The lexical features of english used in travel brochures in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THU HƯƠNG THE LEXICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH USED IN TRAVEL BROCHURES IN VIETNAM (Đặc điểm từ vựng Tiếng Anh sử dụng quảng cáo du lịch Việt Nam) MASTER’S THESIS PROGRAM I Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Hanoi - 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THU HƯƠNG THE LEXICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH USED IN TRAVEL BROCHURES IN VIETNAM (Đặc điểm từ vựng Tiếng Anh sử dụng quảng cáo du lịch Việt Nam) MASTER’S THESIS PROGRAM I Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Dr Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm Hanoi - 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification This study is my own work, except where stated otherwise by references Signature i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would have been impossible without the kind assistance of many people to whom I would like to express my appreciation and sincere thanks I owe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm, who constantly provided me with invaluable recommendations, prompt feedback and meticulous attention Her great understanding and unfailing encouragement inspire me to complete the research in a diligent manner I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the lecturers of the Post Graduate Department for their tremendous help and for conveying comprehensive knowledge to me and my classmates during the past two years Finally, special thanks are due to my family, friends and colleagues for their boundless love and firm support ii ABSTRACT Considering the increasing popularity of Viet Nam as an attractive travel destination in the world, numerous promotional materials have been created by incorporating words and images to entice potential foreign customers to come to Viet Nam The present study is conducted in order to reveal the lexical features of English used in travel brochures written by Vietnamese to manifest and demonstrate the persuasive promotional function of the tourism discourse It is also necessary to consider Vietnamese English in these brochures as a variety of English in the Expanding Circle The data in this study include nine travel brochures and were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively The results of this study suggest that there are four out of five analyzed lexical features of travel brochures in Viet Nam occurring frequently, namely lexical borrowing, descriptive adjectives, modal verbs and personal pronouns Nativized word formation processes were not detected in these travel brochures iii TABLE O DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LISTS OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.Rationale 1.2.Aims of the study 1.3.Research questions 1.4.Scope of the study 1.5.Significance of the study 1.6.Organization of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 English as a global language 2.2.World Englishes today 2.3.Different models of World Englishes 2.3.1 A dualistic view of the status of English 2.3.2 A trinalistic view of the status of English 2.3.3 A monist view on the status of English 2.4.Varieties of English in Southeast Asia 2.4.1 Phonologic 2.4.2 Syntactic f 2.4.3 Discoursal 2.4.4 Lexical fea 2.5.English for tourism 2.6.Travel brochures as a special kind of ge 2.7.Theoretical framework 2.7.1 Lexical bo iv 2.7.2 Nativized word formation processes 2.7.3 Descriptiv 2.7.4 Modal ver 2.7.5 Personal p 2.8.Review of previous studies CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1.Data corpus 3.2.Data collection 3.3.Data analytical framework 3.4.Data analyzing procedure CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1.Lexical borrowing 4.1.1 Translitera 4.1.2 Loan tran 4.1.3 Loan blen 4.2.Nativized word formation processes 4.3.Descriptive adjectives 4.3.1 Miscellane 4.3.2 Evaluative 4.3.3 descriptors (T), color descriptors (C) and location descriptors (L) 4.3.4 Adjectives Superlativ 4.4.Modal verbs 4.5.Personal pronouns 4.6.Others 4.7.Discussion CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1.Recapitulation 5.2.Limitations of the study 5.3.Recommendations for further studies v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations C Color EE Evaluative/ emotive EFL English as a foreign language ESL English as a second language L Location MD Miscellaneous descriptive RP Received Pronunciation SQE Size/ quantity/ extent T Time vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The Corpus of nine travel brochures 30 Table 3.2 Analytical framework 31 Table 4.1 Examples of transliteration in Vietnamese travel brochures 35 Table 4.2 Examples of loan translation in travel brochures 38 Table 4.3 Descriptive adjectives used in the travel brochures 39 Table 4.4 Twenty most frequent MD group descriptors 41 Table 4.5 Twenty most frequent EE group descriptors 43 Table 4.6 Ego- targeting adjectives/ no of instances per 100 words 44 Table 4.7 The number of modal verbs “will” and “can” in each brochure .46 vii LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The Life Cycle of Non- Native Englishes Figure 2.2 Kachru‟s Concentric Cirles Figure 2.3 The English Umbrella Figure 4.1 Descriptive adjectives used in the travel brochures 40 Figure 4.2 Personal pronouns “you”, “we” and their corresponding 48 viii 14 Dann, G (1996) The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Oxford: CAB International 54 15 David, M K (2008) Nativization of English in Malaysia and the Philippines as Seen in English Dailies Philippines Journal of Linguistic (PJL), 67-80 16 Delin, J (2000) The Language of Everyday Life London: Sage 17 Durán Muñoz, I (2011) “Tourist translations as a mediation tool: misunderstandings and difficulties. 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Model to analyze the features of English used in Viet Nam in relation to the varieties of English in Southeast Asia 2.4 Varieties of English in Southeast Asia The new Englishes in Southeast Asia emerged... focuses on the prominent English lexical features in travel brochures in Vietnam The corpus of this paper was limited to nine travel brochures collected from the internet and printed brochures. .. travel brochures in Viet Nam 1.2 Aims of the study The aim of this paper is to gain insight into the English lexical features of travel brochures written in Viet Nam, since there has been no