A critical discourse analysis of a presidential speech

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* NGUYỄN THỊ HẠNH A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF A PRESIDENTIAL SPEECH (Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán phát biểu Tổng thống) MASTER MINOR THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Prof Nguyen Hoa HANOI – 2018 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, Nguyễn Thị Hạnh, hereby claim the originality of my study Unless otherwise indicated, this is my own piece of academic accomplishment Signature i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to express my deep gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Prof Nguyen Hoa, for his friendly and patient guidance; insightful critiques during the research and preparation of this thesis I would like to thank him for his advice and assistance for my paper in terms of linguistic and structural aspects If it had not been for his invaluable supports, I could not have completed my study properly Secondly, I am particularly grateful to the Post-Graduate Department, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University and all the lectures for the precious lectures and lessons; the encouragement and assistance which not directly but importantly support my thesis My great thanks go to my workplace, my managers and my colleagues at Faculty of English, Hanoi National University of Education for their support when I have been doing my degree Finally, I wish to thank my family whose love, unconditional support and never -ending encouragement have carried me this far Without constant support of these people, this thesis would not have been possible ii ABSTRACT This study critically investigates the main ideologies conveyed by linguistic features in a speech of Barack Obama It is premised on Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Grammar, and the qualitative research design was used for the content analysis of the text The study shows the results of transitivity and modality In terms of transitivity, material processes dominate the speech with a total occurrence of 55,4 % here as the existential process types are used minimally in the speech with a total occurrence of 12,5 % This implies that Obama and his government are the main actors in an attempt to create a sense of developmental progression and continuity of the relationship between the two countries, US and Vietnam calls for immediate action and not a mere formality of assurances and wishful thinking Regarding modality, modal verbs, tenses and textuality are taken into consideration The study finds out that positive modals, present tenses are used the most with 78,4% and 58,4% in turn The study concludes that language structures can produce certain meanings and ideologies which are not explicit for readers This is in affirmation to the assumption that language form is not fortuitous, but performs a communicative function iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Rationale for the study 1.3 Aims of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Outline of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis 2.2 Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory 2.3 Ideology 14 2.4 Transitivity System 2.4.1 Material Processes 10 2.4.2 Relational Processes 10 2.4.3 Mental Processes 11 2.4.4 Behavioral Processes 11 2.4.5 Verbal Process 12 2.4.6 Existential Processes 12 2.5 Modality 13 2.6 Framework for CDA 14 2.6.1 Description Stage 15 2.6.2 Interpretation Stage 19 2.6.3 Explanation Stage 19 B PREVIOUS STUDIES 20 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Context of the speech 23 iv 3.1.1 Obama and the speech 23 3.1.2 The relationship between Vietnam and the US 23 3.2 Data 25 3.3 Research Instrument 25 3.4 Procedure 26 3.5 Mode of Research 27 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 The ideologies of Obama in the speech 28 4.2 Obama‘s identities through this speech 30 4.3 Transitivity analysis 30 4.3.1 Material process 32 4.3.2 Relational Process 35 4.3.3 Mental Processes 36 4.3.4 Behavioral Process 38 4.3.5 Verbal Process 39 4.3.6 Existential Process 40 4.4 Modality Analysis 41 4.4.1 Modal verbs 41 4.4.2 Tenses 45 4.4.3 Personal pronouns 47 4.5 Textuality 50 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 52 5.1 Recapitulation 52 5.2 Limitations of the study 53 5.3 Recommendations for further studies 53 REFERENCES I APPENDICES V v ABBREVIATION TABLE Abbreviations Pme Pm Pb Pv Pe Pr vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Emergence of Transitivity