried changing or wanted to change their habits of “mời” but could not due to the pressure from their family, especially their parents or seniors These decisions were based on the logic proposed by Dan that “mời” is “weird” for children to say to their parents or elders Although there were viewers who gave their reasoning for the cultural values of “mời”, viewers like Zelo Min and Anh Thư still supported Dan’s argument and wanted to follow it There comments somehow gave a hint that they only say “mời” because they are forced to so as they explained that they either wanted to move to other place to avoid it or had to it or else they would get hit Furthermore, some viewers also suggested that other Vietnamese people should change their customs or habit based on Dan’s opinions: Hoan Nguyễn: the fifth (opinion) should be followed Ngân Phạm: what’s not good should be fixed Ng Al: (reply to another viewer) If we don’t know we need to learn (from people like Dan) Words like “follow” or “learn” are usually used when people want to things like others Also, people usually “follow” or “learn” from the ones that are better than them at some traits Based on these connotations of the two words, it can be seen that those viewers apparently considered Dan’s suggestions regarding their culture as better ways to behave compared to their cultural practices These examples add more evidence for the powerful influence of Dan’s opinion on Vietnamese viewers’ perceptions of their own culture Also, Ngân Phạm and other viewers referred to some of their cultural habits as “not good” and “should be fixed” These expressions implied that there was something wrong in their culture, and they did not appreciate and want to change or abolish those habits In other words, they were lowering their cultural practice and consider another, which is 33 American or Western, as “better”, which is a trait of cultural cringe (Phillips, 2006, as cited in Hu, 2014) Similar phenomena were also observed in the comments responding to Kyo’s video As analyzed in the previous part (4.1.1), Kyo’s opinions demonstrated in his video about Vietnamese students were not only stereotypical but also ethnocentric However, contrary to 33% of the viewers having recognized Kyo’s judgmental language and attitudes, most of the rest seemed to agree with him Nearly 50% of viewers’ comments showed their agreement with Kyo’s opinion Most of them stated that what he said was “true/right” (143 times) or “precise” (11 times), but unlike in Dan’s video, viewers who agreed with Kyo rarely (6 comments) gave reasons or evidence for their opinion Instead, they tended to explain the causes of Vietnamese students’ negative characteristics Specifically, they attributed Vietnamese students’ weaknesses stated by Kyo to the external factors, namely family background, education, the past wars, living condition or Vietnamese tradition: Anh Tuan Doan: I’m a student, and I must admit that you are totally right However, it’s not because of us, but due to our education system […] Ngọc Sơn Trương: […] Our country has just been through the wars against France and America not long ago Our infrastructures are destroyed and need to be reconstructed [ ] Mẫn Trần: Thank you for your precise opinion Partly because our political system and the government are still weak The viewers accepted Kyo’s judgments about “Vietnamese students” and tried to defend “Vietnamese students” by claiming that those negative characteristics Kyo mentioned were only due to external factors, not the students themselves In other words, they meant that the students were victims of the living 34 environment in Vietnam It appeared that these viewers were embarrassed and had inferiority complex about the negative features that Kyo labeled “Vietnamese students” with Some viewers even stated directly that they felt “disappointed” or “ashamed” after watching Kyo’s video Additionally, similar to Dan’s, Kyo’s opinion had considerable influence on viewers’ perceptions and behaviors as well Valky[RE]: Thanks to you I've realized the downside of Vietnamese students Hip Chi: You are right, teacher What should we to fix that? If only you made another video about how to improve Nhat-Minh Phan: Watching your video clip, I have realized the fact that Vietnamese students, especially I, need to carry out their own revolution in the way to learn/study and to live There were a number of people who stated that they also realized those problems Kyo mentioned after watching his video They admitted that they change their mind and are “enlightened” after listening to what Kyo said, which me ans Kyo was successful in persuading people to believe and follow his opinions He reshaped their view about Vietnamese students Some also claimed to take actions according to Kyo’s advice and urge others to