nh ciia van hda tdc ngudi. [ Vin di van hpc din gian va dan tdc hpc da trd thanh mot vin de bd y nghia rdng Idn.... K.V.Sistdp da khang dinh: van hpc dan gian la mdt nganh khoa hoc ddc[r]
Trang 1QUAN H £ V A N HOC DAN GIAN - DAN TOC HOC
VA VIEC NGHIEN CCfU VAN HOC DAN GIAN
THEO CAC MOI QUAN HE VAN HOA TQC NGUdl
Hd Thu Huani
Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngUdi nude ngodi
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd N^
1 DAT VAN D ^
Dat van hpc dan gian cac thanh phin dan tdc tran lanh th6 Vifti Nam trong bdi canh cac mdi quan he van boa tdc ngudi la mdt dinh hudng chia'n lupc ciia gidi ngbian cuu van hda Viet Nam Gidi nghifin cihi ngay cang thiy rd y ngbla cua viae ngbian cuu quan ha lich sii-van hda tdc ngudi ddi vdi viae nhan dian sii-van hda Viat Nam ndi chung Cbfnh vi vay, hudng nghien cihi lian nganh dudi gdc dd ngO van - din tdc hpc la mdt hudng ngbian cuu dang chu y d^ cd th^ khang djnh r6 ban sic van hoa Viat tir di^m nhin van boa tdc ngudi vdi luc hut ciia chii tba' Kinh (Viet) ddi vdi toan tb^ edng ddng dan tdc trong vai tr6 quy tu cac thanh phin din tdc tran lanh th6 Viet Nam
Cach day hon niia the ki, vao thing 7/1948, trong bao cao "Chi
nghia Mdc vd van de vdn hod Viet Nam", dng Trudng Chinh da nhio
manh "Ben cgnh vdn hod chinh thdng cua ede thdi dgi, c6 cd mdt nen
vdn hod nhan dan con luu Igi trong phuang ngdn, nggn ngQ, ca dao, truyen co tich, tranh Ign gd vdn hod nay td suphdn ddu cda niii^g ngudi sdn xudt (lam rudng, lam thg), long mon^ moi hay chi phdn khdng cua dan, chi'dieu me tin, hi tuc hay khuyen ran dieu thien Do
Id mot kho tang rdt quy ma cdc nhd vdn hod, si hoc, khdo co hoc nttdc
ta con phdi day cdng tim bdi mdi hieu hit dugc*' [7; tr 825] Tie gii
Kieu Thu Hoach trong bai viet "Ve khdi niem vdn hpc dan gian" [5] da
cho ring vdi nhin dinh tran, Trudng Chinh da trd thanh ngudi s6in
222
Trang 2nhin ra ^ nghia cua cac sang tac din gian v ^ mdt tim nhin rdng
phii hpp vdi thuc i€ lich sii Viat Nam Cdn chung tdi tbi nhan thiy
ring, tuy khdng phai la nha Folklore chuyan nghiep, nhung y kien tren
I cua dng Trudng Chinh da nau rit chinh xac mdt dinh nghla v^ van hoa dan gian
V ki^n ciia Trudng Chinh da chuyin tai dupe ba vin di ciia van
hoi dan gian, ciia Folklore, cu th^:
- Dd la van boa nhan dan vdi chii ihi sang tao, tia'p nhin six dung,
luu truyen la nhin din
- No tdn tai nhu mdt bd phan cua nen van boa dan tdc, ban canh
n^n van boa cbfnh thdng: "Vdn hod, vdn hgc dan gian chinh la thU vdn hod, vdn hgc phi chinh thdng" [5; tr 14]
- Trong linh vuc van boa dan gian "phi chinh thdng" dd, thi van
hpc dan gian dupe ciu thanh nhu mdt thanh td, mdt chuyan nganh cd
vai trd phan anh, liru givt, tfcb hcfp nhihig gia tri van boa truyen thdng
Van hpc dan gian da trd thanh kho tang van boa quy bau ciia mpi thdi dai d^ ngbian curu, kham phi Phan tfch md rdng nhan dinh tran theo tinh thin ciia If thuya't Folklore da gpi cho chiing tdi hudng tiep cin vin hpc dan gian can cii vao ban chit van hpc va van boa ciia van hpc din gian d^ nhan dian rd mdi quan he giOa van hpc dan gian va din tdc hpc ma ca bai chuyan nganh nay deu cd su gin bd mat thiet vdi van hoi din gian, van hoi tdc ngudi
2 QUAN Hfe VAN HOC DAN GIAN - DAN T6C HOC