Process Types in Obama‘s Speech 31 Table 2: Transitivity Analysis of Obama‘s speech (Material Process) 32 Table 3: Personal Pronouns 39 Table 5: Modality analysis of Obama‘s speech (Modal verbs) .42 Table 6: Tenses of sentences 45 Table 7: Personal Pronouns 47 vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the study, rationale, aims, research questions, significances and outline of the study 1.1 Background to the study Our words, undoubtedly, are never neutral, transparent or innocent They always carry the power and ideologies that reflect the interests of those who speak or write them (Taiwo, 2007) As language users, we have several words at our disposal to choose from when producing a text; the choice of certain words over others may reflect conscious and unconscious ideologies held by those who produce them At the same time they may shape the meanings of a text towards certain preferred ideologies Therefore, as observed by Van Dijk (2006), the analysis of language is a critical component in discovering and understanding particular ideologies He uses the term ideology to refer to attitudes, set of beliefs, values and doctrines with reference to religious, political, social and economic life, which shape the individual's and group's perception and through which reality is constructed and interpreted Language can be also defined as a tool utilized for the communication of meaning However, there is much more than simple lexical or grammatical meaning encoded in text People use language to achieve goals and express ideas Through language, individuals establish and maintain social identity and relationships According to Thompson (2004): “We use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the worlds in our own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them We also use language to interact with other people, to establish and maintain relations with them, to influence their behaviour, to express our own viewpoint on things in the world, and to elicit or change theirs.” (p.30) Analyzing texts can provide insight into an individual‘s communicative objectives and beliefs about the world of the speaker that in this paper is Former US President Barack Obama In 2016, Obama paid a visit to Vietnam as the promise between him and Former President of Vietnam Truong Tan Sang This visit was really paid much attention of the whole country Vietnam, and I was not an exception This event somehow made the author of this paper so curious about this trip and made a good selection of questions about his style, his choice of cuisines, places, and his ideologies towards Vietnam Many scholars have analysed political speeches with reference to countries presidents (Horváth: 2009; Duran: 2008) They have realized that Presidents stand for their countries They have also come to be viewed as common fathers of their citizens, burdened with the care of their children (Hinckley, 1990) They have become people‘s representatives; hence, they should speak for their people The voice of the President is taken as the voice of the people The political ideologies embodied in presidential speeches and addresses, therefore, reflect the political ideologies and realities of their nations Obama who was a first-term senator from Illinois, became the first AfricanAmerican president of the United States He was born in August 1961, in Hawaii and has lived in many places, including Indonesia He attended Columbia University in New York and earned a law degree at Harvard University in Massachusetts After that, he worked as a lawyer and later for the University of Chicago When Obama served in the Senate since 2004, he introduced bipartisan legislation which allows Americans to distance learning online how their taxes dollars are spent Also, he served on the Veterans Affairs Committee, which helped oversee the care of soldiers back from Iraq and Afghanistan Therefore, his approval rate on the Internet was high In 2008, he defeated McCain, the Republican Party presidential candidate and won the all three debates on television held in Oxford, Nashville and Hempstead Finally, he won the final success and became the 44 th American president and the first African-American president in American history According to the statistics of The Telegraph since his first overseas visit to Canada in February 2009, Mr Obama has taken 156 trips to nearly 60 countries in Air Force One during his presidency (Henderson, 2017) Those trips were his relations between Vietnam and the United States So I (A) come(Pm) here mindful of the past, mindful of our