nh ciia van hda tdc ngudi. [ Vin di van hpc din gian va dan tdc hpc da trd thanh mot vin de bd y nghia rdng Idn.... K.V.Sistdp da khang dinh: van hpc dan gian la mdt nganh khoa hoc ddc[r]
(1)QUAN H £ V A N HOC DAN GIAN - DAN TOC HOC VA VIEC NGHIEN CCfU VAN HOC DAN GIAN THEO CAC MOI QUAN HE VAN HOA TQC NGUdl
Hd Thu Huani Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngUdi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd N^
1 DAT VAN D ^
Dat van hpc dan gian cac phin dan tdc tran lanh th6 Vifti Nam bdi canh cac mdi quan he van boa tdc ngudi la mdt dinh hudng chia'n lupc ciia gidi ngbian cuu van hda Viet Nam Gidi nghifin cihi cang thiy rd y ngbla cua viae ngbian cuu quan lich sii-van hda tdc ngudi ddi vdi viae nhan dian sii-van hda Viat Nam ndi chung Cbfnh vi vay, hudng nghien cihi lian nganh dudi gdc dd ngO van - din tdc hpc la mdt hudng ngbian cuu dang chu y d^ cd th^ khang djnh r6 ban sic van hoa Viat tir di^m nhin van boa tdc ngudi vdi luc hut ciia chii tba' Kinh (Viet) ddi vdi toan tb^ edng ddng dan tdc vai tr6 quy tu cac phin din tdc tran lanh th6 Viet Nam
Cach day hon niia the ki, vao thing 7/1948, bao cao "Chi
nghia Mdc vd van de vdn hod Viet Nam", dng Trudng Chinh da nhio
manh "Ben cgnh vdn hod chinh thdng cua ede thdi dgi, c6 cd mdt nen
vdn hod nhan dan luu Igi phuang ngdn, nggn ngQ, ca dao, truyen co tich, tranh Ign gd vdn hod td suphdn ddu cda niii^g ngudi sdn xudt (lam rudng, lam thg), long mon^ moi hay chi phdn khdng cua dan, chi'dieu me tin, hi tuc hay khuyen ran dieu thien Do Id mot kho tang rdt quy ma cdc nhd vdn hod, si hoc, khdo co hoc nttdc ta phdi day cdng tim bdi mdi hieu hit dugc*' [7; tr 825] Tie gii
Kieu Thu Hoach bai viet "Ve khdi niem vdn hpc dan gian" [5] da cho ring vdi nhin dinh tran, Trudng Chinh da trd ngudi s6in
(2)nhin ^ nghia cua cac sang tac din gian v ^ mdt tim nhin rdng phii hpp vdi thuc i€ lich sii Viat Nam Cdn chung tdi tbi nhan thiy ring, khdng phai la nha Folklore chuyan nghiep, nhung y kien tren I cua dng Trudng Chinh da nau rit chinh xac mdt dinh nghla v^ van hoa
dan gian
V ki^n ciia Trudng Chinh da chuyin tai dupe ba vin di ciia van hoi dan gian, ciia Folklore, cu th^:
- Dd la van boa nhan dan vdi chii ihi sang tao, tia'p nhin six dung, luu truyen la nhin din
- No tdn tai nhu mdt bd phan cua nen van boa dan tdc, ban canh n^n van boa cbfnh thdng: "Vdn hod, vdn hgc dan gian chinh la thU vdn hod, vdn hgc phi chinh thdng" [5; tr 14]
- Trong linh vuc van boa dan gian "phi chinh thdng" dd, thi van hpc dan gian dupe ciu nhu mdt td, mdt chuyan nganh cd vai trd phan anh, liru givt, tfcb hcfp nhihig gia tri van boa truyen thdng Van hpc dan gian da trd kho tang van boa quy bau ciia mpi thdi dai d^ ngbian curu, kham phi Phan tfch md rdng nhan dinh tran theo tinh thin ciia If thuya't Folklore da gpi cho chiing tdi hudng tiep cin vin hpc dan gian can cii vao ban chit van hpc va van boa ciia van hpc din gian d^ nhan dian rd mdi quan he giOa van hpc dan gian va din tdc hpc ma ca bai chuyan nganh deu cd su gin bd mat thiet vdi van hoi din gian, van hoi tdc ngudi
2 QUAN Hfe VAN HOC DAN GIAN - DAN T6C HOC 2.1 Tilr goc nhin lich siir
