xac dinh diing van de nghien ciiu bang each dat cau hoi cho van de do va dUa ra gia thuyet bang each tra Idi cho cac cau hoi ve van de do, ngUdi nghien cUu phai xem xet mot each ty my[r]
(1)T I E P CAN TRONG NGHIEN CLTU
VA GIANG DAY XA HOI HOC
TS VtJ TUAN HUY Vien Xa hoi hoc
Van de phoi hdp nghien cijfu va dao tao xa hoi hpc dap iing nhu e^u eiia eong nghiep hoa va hien dai boa eo the tiep can tii nhieu goe dp Tijf each tiep can thiet che, c6 the la nhiing van de dat d tarn vi mo dudi goe dp to chiic, trao quyen cho ngUdi lanh dao, xay diing cd che boat dpng cua mot vien nghien ciiu khoa hpc, tijf thiic te eiia boat dpng nghien ciiu de Ilia chpn ngUdi di dao tao Tijf each tiep can cd cau- chijtc nang, CO the xem xet eong tac dao tao va eong tac nghien ciJfu xa hoi hpc nhu mot he thong vdi viec thiic hien cac chiic nang va nhiem vu rieng biet cua tijfng bp phan de phuc vu cho mot muc tieu chung ciia nganh xa hoi hpc
(2)dang ve each tiep can va chii de thao luan mo'i quan tam chung la lam the nao van de phoi hdp giiia nghien ciiu va giang day xa hoi hpc d nUde ta hien la mot viec can thiet nham dap iing nhu cau eong nghiep boa va hien dai boa dat nude
Hien nay, nhieu to chiic va nhieu dang nghien ciiu doi hoi CO sii tham gia ciia cac nha xa hoi hpc: tii nhUng dii an ve rving den nbUng dii an ve thuy Idi, tU nbUng dU an ve dien den du an ve dUdng giao thong nong thon tU nbUng nghien ciiu tien kha tbi den nhUng nghien cUu danh gia De thiic hien nbUng dii an nhu vay, khong chi c6 cac chuyen gia tU cac nganh kinh te, ky thuat lien quan, ma viec tra Idi cho cac van de xa hoi dat tii cac dU an ay, khong khae ngoai cac nha xa hoi hpc - nhiing chuyen gia ve cac van de xa hoi De dap ling dUdc nbUng nhu cau ay, chat lUdng cua dao tao la yeu to quyet djnh kha nang dap Ung nhu cau cang tAng cua xa hoi ve nbUng ngUdi lam xa bpi hoc c6 kha nAng xac djnh nbUng van de xa bpi va dUa nbUng gi.-ii phap kha tbi Cach tiep can van de xa bpi binb nhu dang trd mot thiic te tac dpng den ca linb vUc giang day va linh vUc nghien ciiu
Trong giang day xa bpi hpc, c6 y kien cho rang ve phUdng phap mang tinh ap dat, mot chieu (Vu Manh IxJi) Mot danh gia ly thii cua Khoa Xa bpi hpc, trUdng Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan dat nhUng so ve tinh thu dpng ciia sinh vien, tac gia khong di sau hdn de ly giai hien tUdng d6 Theo toi, each tiep can van de giang day xa bpi hpc chUa dUde sinh vien hoan ngbenh, mot phan khong chi la npi dung va each bien soan giao trinh chUa dupe djnh hudng theo nhiing van de xa bpi, ma chUa c6 nbUng giao trinh ve each tiep can den nhUng van de xa bpi nhU the nao
(3)phe phan", cac tac gia Paul J Baker va Louis E Anderson danh gia ve vai tro ciia each tiep can den van de xa bpi quan trpng nhu the nao doi vdi sinh vien: "Vao dau nhiing nam 1970, yeu cau sinh vien can phai 'tU phe phan' chi la nhiing tii rong rdi vao nhiing cai tai diee Chung toi quyet dinh can phai giiip dd sinh vien hpc nhiing ky nang cd ban Du an vdi by vpng giiip sinh vien dpc va tU nhU mot qua trinh bpi nhap tren cd sd dat mot van de thiic tien va true tiep la hieu nhUng van de xa bpi the ky XX nhU the nao Cong viec ciia chiing toi diia tren mot tien de cd ban la tU phe phan va nhiing van de xa hoi di eiing vdi nhau"
(4)bang chUng hoac phe phan ngUdi khae vien dan quyen liic nhu nhUng bang chiing (appealing to authority) ma khong c6 thiic te de chiing minb
Trong xa bpi hpc thiic nghiem, xac djnh diing the nao la mot van de nghien cUu va dUa cac gia thuyet, tii no da the hien mot quan diem ly thuyet, mot sii ket hdp giiia ly thuyet va thiic te Tiep xuc vdi mot so sinh vien xa bpi hpc giai doan chuan bi luan van tot nghiep eiing nhU mot so ngUdi lam eong tac nghien ciiu xa bpi hpc, mot kho khAn ma toi tha'y eiing chia xe d bp, du d miic dp khae nhau, la xac djnh van de nghien cUu Toi xin dan day mot vi du minb boa Trong mot khoa dao tao ve phUdng phap nghien ciiu Khoa Xa bpi hpc (1997) ciia Trung tam Khoa hpc Xa bpi va Nhan vkn Quoc gia mot so' nha nghien cUu den tii Canada giang day, hpc vien la cac can bp nghien ciiu tii nhieu vien khae Mot bai tap dUde dUa la xac djnh van de nghien ciiu tren cd sd mot so thong tin quan sat tii Ninh Hiep:
Ninh Hiep la mot xa eo kinh te phat trien
Nhieu tre em khong di hpc ma chiing lam nhiing viec gi tbdi gian ma dang le chiing phai den trUdng