follow Võ Vinh: […] I will change myself gradually, and the first thing to right now is turning off the computer and studying Trần Nhung: That a good idea, Vietnamese should change already Overall, from the interactions of viewers with the two authors via comments sections in each video, it can be seen that Dan and Kyo’s opinions about a number of elements in Vietnamese culture are to some extent inappropriate, yet they did create considerable impacts on a group of Vietnamese viewers’ perceptions and attitudes towards those cultural elements These 35 foreigners’ views have played a part in shaping and reshaping those of Vietnamese viewers This leads to a conclusion that out-group’s opinions, despite being inappropriate or negative, have powerful influence on the in-group members’ views of their own group 4.3 Intergroup attitude patterns reflected in Vietnamese viewers’ intergroup interaction Among the comments of Vietnamese viewers responding to videos by the three authors, both negative and positive attitudes about in-group were observed However, two noticeable types of in-group attitudes were discovered and closely analyzed in the following sections 4.3.1 In-group favoritism As illustrated in Chart 4.1.2 Type of reactions towards the videos above, in Dan and Kyo’s videos, there were a considerable number of comments showing aggressive reactions towards the author’s opinion We can see that they reacted with strong objections and criticisms for Dan and Kyo (out-group members) due to the negative attitudes the two video authors showed towards their in-group members ThIêN tHầN kHóC: You (Vietnamese viewers) are Vietnamese people, so just live the Vietnamese way That’s what Vietnam truly is! I don’t like th is ‘guy’ (“cha này” – a pronoun showing disrespect or hatred) at all […] Nguyen Minh Ngoc: That our 4000-year history Do you have too much spare energy, stupid Westerner? (this viewer used the pronouns “mày” and “bọn tao”, which are translated as “you” and “our”, but in fact they have some negative connotation in Vietnamese These pronounces in this case can be understood as informal and showing disrespect) coke sucker: shut the fuck up your mouth stink like my asshole 36 fuck you stop making fun of my culture stupid white man or get out of my country Hùng Trương: You are staying in Vietnam, judge and compare the customs and traditions then say you like or dislike them… What (swear word) are you thinking? In Vietnam we have a saying “if you don’t like it (here), get lost… (swear words) how irritating! (“mày” is used as pronoun in this comment also) Bobby Ho: you should go back to USA little hoe! (all letter capitalized) These were some typical examples of aggressive comments responding to Dan and Kyo’s videos Although these viewers did not directly state that they favor their in-group members, their negative reactions towards Dan and Kyo somehow indicated their preference for their own group Also, their use of language implied their anger and hatred for Dan and Kyo as well as they use d swear words in either Vietnamese or English like “cha này”, “stupid”, “asshole” or “hoe” to refer to Dan or Kyo All those words are the ones used to directly humiliate and insult people Moreover, “asshole” and “hoe” are words that have dehumanized meanings as they refer to non-human beings By using these words, these viewers were apparently demonstrated traits of in-group favoritism, which are in-group preference and out-group member dehumanization (Haslam & Loughnan, 2014, as cited in Hughes, Ambady & Zaki, 2016) Besides the favoritism of in-group members (Vietnamese in general) and negativity towards the out-group members (Dan and Kyo - foreigners), Vietnamese viewers also showed the favoritism towards their smaller groups To illustrate, here are several comments in which viewers showed biases towards their Southern Vietnamese in-group members: 37 Tran Nguyen: only the fake pretentious ‘northern’ say “mời” to each other when eating On the inside they must be wishing that you will not to eat (“chỉ có bọn bắc kỳ màu mè giả tạo mời cơm ăn thôi”.) In this comment, Tran Nguyen used the phrase “bọn bắc kỳ” which is usually understood as a discriminative phrase to address Northern Vietnamese people Hence, using this phrase showed that this viewer implied his/her discrimination towards them He/ She also described them as “fake” and “pretentious”, which can be seen as distrust towards out-group members Not only Tran Nguyen, 20 other viewers also demonstrated the similar attitudes in their comments Corresponding with Dan’s opinion about “mời”, those viewers also expressed their unfavorable attitudes or objections to this tradition, adding one argument that it only exists in the northern Vietnam or practiced by Northern Vietnamese people The phrase “bọn bắc kỳ” or “bọn miền