UNIT Câu Điều Kiện Conditionals AND IF sentences A Cấu trúc chung câu điều kiện gồm phần (IF clause - Main clause) I.Câu điều kiện dạng I (Câu điều kiện có thực tương lai ) If + S + V ( s , es ) , S + will / shall / can / may / + V Eg1: If I have enough money , I will buy a new car Eg2: If she doesn't study hard , she will fail the exam Eg3: The plane may be deverted if the fog gets thicker Eg4: If you want to lose weight , you must eat less bread If + S + V ( s , es ) , S + V ( s , es ) Để diễn tả thật hiển thói quen: Eg5: If you heat ice , it turns to water Eg6: If you are thirsty , you drink Unless = If not Eg7: If you don't study hard , you will fail the exam = Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam II Câu điều kiện dạng II (Câu điều kiện thực tại) If + S + Ved / were , S + would / could / should / + V Eg8: If I had a map , I would lend it to you In fact: I don't have a map now Eg9: I'd be in time for work if I lived near my office In fact: I don't live near my office III Câu điều kiện dạng III (Câu điều kiện khơng có thực q khứ) Form: If + S + had + PII + S + shoud / would + have + PII Eg10: If I had had money , I would have bought it In fact: I didn’t have money , I didn’t buy it Eg11: If she hadn’t been ill , she wouldn’t have stayed at home IV Sử dụng thể tiếp diễn câu điều kiện (using progressive verb form) Eg12: True: It’s raining right now, so I will not go for a walk Conditional: If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk Eg13: True: I am not living in Chile, I ‘m not working at a bank Conditional: If I were living in Chile, I would be working at a bank Eg14: True: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk Conditional: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk Eg15: True: I was not living in Chile last year; I was not working at a bank Conditional: If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank V Sử dụng câu điều kiện tổng hợp: Eg16: True: I didn't eat breakfast several hours ago, so I'm hungry now Conditional: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I wouldn't be hungry Eg17: True: He’s not a good student He didn't study for the test yesterday Conditional: If he were a good student , he would have studied for the test VI Sử dụng câu điều kiện thiếu "If " dùng để nhấn mạnh: Eg18: Were I you , I wouldn’t that Conditional: If I were you, I wouldn’t that Eg19: Had I known, I would have told you Conditional: If I had known, I would have told you Eg20: Should anyone call, please talk a message Conditional: If anyone should call, please talk a message VII Sử dụng câu điều kiện "Implied" - ám chỉ: Eg21: I would never have succeed without your help Implied condition = If you hadn't helped me VIII Sử dụng câu điều kiện phụ thuộc " But for" Eg21: I would never have succeed without your help Implied condition = If you hadn't helped me Dùng để nói việc phụ thuộc vào việc , ng−ời khác Eg22: My father pays my fees But for that I wouldn’t be here = If it were not for my father's fees, I wouldn’t be here Eg23: But for Jim's support, I wouldn’t have got the job = If it hadn't been for Jim's support, I wouldn’t have got the job UNIT CÂU ƯỚC - WISH AND OTHER USES I.Câu ước cho tương lai: S + wish ( es ) + S + would / could / should + V Eg24: Fact: It’s raining I wish It would stop raining I wish It would stop raining Eg25: Fact: My dream is to go to American one day I wish It would stop raining I wish I would go to American one day II.Câu ước thực Form: S + wish ( es ) + S + Ved / were Eg26: Fact: Now, I don't have much money I wish It would stop raining I wish I had much money III Câu ước khơng có thực q khứ: Form: S + wish ( es ) + S + had + PII Eg27: Fact: I forget learning English I wish It would stop raining I wish I had learnt English Eg28: Fact: I didn't go to the class yesterday I wish It would stop raining I wish I had gone to the class Note: If only * If only + simple tense Eg29: If only he comes in time = We hope he will come in time Eg30: If only he will listen to her = We hope he will be willing to listen to her If only + past = S wish ( es ) + S + Ved If only + past perfect = S wish ( es ) + S + had + PII If only + would V = S wish ( es ) + S + would V Eg31: If only Tom were here = I wish Tom were here Eg32: If only you hadn't said “ Liar “ = I wish you hadn't said “ Liar “ Eg33: If only they would stop following me = I wish they would stop following me In fact: they don't stop following me As if / As though Thường nội dung sau “As If / As though“ trái thực tế Trong trường hợp đó, động từ sử dụng giống câu điều kiện I Diễn tả hành động khơng có thực S + present tense + as if / as though + S + Ved Or past tense ( với ý thuật lại ) Eg34: He acts as if / as though he were rich In fact: He isn't rich Note: Thuật lại: Eg35: She talked to him as if he were a child In fact: He isn't a child II Diễn tả hành động khơng có thực khứ S + past tense + as If/as though S + had + PII Eg36: Jim looked as if he had seen a ghost In fact: He didn't see a ghost Eg37: She acted as though she had never met him In fact: She has met him or she met him Eg38: She looked as if / as though she had run 10 miles Note: As if / As though có ý nghĩa: - Được sử dụng thể loại điều kiện ( đề cập trên) - Được sử dụng để so sánh bình thường As if / As though = like = nh− thĨ lµ Eg39: It looks like rain ⇒ It looks as if it's going to rain UNIT WORDS THAT INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION (“IF CLAUSES“) If in case ( that ) only if Whether or not in the event ( that ) providing ( that ) Even if unless provided ( that ) I Whether or not: Eg40: I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it's cold = I’m going to go swimming tomorrow if it's cold if it's not cold -> Sử dụng “ whether or not “ để diễn tả điều kiện “cho dù kết nữa“ kết không thay đổi II Even if: Eg41: I have decided to go swimming tomorrow Even if the weather’s cold, I’m going to go swimming “ Even if “ nghĩa chúng gần giống “whether or not“ Note: Compare: Eg42: If Ann studies hard , she will pass the exam Even if Mary studies hard , she won't pass the exam III In case ( that ) in the event ( that ) Eg 43: I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you need to reach me Eg44: In the event that you need to reach me , I’ll be at my uncle’s house Note: In case ( that ) in the event ( that ) + clause In case of in case event of + Nphrase Eg45: In case of trouble, call the police = In case ( that ) there's trouble, call the police Eg46: In the event of rain, the picnic will be cancelled = In the event ( that ) it rains, the picnic will be cancelled IV Only if vµ Providing that / Provided that / As(So) long as Eg47: The picnic will be cancelled only If it rain * Only If để bày tỏ phần điều kiện Note: Eg48: Only if it rains will the picnic be cancelled Nếu “ Only if “ đầu câu có tượng đảo ngữ As long as so long as Đều có nghĩa " If " provided that" On condition that " providing that Eg49 : You can use my car as long as ( so long as ) you drive carefully ( You can use my car but you must drive carefully -this’s a condition) Eg50: Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) / providing (that) you have somewhere to park Eg51: Provided ( that) she studies hard , she’ll pass her exam Providing (that) Note: Providing that = Provided that = so long as = as long as = if only if Khi chóng ta nói tơng lai, không đợc sử dụng will “ sau: unless /as long as / provided / providing vµ only If V Otherwise vµ or ( Else ) Eg52: I always eat breakfast Otherwise, I get hungry during class ( otherwise để diễn tả ý trái với thËt ) -> If I don't eat breakfast, I'll get hungry during class Eg53: I always eat breakfast, or (else), I get hungry during class If I don’t eat breakfast, I'll get hungry during class (Or (else) vµ otherwise gièng nghÜa ) Note: Otherwise lµ tõ chun ý Or ( else ) liên từ LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212 LECTURE ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR Y2K WRITTEN BY NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) UNIT C©u bị động - The passive Trong tiếng anh có loại câu: Câu chủ động & Câu bị động Trong câu chủ động chủ ngữ thực hành động They write letters S VO Nhng dạng bị động chủ ngữ chịu tác động hành động, có nghĩa tân ngữ câu chủ động đợc làm chủ ngữ câu bị động Letters are written by them -> Cấu tạo chung câu bị ®éng: S (o) + tobe + PII + by O ( s ) Trong đó: To be: động từ dao động đảm bảo yếu tố số /số nhiều chủ ngữ, thời động từ PII : động từ cố định * Các dạng bị động bản: Thì đơn: ( + ) S (o) + tobe (is, are, am) + PII + by O (s) + by O ( -) S (o) + tobe not + PII ( ? ) Tobe + S(o) + PII + by O (s) (s) ? Eg3: Mai cleans this room -> This room is cleaned by Mai Eg4: I don’t the exercise -> The exercise isn’t done by me Eg5: Do you study the lesson often ? ->Is the lesson studied often by you ? Thì khứ đơn: ( + ) S (o) + tobe (was, were) + PII ( - ) S(o) + tobe not + PII ( ? ) Tobe + S(o ) + PII + by O (s) + by O (s) + by O ? (s) Eg 6: Somebody cleaned the rooms yesterday ->The rooms were cleaned yesterday Eg7: Tom didn’t sing that song -> That song wasn’t sung by Tom Eg8: Didn’t Jim dop the cup -> Was not the cup dropped by Jim ? Th× hiƯn t¹i tiÕp diƠn: ( + ) S (o) + tobe (is, are, am) + being + PII ( - ) S(o) + tobe not + being + PII + by O (s) + by O (s) ( ? ) Tobe +S (o) + being + P2 + by O ( s ) ? Eg 9: Is somebody cleaning the room at the moment ? -> Is the room being cleaned at the moment ? Thì khứ tiếp diÔn: ( + ) S(o) + tobe (was, were) + being + PII + by O ( s) ( -) S(o) + tobe not + being + PII + O ( s ) ( ? ) Tobe + S(o) + being +PII + by O (s) ? Eg 10: Mai was doing her homework when I arrived -> Mai’s homework was being done by her when I arrived Th× hoàn thành: LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212 LECTURE ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR Y2K WRITTEN BY NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) ( + ) S ( o ) + have (has )+ been + PII + by O ( s ) ( - ) S ( o ) + haven't(hasn't) + been + PII + by O ( s ) ( ? ) Have(Has )+ S ( o ) + been + PII + by O ( s ) ? Eg11: I have built the house Quá khứ hoàn thành: -> The house has been built by me ( + ) S ( o ) + had + been +PII + by O ( s ) ( - ) S ( o ) + had not + been + PII + by O ( s ) ( ? ) Had + S ( o ) + been + PII + by O ( s ) ? Tơng lai đơn giản: Tơng lai hoàn thành: Eg12: Alice will have written the report -> The report will have been written by Alice Tơng lai gần: Active: S + tobe (is / are / am )+ going to + V -> Passive: ( + ) S ( o ) + tobe + going to be + PII ( - ) S ( o ) + tobe not going to be + PII + O ( s ) ( ? ) Tobe + S (o) + going to be + PII + by O ( s ) ? ( + ) S ( o ) + will / shall +be + PII + by O ( s ) ( -) S ( o ) + won't / shan't + be + PII + by O ( s ) ( ? ) Will / shall + S ( o ) +be + PII + by O ( s ) ( + ) S ( o ) + will have been + PII + by O ( s ) ( -) S ( o ) + won't have been + PII + by O ( s ) ( ? ) Will + S ( o ) + have been + PII + by O ( s ) ? Eg13: I’m going to sell my house -> My house is going to be sold by me 10 Các động từ ®Ỉc biƯt: Can, Could, May, Might , Must , Have to, Would, Will, Should, Shall, Ought To, Used to , Need , Had Better , + Be + PII Eg14: You must the exercise before it’s too late Eg15: Do you have to wear uniform ? Eg16: I need buy these books -> The exercise must be done before it’s too late Eg17: I need to buy these books -> Does the uniform have to be worn by you ? -> These books need be bought Note: -> These books need to be bought My shoes need cleaning = My shoes need to be cleaned Eg18: I will have to all my homework -> All my homework will have to be done by me Eg19: Are you going to have to wear uniform ? -> Is uniform going to have to be worn ? LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212 LECTURE ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR Y2K WRITTEN BY NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) UNIT Câu bị động - The passive 11 Câu bị động nhờ bảo: Khi chủ ngữ không trực tiếp thực hành ®éng chóng ta sư dơng cÊu tróc nhê b¶o “ have - passive “ Have / (Get) + Sth + done Eg20: I always have my mother wash my clothes - > I always have / get my clothes washed by my mother 12 Cấu trúc câu bị động đặc biÖt (It's said that ): Eg21: People say that // he beats his wife -> It is said that he beats his wife -> He’s said to beat his wife Eg22: People think that he’s 105 years old -> It’s thought that he’s 105 years old -> He’s thought to be 105 years old Cấu trúc thờng với động từ: Think , Know , Believe , Report , Understand , Except , Consider , Allege * Note: mẫu câu mệnh đề thể khứ , hoàn thành , khứ hoàn thành ta phải sử dụng: to have + PII Eg23: People reported that two people were killed in the explosion -> It was report that two people were killed in the explosion -> Two people were reported to have been killed in the explosion * Note: §íi víi mƯnh đề dạng tiếp diễn , tơng lai , "can , could , must , have sb st " th× is losing -> to be losing will end -> to end can do-> to be able to do: Could -> to have been able to must -> to have to have sb st -> to have st done Eg24: It’s said that there is a secret tunnel between them -> There is said to be a secret tunnel between them Nãi thªm: ( Be ) supposed to Đôi It's supposed to = It's said to Eg25: Let’s go and see that film It’s supposed to be very good ( = Its said to be very good ) Nhng "supposed to" , "something is supposed to happen" = It's planned , arranged or expected Eg26: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late (The train was expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable) Ngoµi ra: "You are not supposed to sth" = It's not allowed or advisable for you to it Eg 27: Mr Bord is much better after his illness but he is still not supposed to any heavy work (= his doctor have advised him not to any heavy work ) * Note: Eg28: It's your duty to obey him = you are supposed to obey him Eg29: You are supposed to have finished = You should have finished LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212 LECTURE ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR Y2K WRITTEN BY NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) UNIT Câu bị động - The passive 13 Cấu trúc bị động Verb patterns: Verb + V.ing + Object like doing sth -> like being done Eg30: I don’t like people telling me what to Eg31: Most people like giving presents Eg32: They saw him climming over the fence Eg33: He wants someone to take photographs Eg34: He likes you to write the test * Verbs of perception: See , watch , hear Active: S + see + O + V (Ving) -> passive: S + be seen + to V( Ving ) Eg35: They saw her coming in -> She was seen coming in Eg36: He heard the bell ring -> The bell was heard to ring * Imperative sentence ( c©u mƯnh lƯnh ): V + O + A -> Let + O + be + PII + A Eg37: Write your name here -> Let your name be written here * ( S ) + let + sb + + st Eg38: He let me go out -> I was allowed to go out Eg39: Let me go -> I was allowed to go Eg40: Don’t let others see you -> Don't let yourself be seen by others -> I don’t like being told what to -> Most people like being given presents Verb + Object + V.ing -> He was seen climming over the fence Verb + Object + to V -> He wants photographs to be taken -> He likes the test to be written by you Eg41: Everyone believes him right.-> He's believed to be right * Sau động từ: advise / beg / order / recommend / urge + Indirect object + Infinive + Object, có dạng bị ®éng Eg42: He urged the council to reduce the rate -> The council was / were urged to reduce the rate -> He urged that the rates should be reduced the rate * Sau động từ: agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, determine, decide, demand + to V + O, có dạng bị động: that - should Eg43: He decided to sell the house -> He decided that /the house should be sold Gerund: Sau ®éng tõ: advise, insist, propose, recommend , suggest + gerund + O -> That - should Eg44: The students suggested buying flowers for teacher on the Teacher’s Day ->The students suggested that flowers should be bought for teacher on the Teacher’s Day Chó ý: * Make sb st -> to be made to V Eg45: They made me hand over my passport.-> I was made to hand over my passport Eg46: I remember that my father took me to the place -> I remember being taken to the place by my father * Nếu chủ ngữ dạng phủ định -> Khi viết câu bị động, động từ phải nhận phủ định Eg47: No one did the exercise-> The exercise wasn't done * Nếu câu chủ động có tân ngữ chuyển thành chủ ngữ câu bị động khác Eg48: He gave me a book.-> I was given a book by him O1 O2 -> A book was given me by him * Một số động từ thờng có tân ngữ: give , tell , show , lend , get , write , pay , sell , buy , bring * Một số nội động từ có bị động nhng phải giữ lại phần giới từ động từ Eg49: My wife spoke to the man -> The man was spoken to by my wife LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212 ... H2T) UNIT Câu bị động - The passive Trong tiếng anh có loại câu: Câu chủ động & Câu bị động Trong câu chủ động chủ ngữ thực hành động They write letters S VO Nhng dạng bị động chủ ngữ chịu tác... cancelled IV Only if vµ Providing that / Provided that / As(So) long as Eg47: The picnic will be cancelled only If it rain * Only If để bày tỏ phần điều kiện Note: Eg48: Only if it rains will... tomorrow if it''s cold if it''s not cold -> Sử dụng “ whether or not “ để diễn tả điều kiện “cho dù kết nữa“ kết khơng thay đổi II Even if: Eg41: I have decided to go swimming tomorrow Even if the