2.1 Tilr goc nhin lich siir
Vio nhung nam 1805 - 1808, vice nghian cdn tri thiJc ciia dan gian, van boa dan gian da dupe khang dinh lin diu tien d Diic vdi su xuit hian ciia mdt thuit ngO tuong duong Volkskunde Den nam 1909
thay cho Volkskunde la thuat ngO nghien cicu ddi sdng ddn gian,
Nghian cihi ddi sdng dan gian da dupe djnh hinh va phat tri^n vdi tu cieh la mdt nganh hpc thuat da' nghian ciJu tran mdt dien rpng: toan th^ cich sdng ciia mdt cdng ddng tdc ngudi bit ki, cd tha' la nhung dd vat nhan tao, ngha thuat, thii cdng, kia'n tnic, tfn ngudng, pbong tuc tap quan, pbong each im thuc, trang phue, truyen k^, vu dieu va bai hat
223
Trang 3Cling nhihig bilu cam van boa khac [11; tr 92] Nghian cihi ddi sdng dan gian theo nha Folklore hpc, Leonard Worman Primiano, la d^ chi viec nghian cuii van boa dan gian va ddi sdng dan gian ma sau nay 6 Tay Au da dupe ddi thanh thuat ngu dan tdc hpc nhim nhin manh phuong dien qudc te ciia viec nghian curu ddi sdng din gian
6 Viet Nam, trong chuyan luan 'Van hod ddn gian vd phuang
phdp nghiin cOu liin nganh" (1995), tic gia Chu Xuin Dian khi ph4n
tfcb su hinh thanh Ichoa hpc ve Folklore da chi rd bai hudng tia'p cin theo hudng nhan hpc van boa (dan tdc hpc) va theo hudng tia'p can ngiJ van hpc Vdi mdt khdi lupng kien thdc phong pbii ve Folklore the gift, vdi nhan quan ciia mdt nha If luan trong linh vuc van boa van hoc d^ gian, tic gia Chu Xuan Dian da phan tfch, If giii diy dii va siu sac ca
bai hudng tiep can Folklore Ong nhin manh "Nhiiu ndi dung tranh
luan giiia hai hudng tiep can dd de dinh nghia ddi tugng nghien cuu vd xdc dinh phuang phdp luan nghien cOu dd xoay quanh mdi quan hi giita nghiin cdu Folklore vdi mdt ben Id nghien cUtu vdn hgc vd bin kia la ddn tdc hgc (hogc nhdn hgc vdn hod}".[4; tr 16]
Nhu vay, trong ca hai hudng tia'p can: nhan hpc bang nhQng A\k
tra dan toe hpc va ngO van dan gian bang nghian curu van ban cin duoc ka't hpp theo hudng nhu nha nghian cuu van hpc din gian cd tan tu&
Stith Thompson da viat: "Mot nhd ddn tdc hgc kho md hi vgng c6 thi
hieu dugc con ngudi niu nhu anh ta khdng dey den mot phdn rdt quan trgng trong cudc sdng cua ho nhu truyen cd tich vd thdn thogi, cdc bai
ca vd cdc dieu nhdy, cdc nghi li vd cdc bdi khdn Tuang tu nhu vay, nhd nghien ciru Folklore cdn nhOng kinh nghiem vd nhOng ki ndngcm mdt nhd ddn tdc hgc dugc ddo tgo delgp ra nhung md hinh nghiin citu
a hg" [1; tr 79] Nghian cihi dan tdc hpc va nghian cihi van hpc din
gian la hai nganh khoa hpc cd dac trung chuyan nganh riang nhung lai
cd mdi quan he khang khft vdi nhau trong linh vuc nghian curu van hoa dan gian Hon nua, la mot bd phan ciia nen van ngha va van boa dAn gian, nen van hpc dan gian khdng chi la ddi tupng khai thae nghiin cuu ciia khoa ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian ma cdn la ngudn tii liau v6 tan het sue quan trong cho nhiau nganh khoa hpc xa bdi khac trong do
cd dan tdc hoc
224
Trang 4k 2 Tilr g6c nhin cua cac nhsk nghian cliru vdn hpc ddn gian va dan tdc hoc
H Mang ndi dung, y nghia va gia tri ciia mdt kho tang van boa tfch