difficult history, but focused on (Pme) the future the prosperity, security and human dignity that we (A) can advance (Pm) together V I (A) also come (Pm) here with a deep respect for Vietnam‘s ancient heritage (G) For millennia, farmers (A) have tended (Pm) these lands (G) a history (G) revealed (Pm) in the Dong Son drums At this bend in the river, Hanoi (G) has endured for (Pm) more than a thousand years The world (G) came to(Pm) treasure Vietnamese silks and paintings, and a great Temple of Literature stands (Pr) as a testament to your pursuit of knowledge And yet, over the centuries, your fate (Bh) was too often dictated (Pv) by others Your beloved (Pme) land was (Pr) not always your own But like bamboo, the unbroken (Pm) spirit of the Vietnamese people (G) was captured (Pm) by Ly Thuong Kiet ―the Southern emperor rules the Southern land Our destiny is written in Heaven‘s Book.‖ Today, we (S) also remember (Pme) the longer history between Vietnamese and Americans that (Be) is (Pr) too often overlooked (Pb) More than 200 years ago, when our Founding Father, Thomas Jefferson,(S) sought (Pm) rice for his farm, he (Be) looked to (Pb) the rice of Vietnam, which he (S) said (Pv) had ―the reputation of being whitest to the eye, best flavored to the taste, and most productive.‖ Soon after, American trade ships (G) arrivedin (Pm) your ports seeking (Pb) commerce During the Second World War, Americans (A) came (Pm) here to support your struggle against occupation When American pilots (A) were shot down (Pm), the Vietnamese people (A) helped (Pm) rescue (Pm) them (G) And on the day that Vietnam (G) declared (Pv) its independence (G), crowds (A) took to (Pm) the streets of this city, and Ho Chi Minh (Sy) evoked (Pv) the American Declaration of Independence He (S) said (Pv), ―All people are created equal The Creator has endowed them with inviolable rights Among these rights are the right to life, the right to liberty, and the right to the pursuit of happiness.‖ In another time, the profession of these shared ideals and our common story of throwing off colonialism (A) might have brought (Pm) us (G) closer together sooner But instead, Cold War rivalries and fears of communism (A) pulled (Pm) us (G) into conflict Like other conflicts throughout human history, we (S) learned (Pme) once more a bitter truth (A) that war, no matter what our intentions may be, brings (Pm) suffering and tragedy (G) VI At your war memorial not far from here, and with family altars (A this country (G), and civilians (A), on both sides, who lost (Pm) their lives (G) At wall in Washington, (G) who (A) gave (Pm) their lives (G) in the conflict In both our veterans and families of the fallen (S) still ache (Pme) for the frie (Pme) ones that that, even if (Pm) those (G) who (A) serve (Pm) and welcome (Pme)them ho respect Vietnamese and Americans, and acknowledge (Pm) the pain and (G) on both sides More recently, over the past two decades, Vietnam (A) has achiev enormous progress, and today the world (S) (A) have made (Pm) With economic reforms and trade agr 10 including (Pm) with the United States (G), you (A) have entered (Pm) the global economy (G), selling (Pm) your goods (G) around the world More foreign investment (A) is coming (Pm) in And with one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia, Vietnam (A) has moved (Pm) up to become (Pr) a middleincome nation We (S) see (Pme) Vietnam‘s progress in the skyscrapers and high-rises of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, and new shopping malls and urban centers We (S) see (Pme) it in the satellites Vietnam (A) puts (Pm) into space(G) and a new generation that is (Pr) online (A), launching (Pm) startups(G) and running (Pm) new ventures(G) We (S) see (Pme) it in the tens of millions of 11 Vietnamese (A) connected (Pm) on Facebook and Instagram(G) And you (A)’renot just posting (Pm) selfies (G) although I hear you that a lot -(laughter) and so far, there have been (Pr) a number of people who (Sy) have already asked (Pv) me (Rv) for selfies You (A)’re also raising (Pm) your voices(G) for causes that you (S) care (Pme) about, like saving the old trees of Hanoi VII So all this dynamism (A) has delivered (Pm) real progress in people‘s lives (G) Here in Vietnam, you (A)’ve dramatically reduced (Pm) extreme poverty(G), you (A)'ve boosted (Pm) family incomes (G) and lifted (Pm) 12 millions into a fast-growing middle class (G) Hunger, disease, child and maternal mortality are (Pr) all down The number of people with clean drinking water and electricity, the number of boys and girls in school, and your literacy rate these are (Pr) all up This is (Pr) extraordinary progress This is (Pr) what you (A) have been able to achieve (Pm) in a very short time (G) And as Vietnam (A) has transformed (Pm), so has (Pm) the relationship (G) between our two nations We (S) learned (Pme) a lesson (A) taught(Pm) by the venerable (G) Thich Nhat Hanh, who (Sy) said (Pv), ―In true dialogue, both sides are willing to change.‖ In this way, the very war (A) that had divided (Pm) us (G) became a source for healing It (A) allowed (Pm)usto account for (Pm) the missing (G) and finally bring (Pm)them (G) home It (A) allowed (Pm)us to help (Pm) remove (Pm) landmines and unexploded bombs (G), 13 because no child (A) should ever lose (Pm) a leg (G) just playing outside Even as we (A) continue (Pm)to assist (Pm) Vietnamese (G) with disabilities, including (Pm) children, we (A) are also continuing (Pm) to help (Pm) remove (Pm) Agent Orange (G) dioxin so that Vietnam (A) can reclaim (Pm) more of your land (G) We (S)'reproud (Pme) of our work together in Danang, and we (S) look forward (Pme) to supporting (Pme) your efforts in Bien Hoa Let‘s (S) also not forget (Pme) that the reconciliation between our countries (G) was led (Pm) by our veterans who (Be) once faced (Pb) each other in battle Think (Pb) of Senator John McCain, who (A) was held (Pme) for years here 14 as a prisoner of war, meeting (Pme) General Giap, who (Sy) said(Pv) our countries should not be (Pe) enemies but friends Think (Pb) of all the veterans, Vietnamese and American, who (A) have helped (Pm) us (G) heal and build (Pm) new ties (G) Few (A) have done (Pm) more in this regard over the VIII years than former Navy lieutenant, and now Secretary of State of the United States, John Kerry, who is (Pe) here today And on behalf of all of us, John, we (Sy) thank (Pv) you (Rv) for your extraordinary effort (Applause.) Because our veterans (A) showed (Pm) us (G) the way, because warriors (S) had (Pme) the courage to pursue (Pme) peace, our peoples are(Pr) now closer than ever before Our trade (A) has surged(Pm) Our students and scholars (Be) learn(Pb) together We (Be) welcome (Pb) more Vietnamese students to America than from any other country in Southeast Asia And every year, you 15 (be) welcome(Pb) more and more American tourists, including (Pm) young Americans (G) with their backpacks, to Hanoi‘s 36 Streets and the shops of Hoi An, and the imperial city of Hue As Vietnamese and Americans, we (S) can all relate (Pme) (P) to those words (G) written (Pm) by Van Cao ―From now, we know each other‘s homeland; from now, we learn to feel for each other.‖ As President, I‘ve (A) built (Pm) on this progress With our new Comprehensive Partnership, our governments (A) are working (Pm) more closely together than ever before And with this visit, we‘ve (A) put (Pm) our relationship on a firmer footing for decades (A) to come (Pm) In a sense, the 16 long story between our two nations that began (Pr) with Thomas Jefferson more than two centuries ago has now come (Pr) full circle It (A) has taken (Pm) many years (G) and required (Pm) great effort (G) But now we (S) can say (Pv) something that (Vb) was (Pr) once unimaginable: Today, Vietnam and the United States are (Pr) partners And I (S) believe (Pme) our experience (A) holds (Pm) lessons (G) for the world At a time when many conflicts seem (Pr) intractable, seem (Pr) as if they (A) will never end (Pm), we (Bh) have shown (Pb) that hearts (A) can 17 change (Pm) and that a different future is (Pr) possible when we (A) refuse (Pm) tobe (Pr) prisoners of the past (G) We (Be) 've shown (Pb) how peace can be (Pr) better than war We (Bh) 've shown (Pb) that progress and human dignity (G) is best advanced (Pm) by cooperation and not conflict (A) That’s (Pr) what Vietnam and America (Bh) can show (Pb) the world IX Now, America‘s new partnership with Vietnam (G) is rooted (Pm) in some basic truths (A) Vietnam is (Pr) an independent, sovereign nation, and no other nation (Bh) can impose (Pb) its will on you or decide (Pm) your destiny (G) (Applause.) Now, the United States (A) has (Pm) an interest here We (A) 18 have (Pm) an interest in Vietnam‘s success.But our Comprehensive Partnership is (Pr) still in its early stages And with the time I (A) have left (Pm), I (S) want (Pme) to share (Pv)with you the vision (A) that I (S) believe (Pme) can guide (Pm) us (G) in the decades ahead First, let‘s (A) work (Pm) together to create (Pm) real opportunity and prosperity (G) for all of our people We (S) know (Pme) the ingredients for economic success