- That không bao giờ được dùng trong mệnh đề không hạn định, và không đứng sau giới từ, that dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ nhằm xác định nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước và không tách rời mệnh[r]
(1)GRADE 11 GRAMMAR
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Mệnh đề quan hệ gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề nối với mệnh đề đại từ quan hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That phó từ quan hệ When, Where, Why
1 Cách dùng:
* Who: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ người, làm chủ ngữ cho động từ sau (sau who phải là động từ)
VD: The women who lives next door is very friendly
* Whom: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ người, làm tân ngữ cho động từ sau Có người ta dùng Who thay cho Whom (sau whom phải đại từ khác, động từ ) VD: The man whom you saw yesterday is my uncle (you đại từ)
* Which: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ vật, đồ vật làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ cho động từ sau (chỉ cần thấy trước which môt danh từ vật)
VD: The book which has some wonderful pictures is about Africa The dog which you gave me is lovely
* That: Đại từ quan hệ người, vật, đồ vật dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which, mệnh đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restrictive clauses (mệnh đề hạn định)
VD: The book that you lent me is interesting This is the man that I met in Paris last month
Lưu ý: - That thường dùng sau danh từ có tính từ so sánh bậc (the best, the most…; everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody, everything, something…)
VD: He’s the best teacher that I have ever know
- That dùng danh từ trước người, vật VD: I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park
- That không dùng mệnh đề không hạn định, không đứng sau giới từ, that dùng mệnh đề quan hệ nhằm xác định nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước khơng tách rời mệnh đề dấu phẩy Nếu Who, Whom, Which, That làm tân ngữ ta bỏ VD: She’s the person who(m) I met at the party
She ’s the person I met at the party
Have you ever seen the dress that I’ve just bought? Have you ever seen the dress I’ve just bought?
* Whose: Đại từ quan hệ đứng sau danh từ người thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ Khi dùng cho vật = of which
VD: I’ve got a friend whose brother is an actor John found a cat whose leg was broken
* When: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ thời gian dùng để thay cho (at/on/in) which, then. VD: I’ll never forget the day when (on which) I met her
That was the time when (at which) he managed the company
* Where: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ nơi chốn dùng để thay cho at/on/in) which, there. VD: I went to the office where (in which) my father works
Dalat is the place where (to which) I like to come
* Why: Phó từ quan hệ đứng sau từ lí dùng để thay cho “the reason” VD: I don’t understand the reason why he was late
(2)VD: this is the reasons why they didn’t come
2 Phân biệt: Có loại mệnh đề quan hệ
a Restrictive Clauses (mệnh đề hạn định): Khơng có mệnh đề này, câu khơng đủ nghĩa đứng trước chưa xác định.VD: I don’t know the man who is talking to Mary
The picture which Tom is looking at is beautiful
b Non-Restrictive Clauses (mệnh đề không hạn định): khơng có mệnh đề này, câu đủ nghĩa từ đứng trước xác định Trước danh từ thường có this, that, these, my, your…, tên riêng Nó ngăn cách với mệnh đề dấu phẩy
Vd: His father, who is working in a shoe factory, will retire next year I had a personal talk with Jane, who wanted to take that job
3 Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ (Reduced form of relative clauses)
+ Rút gọn cách dùng Participle phrase (cụm phân từ) Có loại participle phrase: - Present participle phrase (phân từ tại): bắt đầu V-ing
- Past participle phrase (phân từ khứ): bắt đầu p.p (V-ed/V3)
Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động (active), ta dùng Present participle phrase VD: Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday?
Do you know the boy broking the window yesterday?
Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể bị động (passive) ta dùng Past participle phrase VD: The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy
The students punished by the teacher are lazy
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn cách dùng To – inf Infinitive phrase VD: English is an important language which we have to master
English is an important language to master EXERCISES
TEST A PHONETICS
I Circle the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the other words.
1) A facsimile B transfer C spacious D fax
2) A equipped B delivered C transferred D received
3) A helps B provides C documents D texts
II Choose the word that has stress pattern different from that of the other words.
4) A courteous B subscribe C service D customer
5) A technology B distribution C delivery D facsimile
6) A advanced B technology C express D spacious
B VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR * Circle the best answer for each sentence. 7) The hotel staff is friendly and
A unhelpful B courteous C discourteous D impolite 8) We are proud our staff, who are always friendly and efficient
A well-done B well-appointed C well-behaved D well-trained 9) EMS stand for
A Electronic Mail Service B Express Mail Service
(3)A beginning B last C original D recent 11) People can buy daily in many local post office in early morning
A newspapers B books C postcards D letters
12) All post offices in Viet Nam are equipped with advanced
A knowledge B machines C science D technology
13) Fax transmission has now become a cheap and way to transmit texts and graphics over distance
A inconvenient B convenient C uncomfortable D comfortable 14) If you to your favourite newspapers and magazines, they will be delivered to your house early in the morning
A buy B book C pay D subscribe
15) Post offices offer a special mail service which is called
A ESM B EMS C SEM D MES
16) Your EMS mail will be in the shortest possible time
A provided B delivered C taken D caught
17) The message introduces the provided by the National Post Office
A parcels B messengers C expresses D services
18) I cannot tell you all I heard
A which B that C as D because
19) I can answer the question you say is very difficult
A which B whom C who D whose
20) This is Mr Jones, invention has helped hundreds of deaf people
A which B that C whose D whom
21) Tom, sits next to me, is from Canada
A that B whom C who D whose
22) The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly
A who B whom C whose D that
23) Many scientists have claimed that like music are often good at mathematics
A children B children who C children whom D whose children 24) My friend, I visited lask week, is taking a holiday soon
A that B whom C which D whose
25) The doctor re examining a patient was taken to hospital last night
A which B who C whom D whose
26) A pacifist is a person believes that all wars are wrong
A who B whose C whom D which
27) My friend, hated horror film, refused to go to the cinema with me
A whom B which C whose D who
C READING
* Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer.
(4)As mail delivery evolved from foot to horseback, stagecoach, steamboat, railroad, automobile, and airplane, with intermediate and overlapping use of balloons, and helicopters, post office mail contracts ensured the income necessary to build the great highways, rail lines, and airways that eventually spanned the continent
By the turn of the 19th century, the U.S Post Office had purchased a number of stagecoaches for operation on the nation’s better post roads – a post road being any road on which the mail travels – and continued to encourage new designs to improve passenger comfort and carry mail safely 28) The passage is about
A transportation of the Post Office in the US B the Post Office in the Revolutionary period
C the Post Office in the World War I D transportation and public ideas 29) According to the passage, the main purpose of the Post Office is
A to develop transportationB to apply new mean of transportation C to deliver mail as safely and fast as possible
D to subsidize every new mode of transportation
30) Which means of transportation used in the Post Office is NOT referred in the passage?
A train B car C plane D motorcycle
31) The Post Office
A has never used helicopters in delivery D makes no contribution to build roads B contributes income to build highways, railroads, and airways
C has never been the first to use a new means of transportation D WRITING
* Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting 31) The waiter whom served us yesterday was polite and friendly A B C D 32) This class is only for people who’s first language is not Chinese
A B C D 33) The man with who I spoke in the meeting used to work here A B C D
34) He is moving to Lang Son city, that is in the north-east of Viet Nam A B C D