Vio nhung nam 1805 - 1808, vice nghian cdn tri thiJc ciia dan gian, van boa dan gian da dupe khang dinh lin diu tien d Diic vdi su xuit hian ciia mdt thuit ngO tuong duong Volkskunde Den nam 1909 thay cho Volkskunde la thuat ngO nghien cicu ddi sdng ddn gian, Nghian cihi ddi sdng dan gian da dupe djnh hinh va phat tri^n vdi tu cieh la mdt nganh hpc thuat da' nghian ciJu tran mdt dien rpng: toan th^ cich sdng ciia mdt cdng ddng tdc ngudi bit ki, cd tha' la nhung dd vat nhan tao, ngha thuat, thii cdng, kia'n tnic, tfn ngudng, pbong tuc tap quan, pbong each im thuc, trang phue, truyen k^, vu dieu va bai hat
(3)Cling nhihig bilu cam van boa khac [11; tr 92] Nghian cihi ddi sdng dan gian theo nha Folklore hpc, Leonard Worman Primiano, la d^ chi viec nghian cuii van boa dan gian va ddi sdng dan gian ma sau Tay Au da dupe ddi thuat ngu dan tdc hpc nhim nhin manh phuong dien qudc te ciia viec nghian curu ddi sdng din gian
6 Viet Nam, chuyan luan 'Van hod ddn gian vd phuang
phdp nghiin cOu liin nganh" (1995), tic gia Chu Xuin Dian ph4n
tfcb su hinh Ichoa hpc ve Folklore da chi rd bai hudng tia'p cin theo hudng nhan hpc van boa (dan tdc hpc) va theo hudng tia'p can ngiJ van hpc Vdi mdt khdi lupng kien thdc phong pbii ve Folklore the gift, vdi nhan quan ciia mdt nha If luan linh vuc van boa van hoc d^ gian, tic gia Chu Xuan Dian da phan tfch, If giii diy dii va siu sac ca bai hudng tiep can Folklore Ong nhin manh "Nhiiu ndi dung tranh
luan giiia hai hudng tiep can dd de dinh nghia ddi tugng nghien cuu vd xdc dinh phuang phdp luan nghien cOu dd xoay quanh mdi quan hi giita nghiin cdu Folklore vdi mdt ben Id nghien cUtu vdn hgc vd bin kia la ddn tdc hgc (hogc nhdn hgc vdn hod}".[4; tr 16]
Nhu vay, ca hai hudng tia'p can: nhan hpc bang nhQng A\k tra dan toe hpc va ngO van dan gian bang nghian curu van ban cin duoc ka't hpp theo hudng nhu nha nghian cuu van hpc din gian cd tan tu& Stith Thompson da viat: "Mot nhd ddn tdc hgc kho md hi vgng c6 thi
hieu dugc ngudi niu nhu khdng dey den mot phdn rdt quan trgng cudc sdng cua ho nhu truyen cd tich vd thdn thogi, cdc bai ca vd cdc dieu nhdy, cdc nghi li vd cdc bdi khdn Tuang tu nhu vay, nhd nghien ciru Folklore cdn nhOng kinh nghiem vd nhOng ki ndngcm mdt nhd ddn tdc hgc dugc ddo tgo delgp nhung md hinh nghiin citu a hg" [1; tr 79] Nghian cihi dan tdc hpc va nghian cihi van hpc din
gian la hai nganh khoa hpc cd dac trung chuyan nganh riang nhung lai cd mdi quan he khang khft vdi linh vuc nghian curu van hoa dan gian Hon nua, la mot bd phan ciia nen van ngha va van boa dAn gian, nen van hpc dan gian khdng chi la ddi tupng khai thae nghiin cuu ciia khoa ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian ma cdn la ngudn tii liau v6 tan het sue quan cho nhiau nganh khoa hpc xa bdi khac cd dan tdc hoc
(4)k 2 Tilr g6c nhin cua cac nhsk nghian cliru vdn hpc ddn gian va dan tdc hoc