in the 21st century In our global economy, investment and trade (A) flows (Pm) to wherever (G) there is (Pe) rule of law, because no one (S) wants (Pme) to pay (Pm) a bribe (G) to start (Pm) a business (G) Nobody (S) wants (Pme) to sell (Pm) their goods (G) or go (Pm) to school (G) 19 if they (S) don‘t know (Pme) how they're going tobe treated (Pb) In knowledge-based economies, jobs (A) go (Pm) to where (G) people (S) have (Pme) the freedom to think(Pme) for themselves and exchange (Pb) ideas and to innovate (Pm) And real economic partnerships are (Pr) not just about one country extracting (Pm) resources (G) from another They (A)’re about investing (Pm) in our greatest resource (G), which is (Pr) our people and their skills and their talents, whether you (Bh) live (Pb) in a big city or a rural village And that’s (Pr) the kind of partnership (G) that America (A) offers (Pm) As I (Sy) announced (Pv) yesterday, the Peace Corps (A) will come (Pm) to Vietnam (G) for the first time, with a focus (A) on teaching (Pm) English(G) A generation after young Americans (A) came (Pm) here (G) to fight (Pm), a 20 new generation of Americans (A) are going tocome (Pm) here (G) to teach (Pm) and build (Pm) and deepen (Pm) the friendship between us (G) (Applause.) Some of America‘s leading technology companies and academic institutions (A) arejoining (Pm) Vietnamese universities (G) to strengthen X (Pm) training in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine(G) Because even as we (A) keep (Pm) welcoming (Pm) more Vietnamese students to America (G), we (S) also believe (Pme) that young people (S) deserve (Pme) a world-class education (G) right here in Vietnam It's one of the reasons why we're (Pr) very excited that this fall, the new Fulbright University Vietnam (A) will open (Pm) in Ho Chi Minh City (G) -this nation‘s first independent, non-profit university where there will be (Pe) 21 full academic freedom and scholarships for those in need (Applause.) Students, scholars, researchers (A) will focus (Pm) on public policy and management and business; on engineering and computer science; and liberal arts - everything from the poetry of Nguyen Du, to the philosophy of Phan Chu Trinh, to the mathematics of Ngo Bao Chau (G) And we (A) 're going to keep partnering (Pm) with young people and entrepreneurs (G), because we (S) believe (Pme) that if you (A) can just access (Pm) the skills and technology and capital (G) you (S) need (Pme), then nothing (A) can stand (Pm) in your way (G) and that includes (Pr) , by the way, the talented women of Vietnam (Applause.) We (Be) think (Pb) gender equality is an important principle From the Trung Sisters to today, strong, 22 confident women (A) have always helped move Vietnam forward (G) The evidence is (Pr) clear – I (Sy) say (Pv) this wherever I (A) go (Pm) around the world families, communities and countries are (Pr) more prosperous when girls and women (A) have an equal opportunity (G) to succeed (Pm) in school and at work and in government ( G) That's (Pr) true everywhere, and it's (Pr) true here in Vietnam (Applause.) We (A) ’ll keep working (Pm) to unleash (Pm) the full potential of your economy with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (G) Here in Vietnam, TPP(A) will 23 let (Pm) you sell (Pm) more of your products to the world and it (S) will attract (Pme) new investment TPP (S) will require (Pme) reforms to protect (Pm) workers and rule of law and intellectual property (G) And the United States (A) XI is (Pr) ready to assist (Pm) Vietnam (G) as it (A) works (Pm) to fully implement (Pm) its commitments (G) I (S) want (Pme) you (A) to know (Pme) that (G), as President of the United States, I (A) strongly support (Pm) TPP (G) because you (Be)'ll also be (Pr) able to buy (Pm) more of our goods, ―Made in America.‖ Moreover, I (A) support (Pm) TPP (G)because of its important strategic benefits Vietnam(A) will be (Pr) less dependent on any one trading partner and enjoy (Pm) broader ties with more partners, including the United States (G) (Applause.) And TPP (A) will reinforce (Pm) regional cooperation (G) It (A) will help address (Pm) economic inequality (G) and will advance (Pm) human rights (G), with higher wages and safer working conditions For the first time here in Vietnam, the right (A) to form (Pm) independent labor unions and 24 prohibitions against forced labor and child labor And it (A) has (Pm) the strongest environmental protections and the strongest anti-corruption standards of any trade agreement in history (G) That’s (Pe) the future TPP (A) offers (Pm) for