bắc” (nearly same meanings) were used by 12 out of 21 viewers They also used words like “fake”, “ridiculous” or “pretentious” several times to talk about Northern Vietnamese or the customs of “mời” They clearly degraded Northern people (outgroup members) by their words choice and apparently contrasted Northern people with their own group to signify that their group is better or more favorable This view is also ethnocentric to some extent Furthermore, there were viewers who directly compared their group (Southern Vietnamese) with the out-group (Northern Vietnamese): HocDanGhiTa.net: […] come to South Viet Nam, sir Better service, better on everything t kim: Come to the South of Vietnam […] you will feel more comfortable with the living style here 38 Nam Phương Nguyễn: […] Southern people are overall more easy-going […] These may be the most significant examples of in-group favoritism among the Vietnamese viewers These viewers above showed a clear preference for their in-group members when describing them with more positive traits like comfortable or easy-going or better One more thing worth mentioning was that a number of other Southern Vietnamese viewers disagreed with this argument, stating that “mời” is also practiced in the Southern Vietnam Therefore, it can be said that the thinking of in-group favoritism of the aforementioned viewers for their Southern group was based on stereotypical assumption as well From this analysis, a pattern of in-group favoritism attitudes by a number of viewers can be seen quite clearly Not only were there viewers who favored their Vietnamese in-group members over foreigners like Dan and Kyo, but there were also a number of Southern Vietnamese viewers who illustrated their preference for the Southern in-group members against Northern out-group members within Vietnam context 4.3.2 The tendency to distance from one’s own in-group identities Like reviewed in Chapter 2, the tendency to detach from the opinion about one’s in-group can occur in certain cases Although this tendency only accounts for about 17% of the comments in Dan’s videos and 8% in Kyo’s video, it was considered to be quite significant and valuable data for analysis In Dan’s videos, the viewers who claimed that “mời” is a tradition of Northern Vietnamese only was also counted because they separated themselves from the opinion about their Vietnamese in-group by explaining that they not practice “mời” (although they are Vietnamese people) Besides, there were a 39 number of viewers who showed a seemingly more direct detachment from their own group: VT Kẹo mút: […] I’m a Vietnamese but can’t understand, either Le Hoang Nhat Nam: the first thing, despite being Vietnamese, I don’t understand, either Thunder Cat: I am a Vietnamese and I still don’t know why young people have to "invite" older people to eat when they nothing Khoi Anh: I eat like the American even though I am Vietnamese The expression “I’m Vietnamese but…” or “although I’m Vietnamese…” were found in 12 comments in Dan’s video With these phrases, the viewers put the two clauses ‘being Vietnamese’ and their questioning about the Vietnamese customs on contrasting relationship to emphasize their personal distinction or distance themselves from the in-group traits It can be implied that in the situation when in-group receives negative opinions from out-group, there are a number of in-group members trying to distance themselves from their group and showed that the negative opinions are not applied to them This result not only strengthens the argument that out-group opinions have great influence on in-group members’ view of their own culture but also supports the theory that individuals tend to distance themselves from in-group identities in certain cases (Becker & Tausch, 2014) This research adds another specific case to those investigated, that is when receiving negative comments from out-group members 40 Chapter 5: Conclusion This research investigated the interactions between foreigners and Vietnamese people and among Vietnamese people when expressing their views of Vietnamese culture During these interactions, it is likely that several conflicts will arise, so study of different factors and their correlations in the interactions is necessary to find possible solutions This can be done during the process of answering three main research questions: As shown in their YouTube videos, how foreigners perceive Vietnamese culture? How Vietnamese viewers react to the way foreigners perceive Vietnamese culture via the comments for those videos? What are Vietnamese viewers’ perceptions of their own culture? In the data analysis, close attention was paid to the language use, attitudes and interaction patterns of foreign video authors and Vietnamese viewers as well as the link or relationship between those factors