Những từ đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ thường: Tên riêng, tính từ sở hữu, This, That, These, Those..... Không thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ WHOM, WHICH và các trạng từ WHERE,[r]
(1)GRADE 11 _ CONSOLIDATION- The 2nd term
ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - HỌC KÌ II
I Cách sử dụng đại từ quan hệ trạng từ quan hệ1. Đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, whose, which, that
Who: được dùng để thay cho danh từ người làm chủ ngữ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ (…… N + who + V)
The manwhois standing over there is my father N who V
Whom: dùng thay cho danh từ người làm tân ngữ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ (……N + whom + S + V)
The man whom you met yesterday is my brother N whom S V
Whose: đại từ quan hệ sở hữu, thay cho danh từ người danh từ vật (thay cho: his, her, its, their, Tom’s…)
The house whose windows are broken is mine N whose N V1 V2
+ Riêng danh từ vật thay the + N + of which Example: The house the window of which are broken is mine
Which: được dùng làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ thay cho danh từ đồ vật, vật việc Example: This is the bookwhich I like best
That: được dùng thay cho danh từ người vật, chủ ngữ gồm người vật, sau đại từ không xác định, sau dạng so sánh nhất…
Example: - That is the bicycle that/ which belongs to Tom
- The architect who/ that designed this building is very famous 2 Trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when.
Why: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ để ngun nhân, lí do.(có thể thay That) I don’t know the reason why/ that you didn’t go to school yesterday
Where (=on, in, at which) mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ địa điểm nơi chốn The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
= The hotel in which we stayed wasn’t very clean
When (=on/ in/ at which) mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ thời gian (có thể thay That) I will never forget the day when/ that I first met my husband
II Vị trí giới từ mệnh đề quan hệ
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ, đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ cho giới từ thường đặt vị trí: trước đại từ quan hệ WHOM, WHICH sau động từ
Trong lối văn phong trang trọng, giới từ đứng trước đaị từ quan hệ WHOM, WHICH The man to whom my mother is talking is my form teacher
Trong lối nói thân mật, giới từ thường đứng sau động từ mệnh đề quan hệ The man whom my mother is talkingto is my form teacher
ý: * không dùng giới từ với THAT WHO
* Với cụm động từ (phrasal verb) giới từ khơng dùng trước WHOM WHICH * giới từ WITHOUT khơng dùng vị trí sau động từ
The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane III Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ
1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining Relative Clause): mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa
The man who robbed you has been arrested
mệnh đề quan hệ xác định bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ: whom, which, that trạng từ quan hệ lối văn thân mật
The book you lent me was very interesting Do you remember the day we met each other?
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non – defining relative clause): mệnh đề cung cấp thêm
thông tin người, vật việc xác định Đây mệnh đề không thiết phải có câu, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định tách khỏi mệnh đề dấu phẩy dấu gạch ngang
That man, who lives in the next flat, looks very lonely The book “Jane Eyre”, which I was reading, is really good
Không dùng đại từ quan hệ THAT mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
(2) Không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ WHOM, WHICH trạng từ WHERE, WHEN, WHY mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định WHICH dùng để thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định, cụm từ số lượng: all of/ most of/ neither of/ many of… dùng với WHOM, WHICH WHOSE
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married IV Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:
1 Cụm phân từ
a) Hiện phân từ (V_ing ): được dùng động từ mệnh đề quan hệ chia đơn, tiếp diễn, khứ đơn, khứ tiếp diễn, động từ mệnh đề quan hệ diễn tả mong muốn, hi vọng, mong đợi
That man, who is sitting next to Mary, is my uncle That man, sitting next to Mary, is my uncle
b) Quá khứ phân từ (VPP): quá khứ phân từ đựơc dùng động từ mệnh đề quan hệ dạng bị động The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital
The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital
2. Động từ nguyên mẫu (To infinitive): được dùng sau The first, the second,…, the last, the only, động từ khuyết thiếu, sau cấp so sánh cao
The captain was the last person who left the ship The captain was the last person to leave the ship Here is a form that you must fill in
Here is a form for you to fill in
* đại từ quan hệ who(m), which, that đứng làm tân ngữ bổ ngữ ta lựơc bỏ đại từ quan hệ The man who(m) you met yesterday is my friend
The man you met yesterday is my friend V Câu nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences)
1 Câu nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ (subject focus)
It is/ was + S + that/ who + V…: Chính làm gì…. The boy visited his uncle last month.
It was the boythat/ who visited his uncle last month 2 Câu nhấn mạnh tân ngữ (Object focus)
It is/ was + O + That/ Who + S + V The boy is learning English.
It is English that the boy is learning 3 Câu nhấn mạnh trạng từ (Adverbial focus)
It is/ was + Adv of place/ time + that + S + V + (O) She bought him a present at the shop
It was at the shop that she bought him a present 4 Câu nhấn mạnh bị động
It is/ was + O + that + is/ are/ was/ were + Vpp People talked a lot about his house.