Mot so hpc vien da xac dinh van de nghien ciiu nhU sau:
Do kinh te phat trien, nhieu gia dinh c6 tre em nghi hoc de tham gia lao dpng, hoAc:
Do nhu cau lao dpng tang len, nhieu tre em da bo hpc de tham gia lao dpng
(5)•
ciiu Nhiing khiem khuyet nhU vay han che khong chi kha nang nghien ciiu, ma kha nang danh gia eong trinh nghien ciiu cua ngUdi khae Kbdi phai noi hau qua cua viec xac djnh khong diing van de nghien ciiu nhiing nghien ciiu tien kha thi, hay nhiing nghien ciiu danh gia
Kho khan viec xac dinh van de nghien ciiu c6 mot so' nguyen nhan:
Thii nhat, danh sach cac ehii de dUde xac djnh la van de xa bpi thi hau nhU v6 tan Dae trUng cua qua trinh eong nghiep boa va hien dai boa la sii phan eong lao dpng va chuyen mon boa sau sac, dien tat ca cac linh viic ciia ddi song NhUng bien doi ay dan den sinh nhieu van de xa bpi Hang qua cac phUdng tien truyen thong dai chiing, ngUdi ta nhan thay nhieu van de xa bpi sinh nhu ma tuy, tham nhiing, mai dam, toi pham, that nghiep, nhiem HIV, nao pha thai, bao lUc gia dinh, ngheo kho Tat ca nhiing van de ay deu dUdc xac djnh la van de xa bpi Dieu may mfin doi vdi ngUdi nghien ciiu la neu nhU dieu khoan tham chieu ciia ngUdi dat hang chi ro van de xa bpi can phai nghien ciiu thi eiing khong de dang hdn viec xac djnh van de nghien ciiu
Thii hai, eo nhieu quan diem mang tinh nghe nghiep khae ap dung doi vdi mot van de xa bpi dUa Vi du, van de mai dam dxicic nghien ciiu tii cac nganh khae nhU xa bpi hpc, tam ly hpc, toi pham hpc, luat hpc Moi linh viic nghien ciiu mang lai mot tri thiic rieng biet tren cd sd xem xet mot each Ilia chpn nhiing khia canh khae cua van de
(6)bpi thi ngUdi khae lai xem la giai phap
Trong nghien ciiu thiic nghiem xac dinh diing van de nghien ciiu bang each dat cau hoi cho van de va dUa gia thuyet bang each tra Idi cho cac cau hoi ve van de do, ngUdi nghien cUu phai xem xet mot each ty my va chi mot each cu the nhUng ly thuyet va tri thiic bien co.Vdi each lam nhU vay, ket qua thiic nghiem c6 dUde qua viec kiem djnh hien thiic de khang djnh hay bac bo gia thuyet se lam phong phu hdn va chinh xac hdn cac ly thuyet
Kiem djnh gia thuyet bien tbiie eon bao ham ca sU phan anb tinh trang xa bpi ghi nhan ve sU ton tai cua van de xa hoi va sii chin muoi ve phUdng phap nghien ciiu Theo Blumer, "Mot v&'n de xa bpi khong ton tai trii no dUde xa bpi ghi nhan la ton tai" Van de ngheo kho, bao liic gia dinh ton tai tii rat lau, nhUng viec nghien ciiu thiic nghiem chi mdi dUde tien banh gan day
Mot dieu thUdng xay bAt dau tien banh nghien ciiu thiic nghiem doi vdi sinh vien xa bpi hpc va ca mot so ngUdi nghien cUu la sU liing tiing viec chuyen khung khai niem nhUng gia thuyet Dieu khong chi khong xac djnh ro van de nghien ciiu, ma eon thieu kha nang phan tich so lieu da c6 de binb nbUng van de can nghien ciiu Khong phai ngau nhien ma quy Ford tai trd cho Vien Xa bpi hpc dii an chi de phan tich nbUng so lieu da c6 vdi by vpng nham khai quat de eo nhUng dong gop cho ly thuyet va mAt khae xac djnh nhiing van de nghien ciiu mdi
(7)n h u la mot chuoi nhiing doi chpn logic nhiing gia thuyet da dang va mau thuAn vdi nhau, di tii diem liia chpn den diem lUa chpn khae cho den tim dUdc giai phap Thii tuc doi hoi ngUdi nghien ciiu phai tien banh thiic nghiem, quan sat, tim nhiing bAng chiing thiie nghiem de dUa quyet djnh lUa chpn vdi dp tin cay cao
Thay doi mot thoi quen giang day, viec hpc, viec nghien ciiu la cAn thiet cho sii phat trien cua xa bpi hpc Chiing ta hy vpng rAng sau hang loat cac cupe bpi thao ve chu de phoi hdp giang day va nghien ciiu xa bpi hpc, ban to chiic hoi thao se xac djnh rd nhUng van de va nhUng giai phap cua chinh nganh xa hoi hpc
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
Mattel Dogan and Stein Rokkan 1969 "Quantitative Ecological Analysis in the Social Sciences" Massachusets Institut of Technology
Paul J Baker & Louis E Anderson 1987 "Social problems - A critical thinking approach" - Wadsworth Publishing Company
Royee Singleton JR and Bruce C Straits and Margaret M Straits and Ronald J McAllister 1988 "Approaches to Social Rechearch" Oxford University Press
Nguyen ThePha'n 2001 "Va'n de nang cao chat lUdng dao tao va nghien ciiu khoa hpc Xa hoi hpc, dap iing nhu cau eong nghiep hoa, hien dai boa dat nUde Ky yeu hoi thao 2001