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Cd the' dd la giao tie'p bing ngoai ngvi vdi ngudi ban ngiJ ngay chfnh trong mdi trudng giao tiep tu nhien va cung cd Xhi Ik giao tie'p ciia nhihig ngudi thudc cac cdng ddng, cac dan t[r]
(1)so LJOC yi GIAO T\€P utu VAN HOA
Nguyin Thi Hong Thu Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
TrUdngDHKHXH&NV,DHQGHdNdi L Giao tiep va tin hieu giao tiep
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia da vie't: "Human communi-cation refers to the social interaction of sharing information for the purpose of understanding, social connection" (Giao tie'p ciia ngudi la khai niem diing d^ cbi su tuong tac xa hdi cua viee chia se thdng tin vdi muc dfcb nhim hiiu biet lin va tang cudng mdi lien ke'txabdi)[5]
Giao tie'p vdi nghia rdng la qua trlnh pbat va nhan thdng tin nhd mdt he thdng ma nao dd giiia cac chii the tham gia giao tiep Loai ma chfnh la cac kf hieu ngdn ngff, hay cdn gpi la he thdng tfn hieu Tfn hieu ddng vai trd tien quyet giao tiep Ndi mdt each kbac, thuc hien giao tie'p tiic la tbue hien cbiic nang truyen dat va thu nhan cac loai thdng tin kbac thdng qua he thdng tfn hieu
Vay tfn hieu la gi? Tin hieu la mdt su vat hoac mdt thudc tinh vat chit, mdt hien tupng kfcb thfch vao giac quan ngudi, lam cho ngudi tri giac dupe va If giai, suy dien tdi mdt cai gi dd ngoai su vat dd
Cd mdt vin d^ ft nhieu lien quan den llnh vuc ma chiing ta dang d^ cap de'n, dd la va'n 6i giao tiep thdng tin Giao tiep thdng tin la mdt loai giao tiep ma khdng cin tfnh de'n y nghla cua lupng thdng tin, hay ndi mdt each kbac ndi dung ciia thdng tin khdng dupe xem xet de'n Ngudi ta cbi quan tam den xac suit xua't hien cua thdng tin ^y Phuong tien Uiiyen - nhan Uong thdng tin cung la he thdng tin hieu Ngdn ngO dupe ma boa mdt he thdng tfn hieu Ne'u sd lupng tfn hieu cang nhi^u thi lupng thdng tin cua mot tfn hieu cingldn
(2)Win de thdng tin Uong cac he thdng lien lac khdng boan toan
ddng nha't vdi nhiing vaii de ngdn ngir bpc Tuy nhien giiia chiing c6 di^m tuong ddng la deu coi ngdn ngu* la phuong tien giao tifp vk Uuyen dat thdng tin Ca giao tiep Uong thdng tin lin giao tie'p Uong xa hdi deu phai xii If nhihig v & d^ sau: ma boa nhiing thdng tin bing nhihig tfn hieu pbat di va giai ma cac thdng tin thu nhan
2 Giao tiep lien vdn hoa va mot sd linh vuc lien quan
Giao tie'p lien van boa la giao tiep dupe thuc hien bdi nhiing ngudi thudc cac viing, cac toe ngudi, cac dan toe cd ngdn ngiJ va van hoa khac Cd the' dd la giao tie'p bing ngoai ngvi vdi ngudi ban ngiJ chfnh mdi trudng giao tiep tu nhien va cung cd Xhi Ik giao tie'p ciia nhihig ngudi thudc cac cdng ddng, cac dan tdc kbac cimg su dung chung mdt ngdn ngii
Ndi mdt each tdng quat nha't thi nghien ciiu v^ giao tie'p lien van boa la mdt linh vuc nghien ciiu v^ each thiic ma nhihig ngudi xuit than tir cac bdi canh van boa khac thuc hien giao tie'p vdi
O Viet Nam, giao tie'p lien van boa (Intercultual communication) la mdt linh vuc chua dupe nghien ciiu nbi^u Tren the' gidi, nhihig nam gan day, v^n de dang gay su cbii y ciia cac bpc gia, dac biet la cac nha nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii' Nhihig tuu ma n6 dat dupe la het siic to Idn va cung di lai nhiing dieu cdn dang tranh luan dang dd giiia cac bpc gia Nhiing ngudi di tien phong Uong llnh vuc la: Edward Twitchell Hall, Geert Hofetede, Harry C Trandis, Pons Trompenaars va g^n day cd them Shalom Schwartz, Qifford Geertz Mot sd cac hoc gia tieu bi^u nghien cihi ve vin d^ la Adward T Hall, William B Gudykunst, giao su ciia California Suic University n g la ngudi da cdng bd nhieu cdng trinh khoa hoc v^ giao tiep va giao tiep lien van boa ma tieu bi^u nha't phai k^ d^n ia:
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication, Culture and Interpersonal Communication, Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication
(3)trong giao ti^p lien van boa v.v Tac gia cud'n Bridges not walls, Jonb Stewart, cdn chiing minh ring Xn6x hoc, khoa bpc xa bdi eting ddng vai tr6 quan Ngoai ra, ngudi ta cung cdn nhic den mdt nganh khoa hoc khac cung lien quan de'n giao tie'p lien van boa dd la nhan loai bpc xa hdi, dan tdc hoc Mdi mdt chuyen nganh deu cd nhieu bpc gia va
cic cdng trinh tieu bilu
Giao tiep gin chat che vdi van boa Ndi mdt each khac, giao tiep
Ik mdt phin quan cua van boa Sd di ndi nbu vay la bdi nhd cd
giao ti^p ma nhiing yg^u td van boa dupe the' hien, dupe chuyen tai vupt qua nhihig khoang each cua khdng gian va thdi gian Ngupe lai, van ho^ cung ddng mdt vai trd cue ki quan trpng giao tiep, dac biet giao tie'p lien van boa
Nhi^u cdng trinh nghien cihi tren Xh6 gidi da khang dinh ring: Chia khoa cho cac eudc giao ti^p lien van boa cd hieu qua dd la kie'n thiic Kidfn tbiic d day bao gdm nhi^u mat dd cd trinh dd bpc vin, stf hi^u bi^t v^ van boa Dac biet, van boa dupe coi la edi re ciia nbutig thijf thach giao tie'p Nd cd Xhi trd "nhip ciu" ndi ket ngudi vdi ngudi, dem lai ni^m vui cho hp va nd cung cd Xhi la "biic tudng" ngan each mpi tinh cam, mpi thdng tin, tham chf cdn gay hi^u lim giiia nhihig ngudi cd "cultural background" khac
Van boa giao tie'p lien van boa dupe th^ hien d he thdng bi^u tupng, ni^m tin, gia tri, thai dp, chuin muc Cd mdt sd nguyen tic chung, nhimg ve co ban, nhiing ngudi xuit than tu nhimg nen van hoa khac se cd each lap ma (encode) va giai ma (decode) cac thdng diep mdt each khac Ciing mdt y niem nhimg d hai nen van hod cd the' dupe bie'u hien theo hai each khac nhau: d dan tdc nd dupe Xhi hien bang Idi ndi (hiiu ngdn) song d dan tdc khac lai dupe the' hien bang banh ddng hay cdn gpi la giao tiep phi ngdn (nonverbal communication) Tbf du, ngudi Viet thay cho viec ndi ' xin Idi" cd the nhin vao ddi tac va mim cudi Tuy nhien, neu cung lam vay ddi vdi ddi vdi ngudi nude ngoai thi cd th^ din den hieu ling mang tfnh tieu cue Khi ngudi nude ngoai mic Idi pbat am, ngudi Viet cung cudi Dieu
nky khie'n ngudi nude ngoai bdi rdi, mac du cai cudi dd khdng he bie'u
(4)phki bao gid cung gidng Phin Idn cac dan tdc tren the' gidi hiiu Id su khdng ddng y bing each lie diu thi lai cd nhiing dan tdc lai
gat diu Nhihig yeu td phi ngdn xua't hien song song vdi cac U'n hieu bing Idi, ket bop vdi cac tfn hieu bing Idi binh nen mdt he thdng giao tiep Upn ven
Ngay ca cung su dung ngdn ngii thi each tbiic bi^u dat cung khac Ching ban, thay cho nhihig Idi chao Uang Uong gip nhau, ngudi Viet lai thudng dat nhihig cau bdi vdi bam ngdn "chao" Cung nbu vay, each Uao va nhan Idi khen cung that kbac giife cdc cdng ddng ngdn ngii Vf du, dap lai Idi khen, ngudi ndi tifng Anh thudng cam on, dd ngudi ndi tieng Viet thudng khudc tif hoac chaip nhan vdi Idi khudc tir lam giam miic dd ciia Idi khen Nhiiu ngudi nude ngoai da tha'y ngac nhien dupe giai thfch ring ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam thi "beo" la tir mang nghla tfeb cue va thudng dupe diing d^ khen Chfnh su khac ve van boa da tao nen hien tupng "sdc" cho nhihig ngudi tham gia giao tiep gap cac "yeu td la"
"Sdc van boa" (Culture shock) la mdt khai niem dupe Kalvero Oberg nhic den lin diu vao nam 1954, tie'p theo la Michael Wilkelma "Sdc van hoa" thudng dupe diing d^ cbi mdt trang thai tinh thin mang tfnh tieu cue cac "yeu td la" cua nen van boa khac dua de'n va theo quan niem truyen thdng, ngudi ta ludn tim mpi each d^ tranh hoac uifil tieu nd Tuy nhien g^n day, T Milstein International Journal of
Intercultural Relations da cd bai vie't kbing dinh "sdc van boa" ciing