all of us (G), because all of us the United States, Vietnam, and the other signatories (A) – will have to abide (Pm) by these rules (G) that we (A) have shaped (Pm) together (G) That's (Pe) the future that is (Pr) available to all of us So we (A) now have to get (Pm) it done for the sake of our economic prosperity and our national security (G) This (A) brings (Pm) me to the second area (G) where we (A) can work (Pm) together (G), and that (A) isensuring (Pm) our mutual security (G) With this visit, we (A) have agreed (Pm) to elevate (Pm) our security cooperation (G) and build (Pm) more trust between our men and women in uniform (G) We 25 (A)’ll continue (Pm) to offer (Pm) training and equipment (G) to your Coast Guard to enhance (Pm) Vietnam‘s maritime capabilities (G) We (A) will partner (Pm) to deliver (Pm) humanitarian aid (G) in times of disaster With the announcement (Vb) I (Sy) made (Pv) yesterday to fully lift (Pm) the ban (G) on defense sales, Vietnam (A) will have (Pr) greater access to the military XII equipment (G) you (S) (A) need to (Pme) ensure (Pm) your security (G) And the United States (A) isdemonstrating (Pm) our commitment (G) to fully normalize our relationship with Vietnam (G) (Applause.) More broadly, the 20th century (A) has taught(Pm) all of us (G) – including (Pm) the United States and Vietnam (G) that the international order (G) upon which our mutual security (A) depends (Pm)is rooted (Pm) in certain rules and norms Nations are (Pr) sovereign, and no matter how large or small a nation may be (Pr), its sovereignty should be respected (Pb), and it territory should not be violated (Pb) Big nations (Be) should not bully (Pb) smaller ones 26 Disputes (G) should be resolved (Pm) peacefully (Applause.) And regional institutions (A), like ASEAN and the East Asia Summit, should continue (Pm) to be strengthened (Pm) That’s (Pr) what I (S) believe (Pme) That's (Pr) what the United States (S) believes (Pme) That’s (Pr) the kind of partnership America (A) offers (Pm) this region (G) I (S) look forward (Pme) to advancing (Pm) this spirit of respect and reconciliation (G) later this year when I become (Pr) the first U.S President to visit (Pm) Laos (G) In the South China Sea, the United States is not (Pr) a claimant in current disputes But we (A) will stand with (Pm) partners (G) in upholding(Pm) core principles (G), like freedom of navigation and overflight, and lawful commerce (G) that is not impeded(Pm), and the peaceful resolution of disputes, through 27 legal means, in accordance with international law As we (A) go forward (Pm), the United States (A) will continue(Pm) to fly (Pm), sail (Pm) and operate (Pm) wherever international law (A) allows (Pm), and we (Be) will support (Pb) the right of all countries (Bh) to (Pm) the same (G) (Applause.) Even as we (A) cooperate (Pm) more closely in the areas I (Be)’ve described (Pb), our partnership (A) includes (Pm) a third element (G) addressing areas 28 where our governments (A) disagree (Pm), including on (Pm) human rights (G) I (Sy) say (Pv) this (Vb) not to singleout (Pb) Vietnam No nation is (Pr) perfect Two centuries on, the United States (A) is still striving (Pm)to live up XIII to (Pm) our founding ideals (G) We (A) still deal with (Pm) our shortcomings (G) too much money in our politics, and rising (Pm) economic inequality (G), racial bias in our criminal justice system, women(A) still not being paid (Pm) as much as men (A) doing (Pm) the same job (G) We (A) still have(Pm) problems (G) And we'renot (Pr) immune from criticism, I (A) promise (Pm) you (G) I (A) hear (Pm) it (G) every day But that scrutiny, that open debate, confronting (Pb) our imperfections (Bh), and allowing (Pm) everybody (G) to have (Pm) their say (G) has helped (Pb) us grow (Pm) stronger and more prosperous and more just I(Sy)’ve said (Pv) this (Vb) before the United States (Be) does not seek (Pb)to impose(Pb) our form of government on Vietnam (Bh) The rights I (Sy) speak (Pv) of I (S) believe (Pme)are not (Pr) American values; I (Be) think (Pb) they're (Pr) universal values(G) written (Pm) into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights They (G)'rewritten(Pm) into the Vietnamese 29 constitution, which states (Pv) that ―citizens have the right to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and have the right of access to information, the right to assembly, the right to association, and the right to demonstrate.