H Mang ndi dung, y nghia va gia tri ciia mdt kho tang van boa tfch tu miy ngan nam bao gdm cac mat sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan, II ijjiio, kinh nghiam sdng ve vit chit va tinh thin ciia nhan dan, cua mdi ing ddng tdc ngudi cung nhu ciia ca dan tdc, van hpc dan gian da hiJa dung mdt ndi ham cd y nghia d ph6 dian rdng Xet ve mat ban hit, van hpc dan gian vfira chiia dung churc nang ngha thuat, vira bao chiic nang van hda: khdng chi la nghe thuat, van hpc din gian cdn mdt cii gi rdng hem rit nhi6u cbiic nang nghe thuat dupe boa io cbiJc nang van hoi ciia nd C!hfnh vi mat ban chit dac trung dd cua an hpc dan gian ma cin phai If giii thoa dang hai mdi quan he ghian ciJu thi phap van hpc din gian dd la mdi quan he giOa van hpc gian vi van hpc viat va mdi quan giffa van hpc dan gian va dan c hpc
Nhin manh vi mdi quan gin gui dac biat giii'a van hpc dan ian va dan tdc hpc, tac gia C!hu Xuan Dian khang dinh: tran thuc t^ il hai linh vuc khoa hpc thudng thu thap va khao sat nhung loai liau hat nhu Ngudi nghian cdu van hpc dan gian bam sat
g tia'p can ban chit van boa ciia van hpc din gian thudng phai io sat nbOng su kian vdn la ciia dan tdc hpc nhu phong tuc tap quan,
ngudng, cac hinh thiic thuc hanh tdn giao, la hoi [4; tr 94]
Nha nghian cihi dan tdc hpc thuc thi nhiem vu ciia chuyan nganh oa hpc lich sir chuyan nghian cdu cac din tdc, ti^ ngudn gdc, ciu tao inh phin, su phin bd cho da'n cac linh vuc van boa vat chit, van boa a hdi, van boa tinh thin ciia cac din tdc Ndi nhu tic gia Dd Binh Tri i "Ddn tdc hgc la khoa nghien cihd nhiing hinh thitc cd xua ciia ddi 'ng vat chdt vd td chiic xa hdi cua cdc ddn tdc Vi vay, ngudi ta ggi
n tdc hgc Id ca sd cda Folklore hgc lich sic" [12; tr 41] Vdi nhiem khao ta van boa dan gian, md ta ddi sdng dan gian nen dan tdc hpc ii sijr dung kho tang van boa dan gian - van hpc dan gian, dien mao
nh ciia van hda tdc ngudi
[ Vin di van hpc din gian va dan tdc hpc da trd mot vin de bd y nghia rdng Idn Trong mdt bai viat ban luan true tia'p ve "Vdn )ioc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", nha dan tdc hpc Nga n6i tieng
(5)K.V.Sistdp da khang dinh: van hpc dan gian la mdt nganh khoa hoc ddc lap va cd ddi tupng nhit dinh va kha rdng dupe coi nhu mdt hita tupng ngha thuat, nhung dac di^m co ban cua nganh khoa hpc niy phai la va chfnh la d ehd nd ddng thdi la nganh khoa hpc vi ngdn ngfl, ve van hoc va dan tdc hpc Mdi hien tupng ciia van hpc dan gian luc nao cung dong thdi la hien tupng sinh boat cua nhan dan, la hian tupng ciia ngha thuat bing Idi, ndi each khac mdi hian tupng van hpc dan gian vira la hien tupng sinh boat vira la hian tupng thim ml Chfnh l&p luan CLia K.V.Sistdp da cho ta thiy rd vai trd ciia van hpc din gian d6i vdi dan toe hpc Thuc su nhung luan diim ciia dng mdt bai vifi ngin gpn, cd dpng da lam ndi bat mdi quan tuong hd khang khft giQa van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc Nhung dinh di hat sdc cu th^ \i ban chit chuc nang cua van hpc dan gian, vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian ddi vdi nhieu nganh khoa hpc xa hdi dac biet la ddi vdi dan tdc hpc mi dng cho ring nhung cdng trinh ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian va nhimg vin d^ vi van hpc dan gian d Nga ludn chiem vi tri sd mdt ht thdng tri thuc dan tdc hpc, da dupe dng phan tfch vdi nhung lap luAn khoa hpc diy thuya't phue Theo dng, tir ngdn ngu", van ban van hpc dan gian den mdt tie phim, mdt th^ loai van hpc dan gian cu th^ Aiu dupe dat mdi lian vdi dan tdc hpc Ong da phan tfch ki vin de CO ban cua viae nghian cuu van hpc dan gian la nghian curu dfic dia'm tba' loai ma theo dng "chi cd the dugc gidi quye't dieu kiin