cd mat tfeb cue Dac biet, mot luan van Th^c sT vira mdi dupe hoin vao d5u nam 2007 tai Department of Communications, University of Hawai'i at Manoa ciia C Lin cdn coi "sdc van boa" nhu mdt tac nhan kfcb thfch va thuc diy su tu tin giiip cho cac vidn cdthe lam chii cac eudc giao tiep ciia minh [5]
3 Cac kl ndng co ban giao tie'p lien vdn hoa
De dat dupe hieu qua giao tiep ndi chung ngudi U phai chuin bi tdt nhiing yeu ciu co ban nhu sau:
(5)Tuy cd nhiing nguyen tic chung song mdi mdt ngdn ngii deu cd nhihig kl nang giao tiefp khac va cac kl nang khdng boan toan ngang bing, ddng nhit vdi Trong giao tiep lien van boa rat cin chu ^ mdt sd cac ki nang tdi tbi^u nhu sau:
Trang bi vdn tii thdng dung ciia ngdn ngii dfcb cang nhieu cang tdt
C6 ging binh cho minh su cam nhan va tu ngdn ngir
theo each ciia ngudi ban ngG Biet sii dung dung nghi thiic Idi ndi phii hop vdi tinh hud'ng giao tie'p cu Xhi
Trinh diing ti^ng long hoac cac ngO khdng thdng dung Chi nen lua cbpn cac tii ma nd bi^u dat cbfnh xac ngbia ma nd mudn nhim de^n
Chu ^ ling nghe, trudng hpp cd su nghi ngd thi cin phai hoi d^ xic nhan Di6u h€x siic quan trpng trudng hpp ben tham gia giao tie^p sii dung ngii" dieu va each pbat am ciia dia phuong
Chu y vao Idi nhin gipng, ngO dieu d^ nhan cac ngu y khac nhau cua ddi tac dupe Xhi hien qua tiir ngii
Tdn trpng cac binh thiic giao tie'p mang tfnh dia phuong ciia ddi tac Chu y de'n ngdn ngO* cir chi va phai giai ma dupe cac tfn hieu ciia hinh thiic giao tie^p Su thay ddi thai dp qua net mat, anh mit, dieu bd Cling phin anh ndi dung "thdng tin" ciia eudc giao tiep
Tim hiiu vi nhan thiic ciia ddi tac ddi vdi van boa ciia dan tdc minh trudc tham gia giao tiep
Triet tieu hien tupng chuye'n di (transfer), dac biet, cac hien tupng chuyin di mang tfnh tieu cue (negative transfer) ciia ngdn ngu" ngudn bao gdm ca hien tupng chuyin di cd y thiic (concious Uansfer) lin vd thiic (unconciuos transfer)
Tdm lai, di dat dupe hieu qua cao Uong giao tiep, ngoai vdn ng6n ngii, cac vien tham gia giao tie'p cin phai chuin bi cho minh nhxin kie'n tbiic, nhieu kl nang mang tfnh dac thil Dac biet, tang cudng kha nang thfch nghi vdi nin van boa khac la (adapting to unfamiliar culture) se giiip cho cac vien tham gia giao tiep them tu tin, giam dupe miic dd "sdc" nhihig "yeu td la" gay va dat dupe cdng thuc hien giao tiep ngdi lang toan ciu (communication in Global Village)
(6)Cd the kbing dinh ring: giao tie'p lien van boa la mdt nganh khoa hoc chua dupe nghien ciiu nhieu d Viet Nam va rat cin dupe tiep tuc nghien ciiu, nhung budng di, each tiep can cua nd hiia hen dem lai nhimg ket qua het siic bd fch ddi vdi chuyen mdn day tieng Viet cua chiing ta
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Nguyen Ham Duong (1970), Thudng thuc ngdn ngd: Ngdn ngQ
hgc vd li thuyi't thdng tin Tap chf Ngdn ngu", sd
2 Nguyen Quang (2005), Kliia cgnh vdn hod cua phdn tich diin
ngdn Tap chf Ngdn ngu, sd 12
3 Nguyen Thi Hong Thu (1999), Vdn hod vdi vice hgc vd dgy tii'ng
Viet, Tap chf khoa bpc, Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, sd
4 Nguyen Thi Hdng Thu (2002), Dgy tii'ng Viet vdi tu edeh mdt
ngogi ngu, tap chf Ngdn ngii, sd 13
5 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication
6 Edward Twitchell Hall (1971), Beyond Culture, Anchor/Doubleday, New York
7 Gudykunst W.B (Ed.) (1988), Language and ethnic identity Multilingual Matters, Clevendon, England
8 Kim, Y Y., & Gudykunst, W B (Eds.) (1988), Theories in
intercultural communication, Newbury Park, CA: Sage
9 Samovar, Larry A and Richard E Porter (2004), Communication
Betyveen Cultures, 5'^ Ed., Thompson and Wadsworth
10 Rex Shelley (1992), Culture shock! Japan, Graphic Arts anter Publishing Company
11 Muriel Saville - Troike (2002), The Ethnographi of
communication, Blackwell Pub
12 Milton Bennett (1998), Basic Concepts of Intercultural
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication