(Luận án tiến sĩ) tìm hiểu bộ chương trình tính phát thải khí gây ô nhiễm vùng và đánh giá phân tích sự ảnh hưởng của một số tham số chính luận án PTS cơ học2 02 02

MUG LUC Trang Phan Ma dau ChuoTig 1: Mo hinh Mesopuff II 1.1 Ca sa ly ihuye't 1.1.1 Xirly cac yeu to lugtig Mesopac 1.1.1.1 Trucmg gio 1.1.2 V^n i6c ma sal be mat 1.1.1.3 Do cao 16p xao Iron 1.1.2 Tinh loan khuech tan Mesopuff 10 11 1.1.2.1 Phucmg trinh khuech tan chum khoi 11 1.1.2.2 PhuoTig trinh Ian truyen chum khoi 13 1.1.2.3 Ham lay m^u chum khoi 15 1.2 Can true chuang Irinh 16 1.3 Cac modun chinh 17 1.3.1 Chuong trinh Read62 17 1.3.2 Chuotig irinh Mesopac 20 1.3.3 Chuong irinh Mesopuff 24 1.4 Yeu eau ve so lieu 30 Chuang Tinh toan lugng phat thai 33 2.1 Mot sdphuong phap lijihloan lugng phat thai theo so lieu saeap 33 2.1.1 Cach ixac tinh thai cua To chire Y le the gi6i (WHO) 2.1.2 Cach Lr6c linh ciia Strauss W., Mainwaring S J 33 42 2.1.3 Cach ix6c tinh thai theo Van phong Tieu ehudn va Ke hoach Chat lugng Khong khi, ciia Caquan Bao ve moi trirang My 43 2T.4 Uoc tinh theo Du an nghien ciru, cai thien moi trirong cho Ha Ngi, Cong ly hgp tac qude le - Nhal Ban (JICA) 2.2.Nhanxet 47 48 2.2.1 Nh^nxet Chung 48 2.2.2 Nhan xet vi each u6c tinh lugng phat thai va mik ehinh xae 49 Chuong Tinh toan ap dung cho viing Ha Noi 53 3.1 Khai qiial chung ve hien trang moi trucmg khong khu vue Ha ngi 53 3.2 Tinh loan ap dung 53 3.2.1 So lieu lugng 53 3.2.2 l/dc tinh thai lai cac ngudn 57 3.2.3 Ket qua linh loan va so sanh vai ket qua dac 58 3.3 Danh gia anh hucmg cua he so khuech tan 64 Phan Ket luan 71 Tai lieu tham khao 73 Phuluc 75 Phulue 76 Phu liic 79 PHAN MO DAU Nen c5ng nghiep the gi6i cang phat irien da gop phan cai thien, nang cao chat lugng euge song ciia eon nguai, song cung keo theo hang loat cac van de phuc tap khac, c6 van de ve nhi6m moi trucmg [1-7] ChungTa deu biet r ^ g khong la moi trucmg song cua muon loai va la tai nguyen v6 cung qui gia cua nhan loai nhimg bau khong xung quanh la khong phai la v6 Ian Chinh vi vay, van de chong nhiSm moi trucmg khong la nhiem vu bans dau irons eon^ cuoc bao ve va lam saeh moi trucmfr khons khi" noi riene va moi trucmg song noi chung O nhiSm khong gay cac hien tugng mua axil, hieu iing nha kinh, thiing lang ozon va nhung bien ddi hau mang tinh chat loan eau nhu lam tang nhiet irai dat, dan^ cao muc nir6c bi^n, tans cac hien tuons thien tai lu lut Moi tmang khong a nirac la, dac biet la a cac khu cong nghiep va thi Ian vin dang ton tai nhung dau hieu o nhiSm dang lo ngai Phan Ion cac nha may, xi nghiep ehua dugc trang hi cac he thong Igc, xu ly bui va doc hai va hang gia, hang thai vao bau quyen mot lugng khong 16 cac chat doc hai, lam vain due khong ca mot viing rgng 1cm xung quanh nha may Muc nhiSm khong gan mat dat khong the ehi danh gia bang lugng thai cua cac nguon nhiSm ma eon b^ng sir phan bo cua cac chat nhi^m khong gian va theo thai gian thong qua cac tham so cua cac h6n hgp hoi doe hai va bui Sir phan bo phu thuge vao cac dieu kien tirgng nhu che gio, nhiet do, lugng may v.v [8 - 15] \'ai cac bai loan eu the khac nhau, nhung dai lugng tirgng khac can phai CO de linh loan sir phat tan ciia cac tap chat, nhung bai loan ec) the dirge phan loai dua vao nhung gia thiel ve quang duang Ian truyen ciia lap chat: No thoat liir nguon nao, dich chuyen va phai tan vao Icfp bien quyen nhu the nao? Nguon lap chat c6 the la didm , ducmg hoac dien lich, no tac dgng tire thdi hay laudai [ - ] Neu du bao hay biel Inrdc dugc cac tham hoa xau ve moi trucmg xay ra, c6 the giup chung la phong tranh hay lam giam ihieu dugc cac ihiet hai Do vay, van de du bao nhiSm moi tnrong khong c6 mot y nghia rat quan irgng euge song hang cung nhu irong cong vi6c ciia chung la Hien d^ linh loan muc o nhiSm moi trucmg, phii thugc vao nhieu yeu to, a cac nu6c nguai la xay dirng va sir dung nhieu phan mem khac vi du nhu: CDM, MPTER, ISC, ROADWAY, MESOPUFF H, LADM, v.v Trong luan van chung loi lira chgn mo hinh JVTESOPUFF n [19] va mot so van dt lien quan lam doi tirgng Mo hinh MESOPUFF II dugc USEPA (Cue moi tmong My) phe duyel cho phep sir dung danh gia linh loan chat lugng moi trucmg khong khu vue Mo hinh MESOPUFF II la mo hinh chong chum khoi c6 quy dao bien thien Mo hinh phu hgp cho viee mo hinh hoa qua trinh truyen lai, phat tan cua cac chat nhilm ti^r cac nguon di6m, nguon duong va nguon dien lich tai cac khoang each virgt qua khoang each thich hgp cua cac mo hinh Gauss truyen thong vai quy dao ehiim khoi theo duang thang Day la bg phan mem 1cm long cong khoang 10.000 dong lenh, chia lam nhieu modun, va cac chuong trinh Muc dich cua luan van: - Tim hieu va nSm vTrng kha nang sir dung bg chuong trinh tinh loan nhiSm moi trucmg khu vue MESOPUFF II - Phan lich, danh gia mot so yeu to ca ban anh huong den ket qua linh loan nong cac chat gay c) nhiSm - Ap dung tinh loan, phan lich cho mot ddi lugng, khu vire eu thd Bo cue cua luan van ngoai Phan Ma dau, c6 chuong ngi dung Chuong I: Mo hinh MESOPUFF II, giai thieu ve bg phan mem ca so khoa hge va eau triic chuong trinh Chuong H: Tinh loan lugng phat thai, de cap den vi^c tinh loan lugng phat thai i\i cac so lieu sa cap theo mOl so phuong phap ihOng dung hien nay, eijng mot so phan lich danh gia Chuong HI: Tinh toan ap dung cho viing Ha Ngi, so sanh vai so lieu dac cung nhu danh gia kha nang ap dung m6t s6' tham so xac dinh theo so lieu dac a Viet Nam \^a cuo'i Cling la Phan Ket luan Trong luan van su dung cac so lieu ve tugng va nguon Du an Dieu tra Co* ban cap ISHia nude "Dieu Ira ca ban, danh gia tac dgng moi trucmg vung tang tmang kinh le Bde bg phuc vu quy hoach phat iri^n ben vung" nam 1999 - 2001 CHl/ONG MO HINH MESOPUFF II 1.1 Co sof ly thuyet 7.7.7 Xu ly cac yeu to tugng Mesopac LLLl Trudng gio Mesopac tao trucmg gio theo lirng gia lai m6i diem lLr6i tinh tai cao dugc ngu5i sir dung lira chgn: trucmg gio lang thap dai dien cho dong 16p bien, va trucmg gio lang tren dai dien cho dong tren Icfp bien Trucmg gio tang thap dugc su dung d^' tinh truyen lai chiim khoi 16p xao Iron va xae dinh nang lu6ng thai ciia cac chum khoi mai phat Gio tang tren dugc sir dung de tinh truyen lai chum khoi tren 16p bien Tai m6i bu6e th6i gian, imdng gio thich hgp de truyen lai mot chum khoi dugc xae dinh bang each so sanh cao chi^im khoi vai cao iron thay d6i theo khong gian va thai gian Neu lam chum khoi nam tren (dirai) cao xao trc)n tai diem lirdi gan nhat thi loan bg ehilm khoi dugc truyen tai vai trirang gio lap tren (du6i) Sir mem mong dugc ihe hien ro rang su lira chgn 16p phu hgp nhat dc5i v6i m6i trucmg gio Bang 1.1 irinh bay cac lira chgn cho phep Bang LL Cac lira digit trirang gio lap dirdi va tren Lira ebon Du lieu klii tirons Gio trung binh theo chieu cao Tu be mat den cao xao iron'" Be mat, cao kliong Do cao xao Iron den 850 mb Cao khons Do cao xao Iron den 700 mb'^* Cao khong Do cao xao iron den 500 mb Cao khong Gio rieng le tai lung muc Be mat Be mat 850 mb Cao khong 700 mb Cao khong 500 mb Cao khong Ghi chii:'" trucmg gio dirge ngam dinh cua 16p dir6i *^' tnrcmg gio dugc ngam dinh ciia Idp tren Lua chgn mac dinh la sir dung gio trung binh ciia 16p xao iron doi vai trucmg gio k^p thap va gio trung binh lir dinh lop xao Iron den cao 700 mb (~ 3000m) cho tarcmg gio lop tren Tuy nhien, neu muon, ngirofi su dung c6 the lira chgn nhung muc khac de xac dinh trucmg gio (vi du, 16p be mat, lap 850 mb) Mo hinh c6 the tao mot tnrcmg gio nhat bang vice cho trucmg gio 16p tren va lap dirai giang Gio trung binh lai Icp xao Iron dirge tinh tu so lieu gio lAn/1 tu cae tram cao khong va so lieu be mat trucmg gio lir mang lu6i day dac hon cae tram mat dat Toe gio trung binh theo ti^mg Icp va hucmg gio dugc tinh loan tu cac so lieu cao khong dugc sir dung de chinh hirang gio mat dat theo lung gia Quy irinh biroc theo Draxlar 1979, dugc sir dung de xac dinh gio trung binh 16p xao iron tai m6i diCm (1) Thong tin cao khong dai dien (00 hay 12 GMT) dugc lira chgn tren ca sa lap on dinh cua tram be mat gan nhat ve khong gian so vai diCm lirai va thai gian Cac dieu kien on dinh, khong on dinh hay can bang phiem dinh-dugc gia thiet dai dien phu hgp cho cac thai di^m 00 va 12 GMT (2) Sir dung cac thong tin cao khong da lira chgn birac (1) cac phan gio Irung binh theo chieu cao u va v dugc tinh cho lop lu be mai cho den diem lu6i bang cao xao iron (3) Sau tinh ty le ciia iCk gio trung binh theo lap so vai loe gio bo mat tai tram cao khong va sir khac biet ve huong gio ciia chung (4) So lieu gic) be mat theo gia dugc sir dung d^ ngi suy khong gian cac phan gio be mat u, (dong), v^ (bac) tai lung diem luoi Du lien tit tai ca cae tram be mat vising nguai sir dung xac dinh cac diem luoi dugc sir dung de tinh loan u„ v^ phi^i hgp nhu sau: k,vj„=^^^^- (1.1) z^ Trong do: Ug, v^: la ihanh phan gio theo true x (dong) va y (bac) cua gio be mat lai di^m lu6i (i,j) u^., v^: la cae phan theo true x (dong) va y (bac) ciia gio be mat lai tram be mat k r^: la khoang each lir tram be mat l6i diem lucifi (i,j) a^: he so ly Irgng (a^ - 1- 0.5 I sin(j), I, (j), la gck giua huong gio quan irAc dugc va ducmg noi giua tram be mat va diem lirai) (5) Gio trung binh ciia lop xao iron tai diem lirai dugc tinh bang each nhan toe sio be mat tai diem C) luc^i da tinh duac irons bu6e (4) vai li le toe gio cua tram cao khong gan nhat Tirong tu nhu vay huung gic) be mat dugc dieu chinh bang he so hirang gio Cae phan gio be mat u^, v^ bircye (4) can dugc tinh theo limg gia khong phu thuge vao lira chgn ciia ngirc)i sir dung ve trudng gio dung de tinh Iruyen lai, vi gio be mat cung can de tinh on dinh quydn va cac tham so tugng lung khu vue Gic) trung binh theo chieu cao lir cao iron cho tai cac mire 850 mb, 700mb hay 500 mb dugc tinh theo each sau \'ao li'ie 00 va 12 GMT tai mOi tram cao khong triroc he'l dugc ngi suy theo thai gian, va sau irung binh theo lop lir diem luoi tinh CO cao bang cao trgn den muc phii hap (vi du, 700 mb) Gic^ lai cac diem (i,j) dirc}'e xac dinh theo cong Ihire (1.1) bang each lay long theo cac tram cao khong thay vi cac tram be mat Chi nhung tram cao khc')ng viing chgn anh hucmg eiia diem lu6i da cho can dugc dua vao Do cao xao iron can phai thap hon miie ap suai xac dinh dinh cao ciia lap dc^ neu khong chircmg trinh se thong bao loi va dung ihue hien Neu m6t cac trucmg gio kh6ng a miic rieng le tren (850 mb 700mb, 500 mb) dugc lira chgn, ihi ehi du lieu gio lai muc da lira chgn dugc sir dung de tinh trucmg gio Vi du, gio 850 mb tai m6i diem lir6i dugc tinh bang each ngi suy theo thdi gian gio a muc 850 mb tai m6i tram cao khong, va sau ap dung cong thiic 1.1 de lay long theo cae tram cao khong 7.7.7.2 \'gn tdc ma sat be mat Van lo'c ma sal be mat u^ c6 the dugc linh thong qua cae so lieu tirgng neu biet cac dac trung nham ciia be mat Tru6c het, dong nhiet be mat eo the dugc tinh thong qua danh gia dong bue xa Sau u^ dugc xac dinh qua toe gio, nham be mat va dong nhiet Dong nhiet H dugc tinh phu thuge vao gia theo cae phuong irinh sau cua Maul 1980 H = a R + Ho (1.2) R = 950|3sinv (1.3) Ho = 2.4 C - (1.4) Trong do: H: la dong nhiet (W/m^) HQ! la d5ng nhiet khong eo bue xa mai lr6i (W/m^) a: la hang so su dung dat (-0.3) R: la bue xa mat trai (W/m^) P: la he so giam bite xa mat trai may v: la goc nghieng bue xa mat Ircfi C: la due ciia \6p may (theo phan chuc) Trong Bang 1.2 cho Irirae cac gia iri cua he so giam hue xa mat trai may (P) Gia iri ciia P dugc dieu chinh theo so lieu cua Maul 1980 Bang L2: He so giam bi(c xq mat trdi May bao phii (theo phan chuc) ^ 1.00 0.91 0.84 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.68 • 0.62 0.53 0.41 10 0.23 ^ Sin cua goc nghieng so v6i birc xa mat trai sin v dirge tinh nhu sau: sin V == sin(t) sinK^ + cos,i} cosK^ cosH^ H , = (7r/12)(T-EJ - X (1.5) (1.6) E ^ - + sin(D) - 0.004289 cos(D) + 0.153809 sin(2D) 0.060783 eos(2D) (1.7) D = (d-l)(360/365.242)(7r/180) (1.8) Kd = sin' (0.39784989 sin (7ra^/180)) (1.9) G:, ^ 279.9348 + D(180/7r) + 1.914827 sin(D) - 0.079525 cos(D) + 0.019938 sin(2D) - 0.00162 cos(2D) (2.10) Trong do: (|): la VI (theo radian) X: la kinh (theo radian) d: la Julian T: la gia 69 THAI NGUYEN BAC OlANG 40 37 35 , Ct^ _ „ 33 30 mm "^-^ i l l 15 ^^- 10 -5 -0 J 20D53I TtKoO? f////// J.9 iV^V/^i,^ NO, t gid trung binh mua Dong i (Micrngramlnf) Ap dung tham sd tdiuech tdn rdi theo moi sd sd lieu dgc d \ 'icl Nam 70 Tren Hinh 3.8 cho tha'y ndng SO2 t$p trung cao nhat la vising cd nha may Phan lan Van Dien va nha may gach Dai La 24 |ig/m\ sau dd den khu edng nghiep Thugng Dinh Nhin chung ndng SO2 viing ndi Ha ndi khoang ti^ 14 ug/m'' - 24|ag/m^ va th^'p hon ndng dd SO2 dugc tinh theo Tumer va Ludwig Hinh 3.9 cho tha'y ndng NO^ tap trung cao nhat la khu virc ciia nha may Phan lan Van Dien la 40|ig/m^ va sau dd la khu cdng nghiep Thirgng Dinh la 38|_Lg/m^ So sanh vdi ndng NO^ dugc theo Tumer va Ludwig thi thap hon 10 Nhan xet ddi vdi vi6e so sanh cae hinh 3.2 va hinh 3.3 va tuong ling vdi cac hinh 3.8 va 3.9 ve dinh tinh la luong ddi phi^i hgp, ehi khac khac ve cirdng 71 PHAN KET LUAN Nhiem vu nghien cun ciia de tai la: ''Tim hieu chuong trinh tinh loan su phat tan gay d nhiim viing, va danh gia anh hudng ciia mot sd tham sd md hinh bang cac sd lieu hien cd" Nhiing ket qua chinh thu nhan dugc irong qua trinh lam luan van cd the tdm tat la: Da tim hieu co sd khoa hgc ciia md hinh Mesopuff II, nam vung each sir dung ciia chuong trinh, ngoai cd chuong trinh ngudn'nen cd the can thiep vao de thay ddi mot sd thdng sd khac nhau, vi du luan van da si!r dung de thay ddi cac he sd khuech tan xae dinh theo mot sd sd lieu dac cu the d Viet Nam Day la chuong trinh da dirc)C nhan chuy6n giao chinh thiie cua Cue mdi tmdng My, (UEPA) So vdi mot sd chuong trinh tinh toan d nhiSm mdi trudng khdng nhu CDM, ISC v.v Mesopuff II eho phep md rdng kha nang tinh loan cho tnrdng hgp chum khoi cd quy dao bien doi, cho phep tinh toan ddng thdi vdi nhieu ngudn diem, dudng, va dien, mien tinh cung dugc md rgng len vai chuc, tham chi hang tram km Chuong trinh dugc viet tren ngdn ngu Fortran, vdi ca'u triic chia cac chuong trinh con, modun thuan tien eho viee td chuc tinh loan, dieu ehinh vabd sung Da thdng ke, phan tich, danh gia kha nang ap dung each tinh lugng phai thai tiT sd lieu cac nguyen lieu tieu thu Cd the thay rang viee thdng ke va tinh loan ehinh xac lugng phat thai la mot van de Idn va khd Cac phuong phap udc tinh tirong ddi "tinh" nhu phuong phap ciia WHO, va Van phdng Tieu chuan va Ke hoach Cha't lugng Khdng khi, ciia Co quan Bao ve moi trudng My (USEPA) ap dung tdt cd day dii, chi tiet sd lieu thdng ke va cd the thich hgp ddi vdi quy md tirong ddi nhd Cdn cac phuong phap JICA va Strauss va Mainwaring de xuat thich hgp cho trudng hgp udc tinh "tho" Tuy nhien cd the ihay giua cac phuong phap udc iinh \kn nhung khac biet dang k l Cd the phuong phap JICA de xuat phu hgp hon 72 dieu kien ciia nude ta vi dugc hi6u chinh tren co sd sd lieu ap dung cho mot du an cua viing Ha Ndi Da ap dung de tinh loan eho vung Ha Ngi vdi cac dieu kien lugng tu nhien, phat thai cu the dd ngoai viee sii dung cac tham sd qude te co sir dung mdt sd tham sd xae dinh theo sd lieu dac d Viet Nam tinh toan cac tham sd khuech tan, so sanh va danh gia cac ket qua dugc so sanh vdi cac sd lieu dac hien cd So vdi cae sd lieu dac ket qua tinh loan triing hgp tuong ddi tdt Tuy nhien, cac sd lieu ve he sd khuech tan eho dieu kien tugng d Ha Ngi mdi don gian chia hai trudng hgp (so vdi Idp on dinh quyen thdng Ihudng dugc ap dung) Cd su khac biet rd ret tinh loan he sd khuech tan o^ Do kha nang va thdi gian cd han nen luan van khdng tranh khdi nhung sai sot, rat mong nhan dugc nhung y kien ddng gdp ciia cac thay cd giao va cac ban ddng nghiep 73 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Berliand M E Xovremennuie Problemn' Atmosphemoi, diffusii i zagriaznenia Atmosphem' Gidronmeteoizdat, Leningrad, 1988 Schonoor J L Environmental Modeling Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air and Soil John Wiley Sons, Inc New York, 1996 Luu Thanh Chi Nghien ciiu d^en hinh Hien trang mdi trudng khdng tai Ha ngi Tuyen tap edng trinh khoa hgc, Hdi nghi khoa hgc Trudng DHKHTN - 2000 T J Lyons and W D Scott Princeples of Air Pollution Meteorology, 1990 Duong Nggc Hai Mot sd va'n de co sd tinh loan d nhiSm mdi trudng khdng va nude NXB Dai hge Qude gia Ha Ndi, 2003 Duong Nggc Hai (chu nhiem) Dieu tra co ban danh gia lac dgng mdi tmdng viing tang tmdng kinh te Bac bg phuc vu quy hoach phat trien ben vung Bao cao tdng ket Du an dieu tra co ban ca'p nha nude Vien Co hgc Ha ndi 1/2002 Du an nghien ciru cai thien mdi tmdng cho phd Ha ngi Cdng ty hgp tac Qude te, Nhat Ban (JICA) 12/1998 M R Beyehok Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion Gulf Pub Co., Houston, 1979 Akula \'enkatram An Examination of the Pasquill - Gifford - Tumer Dispersion Scheme Aim Envir., Vol 30, No 8, 1996, pp 1283 - 1290 10 D B Tumer, L W Bender, T E Pierce, and W B Prtersen Air Quality Simulation Models from EPA Environmental Software, 1989, Vol 4, No.2, pp - 74 ll.Maynard E Smith Review of the Attributes and Performance of 10 rural Diffusion Models Meteorological Evaluation, Vol 65 No 6, June 1984 pp 5 - 5 12.Jawads S Touma and John S Irwin, Joseph A Tivarl and C Thomas Coulter A Reviews of Procedures for Updating Air Quality Modeling Techniques for Regulatory Programs Joumal of Applied Meteorology March 1995 pp 731 - 737 13 Pham Nggc Hd, Pham Thi Viet Anh Xac dinh quy luat bien doi eiia cac tham sd khuech tan rdi theo khoang thdi gian mdi trudng khdng d Viet Nam Tuyen tap edng trinh khoa hgc, Hdi nghi khoa hge Tmdng DHKHTN - 2000 14 Le Dinh Quang Mot sd va'n de tugng va vai ly ap dung md hinh loan, tinh lan truyen lap cha't quy6n eiia nude ngoai vao Viet Nam Tuyen tap cdng trinh, Hdi nghi Khoa hge - Co hgc Thuy va Cdng nghe mdi Ha ndi - 2002 15.Garralt J R The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Cambridge Univ Press, 1992 16 Alexander P Economopoulos Assessment of Sources of Air Water, and Land Pollution World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993 17 Strauss W., Mainwaring S J Pollutant Monitoring of Atmosphere Transport in Russian Moscow, Stroizdat, 1984 18 Procedures for Preparing Emission factor Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U S Environmentant Protection Agency, EPA - 454/1^ - 95 - 015, November 1997 19 J S Scire, F W Lurmann, A Bass, S R Hanna User's Guide to the Mesopuff II Model and Related Processor Progarms Environmenl Res & Tech Inc., Massachusetts, 1994 75 PHU LUC 76 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 2"'"2 + " ^ + " * " ' ^ ^ ' ^ + ^ + + + + + H "O E M ôã ^_, )CJ- S '.4> ^ ^O DD on o - * - o + o + o + o + o + o + o + o + o + o + o + + - ^ + - ^ + ^ , _ i _ o , o , - _ T , — I - T ^ H " — I -^ + 0*^0 " T ^ , "T —I , , T,—I T —, "P, I + , , +"^ + o — +-" + —o + — + I +(-\) , +Cs] f^0 + + + + + + + + + + + o + o + o " ^ o + o + + + " ' " " ^ r^, + (^j + r^ + + {^, f^ + (N + c^J + + rJ CN + + (N + CN 3- + + + H CL! rr- ^ cn + r ^ * + i r - O O O O r- -\- r^ + m + r^, r*~, + r*~, + r^j + r*~, +r^ O + f^ + r" s rrl o + + + + + + + + + + + + u < o + + + + + + + + + + —-( erf r~, + rr-, u oc> H on ^ O J u r;^ o erf r-'i CQ :s U) ^s-/ ^* 3x: ^ + ^'+^-+^^+^'+^' + ^ - 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