It was his house that was talked a lot about VI Liên từ cặp đôi (Conjunctions)
Both …and: vừa…vừa, cả…và
Not only…but also: khơng những…mà cịn Either…or: hoặc này,
Neither… nor: không không Both + N + and + N + V (plural): Both Mary and Tom are students. S + V + both + N + and + N: She plays both tennis and badminton S + both + V + and + V: He both sings and dances.
S + be + both + adj + and + adj: She is both beautiful and intelligent.
S + V + both + Adv phrase + and + Adv phrase: We go to school both in the morning and in the afternoon
(3)VII Câu bị động (Passive voice): THAT Clause
S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2
→
It + be + V1pp + that + S2 + V2 (1)\→
S2 + be + V1pp + to V2 (2a)
→
S2 + be + V1pp + to have + V2pp (2b) Chú ý: V1 thường là: agree, hope, believe, consider, feel, know, think, say, understand, find, expect… Be chia theo V1
Khi V2 xảy đồng thời xảy sau V1 ta dùng cấu trúc 2a Khi V2 xảy trước V1 ta dùng cấu trúc 2b
They say that many people are homeless after the flood It is said that many people are homeless after the flood Many people are said to be homeless after the flood
EXERCISES
1 It was the boy broke the window
A which B who C whom D whose
2 The new camera I bought on the internet last week is broken
A whom B which C for which D at which
3 We met Mary’s father,
A who teaches us English B whom teaches us English C whose teaches us English D that teaches us English Peter is the one we miss most
A who B which C whose D that
5 The teacher _ is very kind to everyone
A to whom I talked yesterday B who I talked yesterday C to that I talked yesterday D that I talked yesterday Has she bought the dress -?
A that she is fond in B which she is fond of C who she wants to give to D which you made of English is the subject which she is good -
A at B of C about D in
Has she got the job -?
A which she applied to B which she applied about C which she applied for D which she applied on That is the woman -
A who daughter I fall in love to B whose daughter I fall in love for C whose daughter I fall in love with D to whose daughter I fall in love 10 The restaurant -overlooks a beautiful lake
A we often go to which B which we often go to C where we often go there D which 11 The trees -our village are bamboo ones
A to surround B surrounding C surrounded D surround
12 The people -in the accidents have been taken to Bach Mai hospital
A injured B injuring C to injure D injure
13 The pictures -by Picasso are expensive
A painting B to be painting C painted D to paint
14 I like living in a house -the sea
A overlooked B overlooking C overlooks D looks to
15 There are a lot of problems -immediately
A to be solved B to solve C that solve D solve
16 I am the last one -of the news
(4)17 Tom was the last -the classroom yesterday
A to leave B leaving C left D leaves
18 A -is someone who sells meat
A baker B butcher C chemist D shopkeeper
19 A person who sells flowers is called a -
A florist B farmer C vegetarian D biologist
20 We call a man who delivers mails a -
A newsman B mailbox C mailman D officer
21 We’d like to buy the house -overlooks West Lake
A who B whose C where D which
22 The woman, -daughter Jack loves, is very kind
A whose B who C whom D which
23 The letter -she received this morning is from the USA
A who B whose C whom D which
24 I don’t know girl -is wearing a long blue dress
A whom B whose C which D who
25 The police are asking the man -car has been stolen
A whom B whose C which D that
26 The man -she respects is her teacher
A whom B whose C which D who
27 Our house, -was destroyed in the storm, is now being rebuilt
A whom B whose C which D who
28 I like the car -
A which imported from Japan B he is driving C which have air conditioner D which he is driving it 29 The ring -is made of gold and diamond
A she is wearing it B he gave it to her C she is wearing D Linda like 30 The job -is very dangerous
A he applied B for it he applied C he applied for it D which the coal miners does 31 The man -must be intelligent and handsome
A whom loves her B who loving her C she is loving D she loves 32 Literature is the subject -
A I am good in B I am terrifying of C I am bored at D I am bad at Replace the clauses in underline type by infinitives.
1 He was the first man who left the burning building You are the last person who saw her alive
3 My brother was the only one who realized the danger The pilot was the only man who survived the crash
5 The city suffers from air pollution The city suffers from water pollution (both…and) He is interested in gardening He is interested in collecting stamps (not only…but also)
7 The library doesn’t have the book I need The bookstore doesn’t have the book I need (neither…nor) We can fix dinner for them or we can take them to the restaurant (either or)
9 Solar energy is free Solar energy is inexhaustible (both…and) Rewrite the following sentences
1 The hotel wasn’t clean And it wasn’t comfortable
The hotel was It was a very boring film It was very long too
The film Is that man’s name Richard? Or is it Robert? It’s one of the two
That man’s name I haven’t got the time to go on holiday And I haven’t got the money
I’ve got We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow - whichever you prefer
We People say that he has 22 children
He……… People say that he sleeps on a bed of nails
He People say that he won a lot of money gambling