nghiin ciiu timg the loai quan diem ngdn ngQ vdn hgc, ddng thdi trong sinh hogt vdn hod, tuc la quan dieht ddn tdc hgc" [10; U 4)
Ong lian tiep dua nhimg luan da cd gia tri nhu nhihig dinh nghia vi van hpc dan gian mdi tuong quan vdi dan tdc hpc Ong nhin manh: van hpc dan gian khdng cin ban cai gi nu'a, la mdt nhOng nguon tai lieu quan trpng nhit cua din tdc hpc Xet theo quan niam vi khoa hpc dan toe nhu la mot nganh khoa hpc tdng hcrp chuyan nghiftn cuu sinh boat va lich sir ciia nhan dan nhu mot hien tupng nguyan ven thi van hpc dan gian la mot bo phan hihi co cua nghian ciru dan tac hpc bdi le: 'Van hgc ddn gian khdng nhung Id mot yi'u td quan trpng
(6)dd khdng duac ghi chip lai cdc loai khdc nhu tdi lieu thdnh vdn hay nhu cdc di chi khdo cdhgc" [10; tr 2]
Dudi gdc dd cua nha nghian cdu van hpc din gian, tac gia Chu Xuin Dian lai nhin manh vai trd cua din tdc hpc ddi vdi van hpc dan gian " Ngudi nghien ciCu vdn hgc ddn gian di bi hap ddn bdi nhiing tdi lieu ddn tdc hgc Dd Id tinh hinh binh thudng neu nd chimg to nhdn thUc cdng chinh xdc nhdn cda chiing ta ve bdn chdt cda vdn hgc ddn gian nhu id mot hien tugng khdng chi thudc ITnh vUc nghe thuat, md cdn thudc iTnh vUc vdn hod ddn gian ndi chung chua dugc phdn bod manh me" [3; tr 94] Diiu dd cung cd nghia, chiing ta cd tba' mupn luan di cua K.V.Sistop di ndi: din tdc hpc cung la ngudn tai liau khdng cin ban cai gi nOa cua van hpc din gian Diy cung chfnh la If ciia hudng tia'p cin van hpc din gian tir viec giii ma van boa dan gian dua tran nhiing ngudn tai liau ciia dan tdc hpc: tir an, mac, d, sinh hoat, sin xuit, vu trang, ddi sdng tam linh va ddi thudng ciia ngudi da'n nhihig phong tuc, tap quan, tfn ngudng 11 hdi Tit ca nhihig cai dd diu da dupe tfch hcrp van hpc dan gian theo nghia hep la nhflng van ban ngdn tijf, theo nghia rdng la van nghe dan gian va theo mdt nghia chung nhit la van boa dan gian dupe tiep can dudi gdc d6 thim ml Theo tie gia D6 Binh Tri thi dan tdc hpc cd vai trd giup cic nha nghian cuu van hpc dan gian "gidi md" hang loat hien tupng thudc mpi th^ loai ciia van hpc dan gian, cung nhu cac yeu td ciu tnic ban cua cac tac phim van hpc dan gian Hon niJa, "khoa hgc ve vdn hgc ddn gian nghien citu mgi hien tuang cua no theo lich sic, tic la nghien cvCu hien tuang suphdt sinh, phdt trien vd bien ddi hay suy tdn cua hien tuang vd gidi thich nd, at phdi cdn den khdu ddu, den cdn nguyen cda hien tugng" [12; tr 41] thi cang can den su trp giiip ciia din tdc hpc Nhung xir If cac tai lieu dan tdc hpc thi nha nghian curu van hpc dan gian cin phai tranh ca hai khuynh hudng "hogc la quin Idng bdn chdt nghe thuat cda vdn hgc ddn gian hogc la tdch rdi su phdn tich vdn hgc vdi sif phdn tich ddn tdc hgc ve cdc su kiin vdn hgc ddn gian" [3; is 94]
Ngay tir nam 1964, tai Hdi nghi siru tim van hpc dan gian toan min Bic, tic gia La Van Ld - Vien sii hpc, da cd bai tham luan de cap true tia'p da'n vin de "Vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi ddn tdc hgc" Ong da