‖ That’s (Pr) in the Vietnamese constitution (Applause.) So really, this is (Pr) an issue about all of us, each country, trying (Pb) to consistently apply (Pm) these principles (G), making (Pm) sure that we those of us in government are being (Pr) true to these ideals In recent years, Vietnam (A) has made (Pm) some progress (G) Vietnam (Be) has committed (Pb) to bringing (Pm) its laws (G) in line with its new constitution and with international norms Under recently passed laws, the 30 government (Be) will disclose (Pb) more of its budget (Bh) and the public (A) will have (Pm) the right (G) to access (Pm) more information (G) And, as I (Sy) said (Pv), Vietnam (Be) has committed (Pb) to economic and labor reforms under the TPP So these are (Pr) all positive steps And ultimately, the future of Vietnam (G) will be decided (Pm) by the people of Vietnam (A) XIV Every country (A) will chart (Pm) its own path (G), and our two nations (A) have(Pm) different traditions and different political systems and different cultures (G) But as a friend of Vietnam (A), allow (Pm) meto share (Pb) my view (Vb) why I (S) believe (Pme) nations are (Pr) more successful when universal rights (G) are upheld (Pm) When there is (Pe) freedom of expression and freedom of speech, and when people can share (Pb) ideas and access (Pm) the Internet and social media (G) without restriction, that fuels the innovation economies need (Pme) to thrive (Pm) That's (Pr) where new ideas happen (Pe) That's (Pr) how a Facebook (A) starts (Pm) That's (Pr) how some of our greatest companies (A) began (Pm) because somebody (A) had (Pm) a new idea (G) It was (Pr) different And they were (Pr) able to share (Pb) it When there’s (Pe) freedom of the 31 press when journalists and bloggers are (Pr) able to shine (Pm) a light (G) on injustice or abuse that holds (Pm) officials (G) accountable and builds (Pm) public confidence that the system (A) works (Pm) When candidates (A) can run for (Pm) office (G) and campaign (G) freely, and voters (A) can choose (Pm) their own leaders (G) in free and fair elections, it (A) makes (Pm) the countries (G) more stable, because citizens (S) know (Pme) that their voices (A) count (Pm) and that peaceful change is (Pr) possible And it (A) brings (Pm) new people (G) into the system When there is (Pe) freedom of religion, it (A) not only allows (Pm) people (G) to fully express (Pm) the love and compassion (G) that are (Pr) at the heart of all great religions, but it (A) allows (Pm) faith groups (G) to serve (Pm) their communities (G) through schools and hospitals, and care for (Pb) the poor and 32 the vulnerable And when there is (Pe) freedom of assembly when citizens are (Pr) free to organize (Pm) in civil society then countries (Sy) can better address (Pv) challenges (Vb) that government (A) sometimes can not solve (Pm) by itself So it is (Pr) my view that upholding (Pm) these rights (G) is not (Pr) a threat to stability, but actually reinforces (Pm) stability (G) and is (Pr) the foundation of progress XV After all, it was (Pr) a yearning for these rights that inspired (Pm) people (G) around the world, including (Pm) Vietnam (G), to throw off (Pm) colonialism (G) And I (S) believe (Pme) that upholding (Pm) these rights (G) is (Pr) the 33 fullest expression of the independence that so many cherish (Pb), including (Pm) here, in a nation that proclaims (Pv) itself to be ―of the People, by the People and for the People.‖ Vietnam (A) will (Pm) it (G) differently than the United States (A) does (Pm) And each of us (A) will (Pm) it (G) differently from many other countries around the world But there are (Pe) these basic principles that I (S) 34 think (Pme) we (A) all have to try (Pm) to work on (Pm) and improve (Pm) And I (Sy) said (Pv) this (Vb) as somebody who's (Pr) about to leave (Pm) office (G), so I (A) have (Pm) the benefit of almost eight years now of reflecting on (Pm) how our system (A) has worked (Pm) and interacting with (Pm) countries (G) around the world who are constantly trying (Pm) to improve (Pm) their systems (G), as well Finally, our partnership (A) I (Be) think (Pb) can meet (Pm) global challenges (G) that no nation (A) can solve (Pm) by itself If (S) we’re going to ensure (Pme) the health of our people and the beauty of our planet, then development has to be (Pr) sustainable Natural wonders (G) like Ha Long Bay and Son Doong Cave have to be preserved (Pm) for our children and our grandchildren Rising seas (A) threaten (Pm) the coasts and waterways (G) on which so many 35 Vietnamese (A) depend (Pm) And so as partners in the fight against climate change, we (S) need (Pme) to fulfill (Pm) the commitments (G) we (A) made (Pm) in Paris, we (S) need (Pme) to