tu miy ngan nam bao gdm cac mat sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan, II ijjiio, kinh nghiam sdng ve vit chit va tinh thin ciia nhan dan, cua mdi ing ddng tdc ngudi cung nhu ciia ca dan tdc, van hpc dan gian da hiJa dung mdt ndi ham cd y nghia d ph6 dian rdng Xet ve mat ban hit, van hpc dan gian vfira chiia dung churc nang ngha thuat, vira bao chiic nang van hda: khdng chi la nghe thuat, van hpc din gian cdn mdt cii gi rdng hem rit nhi6u khi cbiic nang nghe thuat dupe boa
io cbiJc nang van hoi ciia nd C!hfnh vi mat ban chit dac trung dd cua
an hpc dan gian ma cin phai If giii thoa dang hai mdi quan he trong ghian ciJu thi phap van hpc din gian dd la mdi quan he giOa van hpc gian vi van hpc viat va mdi quan ha giffa van hpc dan gian va dan
c hpc
Nhin manh vi mdi quan ha gin gui dac biat giii'a van hpc dan
ian va dan tdc hpc, tac gia C!hu Xuan Dian khang dinh: tran thuc t^
il hai linh vuc khoa hpc nay thudng thu thap va khao sat nhung loai liau hat nhu nhau Ngudi nghian cdu van hpc dan gian khi bam sat
g tia'p can ban chit van boa ciia van hpc din gian thudng phai
io sat nbOng su kian vdn la ciia dan tdc hpc nhu phong tuc tap quan, ngudng, cac hinh thiic thuc hanh tdn giao, la hoi [4; tr 94]
Nha nghian cihi dan tdc hpc thuc thi nhiem vu ciia chuyan nganh
oa hpc lich sir chuyan nghian cdu cac din tdc, ti^ ngudn gdc, ciu tao inh phin, su phin bd cho da'n cac linh vuc van boa vat chit, van boa
a hdi, van boa tinh thin ciia cac din tdc Ndi nhu tic gia Dd Binh Tri
i "Ddn tdc hgc la khoa nghien cihd nhiing hinh thitc cd xua ciia ddi 'ng vat chdt vd td chiic xa hdi cua cdc ddn tdc Vi vay, ngudi ta ggi
n tdc hgc Id ca sd cda Folklore hgc lich sic" [12; tr 41] Vdi nhiem
khao ta van boa dan gian, md ta ddi sdng dan gian nen dan tdc hpc
ii sijr dung kho tang van boa dan gian - van hpc dan gian, dien mao
nh ciia van hda tdc ngudi
[ Vin di van hpc din gian va dan tdc hpc da trd thanh mot vin de
bd y nghia rdng Idn Trong mdt bai viat ban luan true tia'p ve "Vdn )ioc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", nha dan tdc hpc Nga n6i tieng
Trang 5K.V.Sistdp da khang dinh: van hpc dan gian la mdt nganh khoa hoc ddc lap va cd ddi tupng nhit dinh va kha rdng dupe coi nhu mdt hita tupng ngha thuat, nhung dac di^m co ban cua nganh khoa hpc niy
phai la va chfnh la d ehd nd ddng thdi la nganh khoa hpc vi ngdn ngfl,
ve van hoc va dan tdc hpc Mdi hien tupng ciia van hpc dan gian luc nao cung dong thdi la hien tupng sinh boat cua nhan dan, la hian tupng ciia ngha thuat bing Idi, ndi each khac mdi hian tupng van hpc dan gian vira la hien tupng sinh boat vira la hian tupng thim ml Chfnh l&p luan CLia K.V.Sistdp da cho ta thiy rd vai trd ciia van hpc din gian d6i
vdi dan toe hpc Thuc su nhung luan diim ciia dng trong mdt bai vifi
ngin gpn, cd dpng da lam ndi bat mdi quan ha tuong hd khang khft
giQa van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc Nhung dinh di hat sdc cu th^ \i
ban chit chuc nang cua van hpc dan gian, vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian ddi vdi nhieu nganh khoa hpc xa hdi dac biet la ddi vdi dan tdc hpc mi dng cho ring nhung cdng trinh ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian va nhimg
vin d^ vi van hpc dan gian d Nga ludn chiem vi tri sd mdt trong ht
thdng tri thuc dan tdc hpc, da dupe dng phan tfch vdi nhung lap luAn khoa hpc diy thuya't phue Theo dng, tir ngdn ngu", van ban van hpc
dan gian den mdt tie phim, mdt th^ loai van hpc dan gian cu th^ Aiu
dupe dat trong mdi lian ha vdi dan tdc hpc Ong da phan tfch khi ki vin de CO ban cua viae nghian cuu van hpc dan gian la nghian curu dfic
dia'm tba' loai ma theo dng "chi cd the dugc gidi quye't trong dieu kiin
nghiin ciiu timg the loai trong quan diem ngdn ngQ vdn hgc, ddng thdi trong sinh hogt vdn hod, tuc la trong quan dieht ddn tdc hgc" [10; U 4)
Ong lian tiep dua ra nhimg luan da cd gia tri nhu nhihig dinh nghia vi
van hpc dan gian trong mdi tuong quan vdi dan tdc hpc Ong nhin manh: van hpc dan gian khdng cin ban cai gi nu'a, la mdt trong nhOng
nguon tai lieu quan trpng nhit cua din tdc hpc Xet theo quan niam vi
khoa hpc dan toe nhu la mot nganh khoa hpc tdng hcrp chuyan nghiftn cuu sinh boat va lich sir ciia nhan dan nhu mot hien tupng nguyan ven thi van hpc dan gian la mot bo phan hihi co cua nghian ciru dan tac
hpc bdi le: 'Van hgc ddn gian khdng nhung Id mot yi'u td quan trpng
nhdt trong sinh hogt cua nhdn ddn md a dd cdn gia lai nhiing bitig chung rdt gid tri ve chi'do xd hdi vd cdc hi thdng td chitc xd hdi ve tin ngudng tdm li xd hdi vd vdn hod vat chdt cua cdc thdi dgi trUdc do ma lib
Trang 6dd khdng duac ghi chip lai trong cdc loai khdc nhu trong tdi lieu thdnh vdn hay nhu trong cdc di chi khdo cdhgc" [10; tr 2]
Dudi gdc dd cua nha nghian cdu van hpc din gian, tac gia Chu Xuin Dian lai nhin manh vai trd cua din tdc hpc ddi vdi van hpc dan
gian " Ngudi nghien ciCu vdn hgc ddn gian di bi hap ddn bdi nhiing tdi lieu ddn tdc hgc Dd Id tinh hinh binh thudng neu nd chimg to nhdn thUc ngay cdng chinh xdc nhdn cda chiing ta ve bdn chdt cda vdn hgc ddn gian nhu id mot hien tugng khdng chi thudc ITnh vUc nghe thuat,
md cdn thudc iTnh vUc vdn hod ddn gian ndi chung chua dugc phdn bod manh me" [3; tr 94] Diiu dd cung cd nghia, chiing ta cd tba' mupn luan di cua K.V.Sistop di ndi: din tdc hpc cung la ngudn tai liau
khdng cin ban cai gi nOa cua van hpc din gian Diy cung chfnh la If
do ciia hudng tia'p cin van hpc din gian tir viec giii ma van boa dan gian dua tran nhiing ngudn tai liau ciia dan tdc hpc: tir an, mac, d, sinh hoat, sin xuit, vu trang, trong ddi sdng tam linh va ddi thudng ciia con ngudi da'n nhihig phong tuc, tap quan, tfn ngudng 11 hdi Tit ca nhihig
cai dd diu da dupe tfch hcrp trong van hpc dan gian theo nghia hep la
nhflng van ban ngdn tijf, theo nghia rdng la trong van nghe dan gian va theo mdt nghia chung nhit la van boa dan gian dupe tiep can dudi gdc d6 thim ml Theo tie gia D6 Binh Tri thi dan tdc hpc cd vai trd giup
cic nha nghian cuu van hpc dan gian "gidi md" hang loat hien tupng
thudc mpi th^ loai ciia van hpc dan gian, cung nhu cac yeu td ciu tnic
ban trong cua cac tac phim van hpc dan gian Hon niJa, "khoa hgc ve vdn hgc ddn gian khi nghien citu mgi hien tuang cua no theo lich sic, tic la nghien cvCu hien tuang trong suphdt sinh, phdt trien vd bien ddi hay suy tdn cua hien tuang vd gidi thich nd, at phdi cdn den khdu ddu, den cdn nguyen cda hien tugng" [12; tr 41] thi cang can den su trp
giiip ciia din tdc hpc Nhung khi xir If cac tai lieu dan tdc hpc thi nha nghian curu van hpc dan gian cin phai tranh ca hai khuynh hudng
"hogc la quin Idng bdn chdt nghe thuat cda vdn hgc ddn gian hogc la tdch rdi su phdn tich vdn hgc vdi sif phdn tich ddn tdc hgc ve cdc su kiin vdn hgc ddn gian" [3; is 94]
Ngay tir nam 1964, tai Hdi nghi siru tim van hpc dan gian toan
min Bic, tic gia La Van Ld - Vien sii hpc, da cd bai tham luan de cap true tia'p da'n vin de "Vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi ddn tdc hgc" Ong da
227
Trang 7nau rd: phuong phap suu tim van hpc dan gian, muc tiau phue VB eh nganh van hpc dan gian va nganh dan tdc hpc U-an can ban gid'ng nh« nhung cich sir dung tai lieu cd khac nhau [8; tr 154] Cdn nha nghife
cihi van hpc dan gian Vu Ngpc Phan U-ong ti^u luan nau Tdc dp|
cua vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi vdn hgc nghi thuat vd cdc khoa hgci hdi khdc" (1964) cung da timg nhin manh; "Vdn hgc ddn gian khd^ nhung chi cd gid tri Idn trong linh vUc vdn hgc nghi thuat, nd ck phue vu rdt nhieu cho suhgc vd ddn tdc hgc" [9; tr 174]
Nhu vay, cac nha ngbian curu din tdc hpc lin cac nha nghian c4i van hpc dan gian deu da khing dinh su tuong hd U-ong quan ha gijh van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc Thuc chit dd la mdt mdi quan he die biet, ddi vdi nganh khoa hpc nghian curu van hpc dan gian thi vific li giii diy du mdi quan he nay trd thanh yau ciu bit bude trong nghiftn cihi thi phap van hpc dan gian nhim phat hien ngudn gdc, qua trinh bia'n d6i cac ya'u td thi phap cung nhu su binh thanh he thdng thi phap cua timg tba loai
3. N G H I £ N CCXJ V A N HOC DAN GIAN T H E O CAC M61
QUAN H $ VAN HOA T O C N G l / d l
3.1 Nhiirng h' giai cdn thiet
Cung trong bai viat "Vdn hgc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", sau khi
phan tfch vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian ddi vdi dan tdc hpc, tic gii
K.V.Sistdp da nhin manh mot dieu kien tian quyet la: "Vdn hgc ddn
gian chi cd the trd thdnh yi'u td hOu ca cda viec miiu thugn ddn tpc hgc khi dd nhdn rd quan niem ve loai hinh cua nd, ve mice dd vd tinh ddc ddo, ve ca cdu tieu bieu cua nd trong bdn ke cdc the loai vd W mdi quan he tdc ngUdi cua nd Tdm lai, cung nhu trong cdc mat khac cua nen vdn hod ddn tdc khi cd viec phdn logi ve tdc ngUdi vd lich su mot each hodn chinh - chi trong trudng hgp dy thi tdi lieu vdn hgc ddn gian mdi cd the sic dung mot cdch tich cue trong viec nghiin ciCu van
de nguon gdc ddn tdc, vdn di lich sic vdn hod vd vdn de tdc ngUdi" [Iv
tr 6] Luan de nay da If giai vi sao nhieu nha nghian curu din tdc hoc,
sir hpc da dimg van hpc dan gian d^ giai quya't nhi6u vin di ciia din
tpc hpc nhu tac gia La Van Ld, Dang Nghiam Van, Trin Qudc Virpng Theo nha nghien cuu Nguyan Ddng Chi, [2], viae sir dung tai liau din
228
A
Trang 8gian trong din tdc hpc vi sir hpc cin phai dupe giam dinh va dupe
phin tich xem xet bang quan di^m lich six di tranh van dung mdt each
niy mdc, tuy tian thi^u co sd khoa hpc nhu da xay ra cudc tranh luan,
loay quanh bai vift 'Tdn du cua chedd mdu he trong xd hdi ngudi Viet" trong tap chf nghian ciiu lich sir sd 57 ra thing 12/1963 Quy luat
ii ddng bi^n ddi cua van ban van hpc dan gian cin dupe din tdc hpc
Item xet mdt each kl ludng di tim ra nhung gi la ben vihig khdng th^
hieu dupe trong truyen thdng van boa, phong tuc va nhihig gi la bien Jang cbi xuit hian nhu nhihig ya'u td ngiu nhien Ngupe lai cac nha ighian cihi van hpc dan gian lai sii dung nhihig ket luan dan tdc hpc d^ ighian cdu kham phi giai ma van boa ve ngudn gdc cac md tfp, cac M^u tupng trong van hpc dan gian theo hudng nghian cuu ciu tnic -loai hinh vi nghian cihi lich sii - -loai hinh Dd chfnh la nhiem vu ciia ighian cihi thi phap lich sii v^ van hpc dan gian giOa hai gdc dp ngfl /an vi dan tdc hpc phai dupe vin dung hihi co ca hai, kl ca phuong phdp nghian ciiu van hpc lin phuong phap nghian curu dan tpc hpc
rheo K.V.Sistdp, tai liau van hpc dan gian khi da dupe chuin hoa vi nat loai hinh - thi loai thi mdi cd ihi trd thanh tai lieu ciia dan tpc hpc
Tong viae ngbian curu lich sir van boa va vin de tpc ngudi Khi phit jia'n md rdng dinh de tren ciia K.V.Sistdp chiing tdi nhin thiy cd su fca't ndi khi dac biet trong mdi quan he:
Van hpc din gian ^ • Dan tpc hpc
Vdn hoa tpc ngudi Chiing tdi cho ring cai gdc ciia mdi quan he giiJa van hpc dan
;ian va dan tdc hpc chfnh la vin de tdc ngudi - van boa tpc ngudi Van ipe dan gian tdn tai nhu mdt thanh phin ciia ciu tnic van hoa tdc
igudi Di hill' mdt each siu sic gia tri ciia van hpc din gian trong ddi
dng van boa din tdc ndi chung va ddi sdng van boa ciia timg cdng I6ng tdc ngudi ndi riang thi viec van dung nhimg ket luan ciia dan tpc
ipc vi nghian curu van boa tdc ngudi trong nghien ciiu van hpc din
;ian li mdt hudng nghian cihi cd y nghia Hon nira, Viet Nam do dieu aan dia If va hoan canh lich sir dac biet da trd thanh noi hdi tu sinh ton 'i irfiit triln ciia 54 tdc ngudi vdi hon tram nhdm dia phuong, thi van ipe dan gian cic tdc ngudi Viat Nam cin phai dupe nghien curu dudi
229
Trang 9gdc dd cua "su thdng nhdt trong da dang" Khi dat trong bdi canhcfc
mdi quan he lich sir - van hoi tdc ngudi thi d hudng ngbian cihi nay 4
dupe nha nghian curu Chu Xuan Dian khing dinh "Cdclh4iep can dyc6 the cho phep cat nghia dugc nhieu hien tuang vdn hgc ddn gian cuAi
md niu khdng dugc xem xet trong bdi cdnh cdc mdi quan he lich si-vdn hod toe ngUdi thi it cd khd nang hieu dung" [3; tr 138]
3.2 Nghien curu vdn hpc dSn gian fur goc nhin mtfi quan ha van M tpc ngudi
Van hoi tdc ngudi vdi tu each nhap than van boa mdt cich fti nhian va tu nguyen cua cdng ddng, cd thi la mdt nhdm nhd trong mflt ling va rdng ra la mdt viing, mien Kem theo gia tri van hoi vat chitli gii tri van boa tinh thin, la pbong tuc, tip quan, la tfn ngudng, la Id htt
va van ngha dan gian Van nghe dan gian giu" vai trd phan inh va tich hpp bang each nay hay each khac tit ca nhimg gia tri dd nhu la mft thuc tai, mdt ddi tupng cua ngha thuit dan gian trong dd cd van hpc dan gian Van hpc dan gian da dupe nhan dian la van boa sinh boat, la ngha thuat thuc hanh, la van hpc churc nang nan nd gin chat vdi m6i trudng sinh boat thuc tian ciia con ngudi, nd la su giao tiep c6 linh nghe thuat trong cac nhdm ciia cdng ddng tdc ngudi Ba loai boat d6ng
CO ban cua van hpc dan gian tir sang tic, dian xudng - trinh di^n d6i tia'p nhan - thudng thiic dau gin vdi boat ddng tap tbI cua mdt c6ng ddng Neu van hpc viat dupe sang tic bing tri thirc ban lim vdi cai l6i nghe thuat thi van hpc dan gian lai la sang t^c cua mdt tap thi, duoc luu truyen qua nhieu tba' he tran ket qua ciia nhung kinh nghiam ihuc
te va nhay cam ddi thudng Trong van hpc dan gian cd du ca, nao tri thiic bach khoa dan gian, nao tri thirc ngdn ngu* thim ml, lich sir thin
mi dan gian Tit ca nhung cii dd chfnh la nhihig ngudn mach ciii van boa tpc ngudi va van boa dan tpc
Tia'p can tac phim van hpc dan gian ngoai viec lam n6i bat tinh chit nghe thuat cdn phai khing dinh gia tri dac trung riang cua vin hpc dan gian dd chfnh la dac trung van hoa la nhung yeu td ngoai vin hpc cua nd Thuc ra tinh nguyen hpp ciia van hpc dan gian chinh li s>/ t6ng hcrp mot each tu nhian va nguyan so cac ya'u td van hpc va phi van hpc trong hien tupng van hpc dan gian Khi nghian cihi ca dao neu chi thiy cai hay cai dep cua Idi cua nhung bilu tupng hinh anh ihi
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Trang 10%ht/a dii, ma cdn phai dat ca dao trong mdi lian ka^t cua su nghien curu ililn mach Idi hit - diau hit va Idi hat, dd chfnb la each nghian cihi toan
^ a n vl Idi hit phai inh van boa dan gian, diau hat chiia dung am nhac
^dan gian vi Idi hit chfnh la thanh phin ngiJ van dan gian dl hpp thanh 'l^hinh thi van hpc din gian theo tinh thin Folklore Nghien ciJu truyen
ti din gian khdng chi la phan tfch hinh tupng, nhan vat mdt each
thuin tuy ma cdn phai dat truyan kl trong su giai ma cac md tfp va Wiii ma each xiy dung hinh tupng nhan vat trong khdng gian va thdi kian ciia timg thi loai truyen kl - cua thin thoai, truyen thuyet cung
fhu c6 tfch Su "gidi md" van boa gdp phin If giai su vin ddng va
iiln d6i cua cdt tniyan Phan tfch cdt tniyen chfnh la nhan dang tic iphim thudc thi loai nao va nhiing tic phim nao tao thanh lian tie
^ i m , mdt chudi tic phim cua mdt kilu truyan hay mdt tfp tniyen,
p n g nhu mdt ha thdng cac md tfp Tir co sd dd ti^n hanh giai ma thim [flii cic md tfp, cac bilu tupng, cac kf hiau thim ml tran co sd giii ma
Mn hoi din gian Mpi su lua chpn, thi hian mdi hinh tupng hay su lap
li cua cic md tfp ciing nhu su If giai cac su kien, tinh hudng, bien cd
•ong truyan kl diu dupe cha' dinh bdi van boa tdc ngudi
Nghian eihi van hpc dan gian trong mdi quan he van boa tdc gudi theo hudng lich sir - so sinh chung ta cd kha nang tiep can va If i&i mdt each trpn ven cac hian tupng van hpc dan gian theo tinh thin
W rdng ddi mdi trong quan niem ve vdn hgc ddn gian trong mdi uan hi vdi vdn hod ddn gian, vdi Folklore" [6; tr 62] Diy cung chfnh
con dudng tia'p cin nghian cihi van hpc dan gian tran ca hai binh
an ngii' van va dan tdc hpc khi ma: nhihig yeu td cd tfnh loai hinh
ch sii van boa tdc ngudi se la co sd khoa hpc If giai cac qua trinh hinh cac miu kl va tao chu de, xay dung ciu tnic, gpi md y nghia
lu Idp trong ha thdng mdt hinh tupng xac dinh
Khai thic truyan kl din gian cac tdc ngudi lam sdng day nhihig
i tri thim ml, gia tri van boa cdi ngudn cung chfnh la dl gdp phin
0 tdn nin van boa dan tdc, dl nhan dian dupe su bien ddi van hoa tir
yin thdng den hian dai trong giao luu hdi nhap tren nhihig binh dien
di Chfnh vi vay, khing dinh mdi quan he van hpc dan gian - dan tdc trong ngh*an curu lian nganh chic chin se md ra nhieu kham pha
t ngd
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