(7)nau rd: phuong phap suu tim van hpc dan gian, muc tiau phue VB eh nganh van hpc dan gian va nganh dan tdc hpc U-an can ban gid'ng nh« nhung cich sir dung tai lieu cd khac [8; tr 154] Cdn nha nghife cihi van hpc dan gian Vu Ngpc Phan U-ong ti^u luan nau Tdc dp|
cua vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi vdn hgc nghi thuat vd cdc khoa hgci hdi khdc" (1964) cung da timg nhin manh; "Vdn hgc ddn gian khd^ nhung chi cd gid tri Idn linh vUc vdn hgc nghi thuat, nd ck phue vu rdt nhieu cho suhgc vd ddn tdc hgc" [9; tr 174]
Nhu vay, cac nha ngbian curu din tdc hpc lin cac nha nghian c4i van hpc dan gian deu da khing dinh su tuong hd U-ong quan gijh van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc Thuc chit dd la mdt mdi quan he die biet, ddi vdi nganh khoa hpc nghian curu van hpc dan gian thi vific li giii diy du mdi quan he trd yau ciu bit bude nghiftn cihi thi phap van hpc dan gian nhim phat hien ngudn gdc, qua trinh bia'n d6i cac ya'u td thi phap cung nhu su binh he thdng thi phap cua timg tba loai
3 N G H I £ N CCXJ V A N HOC DAN GIAN T H E O CAC M61
QUAN H $ VAN HOA T O C N G l / d l
3.1 Nhiirng h' giai cdn thiet
Cung bai viat "Vdn hgc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", sau phan tfch vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian ddi vdi dan tdc hpc, tic gii K.V.Sistdp da nhin manh mot dieu kien tian quyet la: "Vdn hgc ddn
gian chi cd the trd thdnh yi'u td hOu ca cda viec miiu thugn ddn tpc hgc dd nhdn rd quan niem ve loai hinh cua nd, ve mice dd vd tinh ddc ddo, ve ca cdu tieu bieu cua nd bdn ke cdc the loai vd W mdi quan he tdc ngUdi cua nd Tdm lai, cung nhu cdc mat khac cua nen vdn hod ddn tdc cd viec phdn logi ve tdc ngUdi vd lich su mot each hodn chinh - chi trudng hgp dy thi tdi lieu vdn hgc ddn gian mdi cd the sic dung mot cdch tich cue viec nghiin ciCu van de nguon gdc ddn tdc, vdn di lich sic vdn hod vd vdn de tdc ngUdi" [Iv
tr 6] Luan de da If giai vi nhieu nha nghian curu din tdc hoc, sir hpc da dimg van hpc dan gian d^ giai quya't nhi6u vin di ciia din tpc hpc nhu tac gia La Van Ld, Dang Nghiam Van, Trin Qudc Virpng Theo nha nghien cuu Nguyan Ddng Chi, [2], viae sir dung tai liau din
228
(8)gian din tdc hpc vi sir hpc cin phai dupe giam dinh va dupe phin tich xem xet bang quan di^m lich six di tranh van dung mdt each niy mdc, tian thi^u co sd khoa hpc nhu da xay cudc tranh luan, loay quanh bai vift 'Tdn du cua chedd mdu he xd hdi ngudi Viet" tap chf nghian ciiu lich sir sd 57 thing 12/1963 Quy luat ii ddng bi^n ddi cua van ban van hpc dan gian cin dupe din tdc hpc Item xet mdt each kl ludng di tim nhung gi la ben vihig khdng th^
hieu dupe truyen thdng van boa, phong tuc va nhihig gi la bien Jang cbi xuit hian nhu nhihig ya'u td ngiu nhien Ngupe lai cac nha ighian cihi van hpc dan gian lai sii dung nhihig ket luan dan tdc hpc d^ ighian cdu kham phi giai ma van boa ve ngudn gdc cac md tfp, cac M^u tupng van hpc dan gian theo hudng nghian cuu ciu tnic -loai hinh vi nghian cihi lich sii - -loai hinh Dd chfnh la nhiem vu ciia ighian cihi thi phap lich sii v^ van hpc dan gian giOa hai gdc dp ngfl /an vi dan tdc hpc phai dupe vin dung hihi co ca hai, kl ca phuong phdp nghian ciiu van hpc lin phuong phap nghian curu dan tpc hpc rheo K.V.Sistdp, tai liau van hpc dan gian da dupe chuin hoa vi nat loai hinh - thi loai thi mdi cd ihi trd tai lieu ciia dan tpc hpc Tong viae ngbian curu lich sir van boa va vin de tpc ngudi Khi phit jia'n md rdng dinh de tren ciia K.V.Sistdp chiing tdi nhin thiy cd su fca't ndi dac biet mdi quan he:
Van hpc din gian ^ • Dan tpc hpc
Vdn hoa tpc ngudi
Chiing tdi cho ring cai gdc ciia mdi quan he giiJa van hpc dan ;ian va dan tdc hpc chfnh la vin de tdc ngudi - van boa tpc ngudi Van ipe dan gian tdn tai nhu mdt phin ciia ciu tnic van hoa tdc igudi Di hill' mdt each siu sic gia tri ciia van hpc din gian ddi dng van boa din tdc ndi chung va ddi sdng van boa ciia timg cdng I6ng tdc ngudi ndi riang thi viec van dung nhimg ket luan ciia dan tpc ipc vi nghian curu van boa tdc ngudi nghien ciiu van hpc din ;ian li mdt hudng nghian cihi cd y nghia Hon nira, Viet Nam dieu aan dia If va hoan canh lich sir dac biet da trd noi hdi tu sinh ton 'i irfiit triln ciia 54 tdc ngudi vdi hon tram nhdm dia phuong, thi van ipe dan gian cic tdc ngudi Viat Nam cin phai dupe nghien curu dudi
(9)gdc dd cua "su thdng nhdt da dang" Khi dat bdi canhcfc mdi quan he lich sir - van hoi tdc ngudi thi d hudng ngbian cihi dupe nha nghian curu Chu Xuan Dian khing dinh "Cdclh4iep can dyc6 the cho phep cat nghia dugc nhieu hien tuang vdn hgc ddn gian cuAi md niu khdng dugc xem xet bdi cdnh cdc mdi quan he lich si-vdn hod toe ngUdi thi it cd khd nang hieu dung" [3; tr 138]
3.2 Nghien curu vdn hpc dSn gian fur goc nhin mtfi quan van M tpc ngudi
Van hoi tdc ngudi vdi tu each nhap than van boa mdt cich fti nhian va tu nguyen cua cdng ddng, cd thi la mdt nhdm nhd mflt ling va rdng la mdt viing, mien Kem theo gia tri van hoi vat chitli gii tri van boa tinh thin, la pbong tuc, tip quan, la tfn ngudng, la Id htt va van ngha dan gian Van nghe dan gian giu" vai trd phan inh va tich hpp bang each hay each khac tit ca nhimg gia tri dd nhu la mft thuc tai, mdt ddi tupng cua ngha thuit dan gian dd cd van hpc dan gian Van hpc dan gian da dupe nhan dian la van boa sinh boat, la ngha thuat thuc hanh, la van hpc churc nang nan nd gin chat vdi m6i trudng sinh boat thuc tian ciia ngudi, nd la su giao tiep c6 linh nghe thuat cac nhdm ciia cdng ddng tdc ngudi Ba loai boat d6ng CO ban cua van hpc dan gian tir sang tic, dian xudng - trinh di^n d6i tia'p nhan - thudng thiic dau gin vdi boat ddng tap tbI cua mdt c6ng ddng Neu van hpc viat dupe sang tic bing tri thirc ban lim vdi cai l6i nghe thuat thi van hpc dan gian lai la sang t^c cua mdt tap thi, duoc luu truyen qua nhieu tba' he tran ket qua ciia nhung kinh nghiam ihuc te va nhay cam ddi thudng Trong van hpc dan gian cd du ca, nao tri thiic bach khoa dan gian, nao tri thirc ngdn ngu* thim ml, lich sir thin mi dan gian Tit ca nhung cii dd chfnh la nhihig ngudn mach ciii van boa tpc ngudi va van boa dan tpc
(10)%ht/a dii, ma cdn phai dat ca dao mdi lian ka^t cua su nghien curu ililn mach Idi hit - diau hit va Idi hat, dd chfnb la each nghian cihi toan ^ a n vl Idi hit phai inh van boa dan gian, diau hat chiia dung am nhac ^dan gian vi Idi hit chfnh la phin ngiJ van dan gian dl hpp 'l^hinh thi van hpc din gian theo tinh thin Folklore Nghien ciJu truyen ti din gian khdng chi la phan tfch hinh tupng, nhan vat mdt each
thuin ma cdn phai dat truyan kl su giai ma cac md tfp va Wiii ma each xiy dung hinh tupng nhan vat khdng gian va thdi kian ciia timg thi loai truyen kl - cua thin thoai, truyen thuyet cung fhu c6 tfch Su "gidi md" van boa gdp phin If giai su vin ddng va iiln d6i cua cdt tniyan Phan tfch cdt tniyen chfnh la nhan dang tic iphim thudc thi loai nao va nhiing tic phim nao tao lian tie ^ i m , mdt chudi tic phim cua mdt kilu truyan hay mdt tfp tniyen, p n g nhu mdt thdng cac md tfp Tir co sd dd ti^n hanh giai ma thim [flii cic md tfp, cac bilu tupng, cac kf hiau thim ml tran co sd giii ma Mn hoi din gian Mpi su lua chpn, thi hian mdi hinh tupng hay su lap li cua cic md tfp ciing nhu su If giai cac su kien, tinh hudng, bien cd •ong truyan kl diu dupe cha' dinh bdi van boa tdc ngudi
Nghian eihi van hpc dan gian mdi quan he van boa tdc gudi theo hudng lich sir - so sinh chung ta cd kha nang tiep can va If i&i mdt each trpn ven cac hian tupng van hpc dan gian theo tinh thin W rdng ddi mdi quan niem ve vdn hgc ddn gian mdi
uan hi vdi vdn hod ddn gian, vdi Folklore" [6; tr 62] Diy cung chfnh dudng tia'p cin nghian cihi van hpc dan gian tran ca hai binh an ngii' van va dan tdc hpc ma: nhihig yeu td cd tfnh loai hinh ch sii van boa tdc ngudi se la co sd khoa hpc If giai cac qua trinh hinh cac miu kl va tao chu de, xay dung ciu tnic, gpi md y nghia lu Idp thdng mdt hinh tupng xac dinh
Khai thic truyan kl din gian cac tdc ngudi lam sdng day nhihig i tri thim ml, gia tri van boa cdi ngudn cung chfnh la dl gdp phin 0 tdn nin van boa dan tdc, dl nhan dian dupe su bien ddi van hoa tir yin thdng den hian dai giao luu hdi nhap tren nhihig binh dien di Chfnh vi vay, khing dinh mdi quan he van hpc dan gian - dan tdc ngh*an curu lian nganh chic chin se md nhieu kham pha t ngd
(11)TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1 Trin Thi An (2006), Nghiin ciai Vdn hod Ddn gian a Hoa Kin
mot sd quan sdt budc ddu Tap chf Nghian curu Van hpc, sd l,ir
78-85
2 Nguyln D6ng Chi (1964), Vdn de sic dung tdi lieu vdn hgc dan
gian Tap chf su hpc, so 63, tr 48-53
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cihi liin nganh, Trudng DHTH TP Hd Chf Minh
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phdp luan vd nghien ciCu the logi, NXB Giao due Ha Ndi
5 Kieu Thu Hoach (2003), Ve khdi niem Vdn hod Ddn gian Tap chf Van hpc sd 12, tr 7-15
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nhiing nam gdn day Tap chf Van hpc, sd 1, tr 59-67
7 Dinh Gia Khinh (Chii bian), Chu Xuin Dian, Vd Quang Nhon (2001), Vdn hgc ddn gian Viet Nam, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, tii ban 2005
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Nam, NXB Khoa hpc, Ha Ndi
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11 Ngd Due Thinh, Frank Prosehan (Chii bien), (2005), Folklott
mot sd thuat ngicduang dgi, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi Ha Ndi
12 D6 Binh Tri (1995), Phdn tich tdc pham vdn hgc ddn gian, Bd Giao due va Dao tao, Vu giao vian