help (Pm) farmers (G) and villages (G) and people (G) who depend on (Pm) fishing (G) to adapt (Pm) and to bring (Pm) more clean energy (G) to places like the Mekong Delta a rice bowl of the world that we need (Pme) to feed (Pm) future generations (G) 36 And we (A) can save (Pm) lives (G) beyond our borders By helping (Pm) other countries (G) strengthen (Pm), for example, their health systems, we (A) can prevent (Pm) outbreaks of disease (G) from becoming (Pr) epidemics that XVI threaten (Pm) all of us (G) And as Vietnam (A) deepens (Pm) its commitment (G) to U.N peacekeeping, the United States is (Pr) proud to help (Pm) train (Pm) your peacekeepers (G) And what a truly remarkable thing that is (Pr) -our two nations (A) that once fought (Pm) each other now standing (Pm) together and helping (Pm) others (G) achieve (Pm) peace (G), as well So in addition to our bilateral relationship, our partnership (A) also allows (Pm)us (G) to help (Pm) shape (Pm) the international environment (G) in ways that are (Pr) positive Now, fully realizing (Pme) the vision that I (A)’ve described (Pm) today is not going to happen (Pe) overnight, and it is not (Pr) inevitable There may be (Pe) stumbles and setbacks along the way There are going to be (Pe) times where there are (Pe) misunderstandings It (A) will take (Pm) sustained effort 37 and true dialogue where both sides (A) continue (Pm)to change (Pm) But considering (Pme) all the history and hurdles that we've already overcome (Pm), I (A) stand (Pm) before you today very optimistic about our future together (Applause.) And my confidence (G) is rooted (Pm), as always, in the friendship and shared (Pm) aspirations of our peoples I (Be) think of (Pb) all the Americans and Vietnamese (Bh) who (A) have crossed (Pm) a wide ocean some (A) reuniting (Pm) with families for the 38 first time in decades and who, like Trinh Cong Son (Sy) said (Pv) in his song, have joined (Pm) hands, and opening (Pm) their hearts and seeing (Pme) our common humanity in each other (Applause.) I (Be) think of (Pb) all the Vietnamese Americans who (A) have succeeded (Pm) in every walk of life doctors, journalists, judges, public servants One of them, who (A) was born (Pm) here, wrote (Pm) me a letter and said (Pv), 39 by ―God‘s grace, I have been able to live the American Dream…I’m (Pr) very proud to be an American but also very proud to be (Pr) Vietnamese.‖ (Applause.) And today he’s (Pr) here, back in the country of his birth, because, he (Sy) said (Pv), his ―personal passion‖ is (Pr) ―improving the life of every Vietnamese person.‖ XVII I (Be) think of (Pb) a new generation of Vietnamese so many of you, so many of the young people who are (Pr) here who are (Pr) ready to make (Pm) your mark on the world (G) And I (S) want (Pme)to say (Pm) to all the young people (G) listening: Your talent, your drive, your dreams in those 40 things, Vietnam (A) has (Pm) everything it (A) needs (Pm)to thrive (Pm) Your destiny is (Pr) in your hands This is (Pe) your moment And as you (A) pursue (Pm) the future (G) that you (S) want (Pme), I (S) want (Pme) you to know (Pme) that the United States of America will be (Pr) right there with you as your partner and as your friend (Applause.) And many years from now, when even more Vietnamese and Americans (A) are studying (Pm) with each other (G); innovating (Pm) and doing (Pm) business with each other (G); standing (Pm) up for our security (G), and promoting (Pm) human rights (G) and protecting (Pm) our planet with each other (G) I 41 (S) hope (Pme) you (Be) think back (Pb) to this moment and draw (Pm) hope from the vision that I (A)’ve offered (Pm) today Or, if I (Sy) can say (Pv) it (Rv) another way (Vb) in words that you know (Pme) well from the Tale of Kieu ―Please take from me this token of trust, so we can embark upon our 100-year journey together.‖ (Applause.) 42 Cam on cac ban Thank (Pv) you (Rv) very much Thank (Pv) you (Rv), Vietnam Thank (Pv) you (Rv) (Applause.) XVIII ... study A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics or also known as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is one of the approaches to discourse analysis which adopts a. .. research of Critical Discourse Analysis of Political Speeches: A Case Study of Obama's and Rouhani's Speeches at UN The aim of this paper was to survey the art of linguistic spin in Obama's and... Ideology: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Obama‘s Second Inaugural Speech This research was set to analyze how the 44th United States president Barrack H Obama manipulated 21 language in his