The findings are organized into three main sections in chapter The first section 4.1 The impacts of language use and attitudes on the effectiveness of intergroup interaction and the second 4.2 The influence of foreigners’ attitudes on those of Vietnamese people towards their own culture give the answers to the first two research questions Specifically, three authors had different perceptions of Vietnamese culture, with Dan and Kyo showing ethnocentric and stereotyping views and Heyri demonstrated neutral to positive views These views were expressed not only through the author’s language use but also their attitudes shown in the videos Vietnamese viewers reacted more negatively to ethnocentrism and stereotypes compared to neutral and positive perceptions Also, a portion of Vietnamese viewers were significantly influenced by the foreigners’ opinion about Vietnamese 41 culture The last section 4.3 Intergroup attitude patterns reflected in Vietnamese viewers’ intergroup interaction answers the last research questions by pointing out two noticeable trends in Vietnamese perceptions of their own culture, which are in-group favoritism and distance themselves from in-group identities To synthesize these findings, three main conclusions can be drawn about the correlations of the investigated factors Firstly, language use and attitudes, especially the former, play significant role in expressing one’s perceptions about a culture The underlying assumptions and/or judgments can be shown from the language and attitudes demonstrated These two factors, therefore, can affect the reaction patterns of people from a culture towards people perceiving that culture, with the more judgmental language and attitudes leading to the more negative reactions Secondly, despite the inappropriate views or misperceptions of foreigners, they still exert powerful influence on a group of Vietnames e viewers by shaping and reshaping their views or behavior regarding their own cultural norms or practices Lastly, Vietnamese viewers showed two noticeable tendenc ies of perceiving their culture, namely in-group favoritism and distancing themselves from in-group identities when receiving negative opinions from out-group members Based on these conclusions, some solutions are also recommended to avoid conflicts in intergroup interactions The language use and attitudes have to be taken in consideration when conveying one’s views of a culture In addition, when receiving opinion about their own culture, ones should critically process the information before making decision regarding their culture Also, appreciations of cultural differences should be demonstrated instead of extreme in-group favoritism or distancing from in-group identities whenever confronting negative opinion from out-group 42 The existing theories about the factors mentioned above, thus, need to be investigated more or re-examined for further understanding of intercultural communication and intergroup interactions The role of language use and attitude in expressing views of culture should be studied in larger scale and various contexts The impacts of out-group opinions on in-group member’s views of their own group should also be researched more thoroughly to contribute to the theory of intergroup attitudes role in shaping each other (Flache, 2017) Also more studies within Vietnamese contexts should be conducted to provide more theoretical background about Vietnamese intergroup attitudes in general and perception about cultures in particular Due to the limited time and resources, the research only covered a small part of a rich source of data; thus, further studies employing larger size of samples are highly recommended in order to draw a broader picture of intercultural communication and intergroup interaction in Vietnamese context Besides, it is suggested that the aforementioned solutions proposed by this research be tested by further studies to examine their effectiveness in reality 43 References: Baldwin, J., Coleman, R., González, A., & Shenoy-Packer, S (2014) Intercultural communication for everyday life (1st ed.) 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VÀ VĂN HĨA CÁC NƯỚC NĨI TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP QUAN ĐIỂM CỦA NGƯỜI NƯỚC NGỒI VỀ VĂN HĨA VIỆT NAM VÀ PHẢN ỨNG CỦA NGƯỜI VIỆT TRƯỚC NHỮNG QUAN ĐIỂM ĐÓ TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN PHIM VÀ BÌNH LUẬN TRÊN... represent all Vietnamese people or Vietnamese culture: “Vietnamese meal”, “Vietnamese families” (twice), “all the guys you see”, “Vietnamese people” (6 times), “Vietnamese habit”, “Vietnamese students”... Affective Neuroscience, 12(3), 372–381 doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw139 Hữu, T (2017) Văn hóa Việt, ? ?nước ngoài? ?? chê ầm ĩ? VietNamNet Retrieved 12 November 44 2017, from