ngữ pháp tiếng anh ôn thi công chức thuế 2020

TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI CÔNG CHỨC THUẾ 2020 MÔN TIẾNG ANH – NGỮ PHÁP Hanoi 2020 CONTENTS – NỘI DUNG PHẦN 1: TRẮC NGHIỆM LIÊN QUAN TỚI CHỌN TỪ/CỤM TỪ ĐÚNG A CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN TRONG TIẾNG ANH Present simple - đơn Present continuous - tiếp diễn Past simple – khứ đơn Past continuous – khứ tiếp diễn Các dạng tương lai Present perfect - hoàn thành Past perfect – khứ hoàn thành Non-finite verbs B LOẠI TỪ (danh từ, động từ, tính từ, trạng từ) Nouns – danh từ Adjectives – tính từ Adverbs – trạng từ Verbs: động từ C TỪ MANG NGHĨA NGỮ PHÁP Determiners Definite and indefinite articles - mạo từ Conjunctions – liên từ Another and other Prepositions Tag questions Giới từ cụm danh từ, động từ, tính từ phrasal verbs 7.1 Cụm tính từ kết hợp với giới từ 7.2 Cụm danh từ kết hợp với giới từ 7.3 Cụm động từ kết hợp với giới từ D TẠO TỪ MỚI TỪ TỪ GỐC - WORD FORMATION PHẦN 2: TRẮC NGHIỆM LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN CHỌN CÂU ĐỒNG NGHĨA A CONDITIONALS – CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Câu điều kiện loại Câu điều kiện loại Câu điều kiện loại B BỊ ĐỘNG – CHỦ ĐỘNG Câu chủ động – bị động theo thời Câu chuyển chủ động – bị động với động từ tường thuật Trường hợp chuyển chủ động – bị động đặc biệt C SO SÁNH So sánh So sánh hơn/ D REPORTED SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP /GIÁN TIẾP Chuyển đổi thời câu trực tiếp – gián tiếp Chuyển đổi trạng ngữ thời gian Chuyển đổi thành phần khác: đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, etc PHẦN 1: TRẮC NGHIỆM LIÊN QUAN TỚI CHỌN TỪ/CỤM TỪ ĐÚNG A CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN TRONG TIẾNG ANH Bảng công thức cấu tạo động từ theo thời – Dạng câu chủ động Đơn Tiếp diễn Hoàn thành Hiện I/you/we/they/ Danh I – am; từ số nhiều + động You/we/they – từ (nguyên thể) are; She/he/it/ dtừ số it/ danh từ k đếm đc + động từ (biến đổi) Quá khứ Tương lai Có quy tăc: V+ s Bất quy tắc: V + es Chủ ngữ + Đtừ (qkhứ): V + ed Chủ ngữ + will + V(nguyên thể) She/he/it – is + V-ing I/she/he/it – was; You/we/they – were + V-ing Chủ ngữ + Will + be + V-ing She/he/it – has + PII; I/you/we/they have + PII PII = V + ed (có qtăc) Bất qtắc: có bảng kèm Chủ ngữ + Had + PII Chủ ngữ + Will + have + PII Hoàn thành tiếp diễn She/he/it – has + been + V-ing; I/you/we/they have + been + V-ing Chủ ngữ + Had + been + V-ing Chủ ngữ + Will + have + been + V-ing Bảng công thức cấu tạo động từ theo thời – Dạng câu bị động Đơn Tiếp diễn Hoàn thành Hiện Am/are/is + PII Quá khứ Was/were + PII Have/has + been + PII Had + been + PII Tương lai Will be + PII Am/are/is + being + PII Was/were + being +PII Will be + being + PII Will have + been + PII Hoàn thành tiếp diễn Have/has + been being + PII Had + been + being + PII Will have + been being + PII PRESENT SIMPLE - HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN A Form – Công thức All verbs (except to be and the modals) follow this pattern I/you/we/they Plural nouns Câu khẳng định Work She/he/it Works Singular nouns + uncountables Câu phủ định don’t work Câu nghi vấn Do they work…? Câu hỏi chung Wh- they work …? Doesn’t work Does she work …? Wh- does work …? NOTE: Chủ ngữ ngơi thứ số ít, danh từ số khơng đếm được: ► Động từ có quy tắc: “V + s” Example: She learns English very well My mother travels to work by her own car ► Động từ bất quy tắc:  Verbs ending with “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x”: “V + es” He goes to work at 7am every day My father often watches TV in the evening She does a lot of typing at her office  Verbs ending with ‘y’: “y → i + es” He often flies to New York for business She tries her best to learn English B Functions or uses - Chức * Hoạt động thường xảy ra, lặp lặp lại Examples:  IBM is the largest computer company in the world; it manufactures mainframes and PCs and sells its products all over the world  I usually get to the showroom at about 8.00 and I have a quick look at the post The sales reps arrive at about 8.15 and we open at 8.30 * Facts - Thực tế kết nghiên cứu khoa học hay tượng thiên nhiên Examples: The Earth goes around the Sun Superconductors are special materials that conduct electricity * Programs and timetables - Lịch trình/ chương trình/ thời gian biểu việc tương lai Examples: There are two flights to Tokyo next Thursday There is a JAL flight that leaves Heathrow at 20.30 and gets in at 06.20, and there is a British Airways flight that departs at 22.00 and arrives at 08.50 she C Time expressions - Trạng ngữ thời gian  Chỉ mức độ tần số Examples include: Always, usually, normally, often,sometimes, occasionally, rarely, not often, hardly ever, never Terry Smith, the chief executive of Collins Stewart, usually gets up am He takes the train to London and arrives at his office by am Lunch is usually a sandwich with some Japanese green leaf tea Vị trí trạng từ: Trước động từ: I often take (I don’t often take) the Eurostar to Brussels Sau đtừ “be”: I’m usually (I’m not usually) nervous before the presentation  Adverb phrases like every day, once a year, most of the time, from time to time, now and then come at the beginning or end of the sentence Terry Smith travels to his New York office once a month  We also use the present simple after these future time expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time PRESENT CONTINUOUS - HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN A Công thức I You/ we/ they She/ he/ it Câu khẳng định am + working (I’m working) are working (we’re working) Câu phủ định am not working (I’m not working) are not (aren’t) working Is working (he’s working) Is not working Câu nghi vấn are you working …? Are they working …? Câu hỏi chung Whare you working … ? Whare they working … ? (isn’t) Is he working … ? Whis working … ? he B Chức * Hành động diễn thời điểm nói I’m afraid Mr Jackson’s not available at the moment He is talking to a customer on the other phone * Current projects – Công việc, dự án, … diễn Barton’s is one of the largest local construction companies At the moment we are building a new estate with 200 houses and we are negotiating with the council for the sale of development land in Boxley Wood * Temporary situations – Tình tạm thời Mrs Harding organizes our conferences (The present simple is used because this is generally true) Mrs Harding is away on maternity leave, so I am organizing them (The present continuous is used because this is only true for a limited time) * Slow changes – Thay đổi diễn từ từ (thường biến đổi kinh tế, xã hội, …) The latest economic statistics show that both unemployment and inflation are falling, and that the economy is growing at an annual rate of 2.6% * Arrangements - Kế hoạch What are you doing on Friday afternoon? (What have you arranged to do?) I am seeing the accountants (I have arranged to see them.) * State verbs Các động từ tình thái thường khơng dùng dạng tiếp diễn mà dùng dạng đơn Verbs of thinking Verbs of possession Verbs of the senses Verbs of emotion Verbs of appearance Others believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose, understand belong to, have, own, possess hear, smell, sound, taste, look, feel dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish appear, seem contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure, weigh, notice, accept Exercise Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous I …………… (look at) the details on the screen now I ………………(look at) the sales results in detail every month The production line …………… (not, work) at weekends The production line …………… (not, work) at the moment Yes, I agree I ………… (think) it’s a good idea Helen ……………… (stay) at the Astoria while she’s in Madrid this month We ……………… (take) a sample for testing once a day We ………………… (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project They ……………… (be) usually very flexible if we need to change the order 10 They ……………… (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few more months Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is an action or a state verb If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the Present Continuous tense a) Why are you smelling the soup? b) Why you smell the soup? a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder b) She felt his arm on her shoulder a) Are you having an English dictionary? b) Do you have an English dictionary? a) What are you thinking about? b) What you think about? a) I am feeling much better today b) I feel much better today a) What are you looking at? b) What you look at? a) I am not hearing you b) I can't hear you a) What are you thinking of me? b) What you think of me? a) I am feeling we should go home now b) I feel we should go home now 10 a) This bread is tasting funny b) This bread tastes funny PAST SIMPLE – QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN A FORM: Câu định khẳng Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung I/you/we/they S + didn't + Did/Didn't + S Wh- + did/didn't + S She/he/it S + V(past) V(infinitive) + V(infinitive) + V(infinitive) All nouns * Có quy tăc: V(infinitive) + ed * Bất quy tăc: (Bảng động từ bất quy tăc) - I went to a very interesting presentation last week (Bare infinitive: go) - I rang her yesterday, but she wasn't in the office (Bare infinitive: ring, be) B Chức năng: hành động xảy hoàn toàn khứ C Trạng ngữ with prepositions - at + am/ the end of the year/ Christmas/ - on + Monday/15th May/New Year's Day/ - in + January/2009/the 1990s/summer/ - during + the Second World War / without prepositions - yesterday/ yesterday morning/ last night/ - the day before yesterday/ - last week/ month/ year/ summer/ decade/ century/ - two weeks ago/ a few months ago/ - When I was young PRACTICE Exercise 1: Use the verbs in the box to complete the sentences Some of the sentences are positive statements, some are negative, and some are questions accept complain hire place realize study visit Oh, I'm sorry to disturb you I didn't realize you had a visitor you economics when you were at university? She the job because the salary was too low Last week a number of customers about slow services you the Acropolis when you were in Greece? I am writing with reference to the order I with you last week At last year's launch party, who you to the catering? Exercise 2: Write in the missing form of each of the irregular verbs below Each verb can be used with the expressions on the right BARE INFINITIVE run make write pay PAST TENSE EXPRESSIONS ran went had sold a business, out of something, up a bill a job well, your best, business (with) a profit, a mistake, a complaint abroad, out for a meal, bankrupt a letter, a report, out a cheque lunch, a meeting, problems by credit card, cash, in advance something at a profit, at a loss, out Choose a past tense form and one of the expressions above to complete the following sentences He made some calls from his hotel room and ran up a large phone bill We with that company a few years ago, but then we stopped dealing with them The company lost money in its first year, but last year it of $2,5m He couldn't find a suitable job in his own country, so he to look for work When the consultant had finished their study they for the directors, giving a list of recommendations The engineers with the gearbox, so they made some modifications to it They didn't want cash or a cheque, so I The product was very popular We on the first day and ordered more stock PAST CONTINUOUS – QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN A FORM – Công thức Câu khẳng định I/she/he/it was + working Câu phủ định was not (wasn't) working (I’m not working) were working were not (weren't) (we were working working) Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung was she working Wh- was she …? working … ? You/ we/ they Were they Wh- were they working … ? working … ? B Chức * Hành động xảy thời điểm cụ thể khứ At 3.15 yesterday afternoon, Mr Jansen was seeing some clients in London * Hành động bị xen ngang: We were discussing our expansion plans when the chairman suddenly announced his resignation We can rephrase this sentence using while + the past continuous: While we were discussing our expansion plans, the chairman suddenly announced his resignation * Sự phù hợp thời:  When the phone rang, I was talking to a client  When the phone rang, I answered it PRACTICE Choose the correct tense, simple past or past continuous I (1) met/was meeting an old business colleague of mine while I (2) travelled/was travelling to New York for a conference She (3) noticed/ was noticing me while I (4) stood/ was standing in the queue at the airport check-in desk We decide to travel together, and while we (5) waited/ were waiting for the flight to leave, we (6) realized /were realizing that we were going to the same conference and staying at the same hotel We talked about old times, and while we (7) had/were having lunch on the plane, she (8) said/was saying that she was going to look for a new job I didn't think of it at the time, but later on when the plane (9) came/ was coming in to land, I suddenly (10) remembered/was remembering that we had a vacancy for a lawyer I told her about the terms and conditions, and later that evening, when we (11) had/were having dinner, she (12) accepted/was accepting the position Exercise In the following sentences, put one of the verbs in brackets into the past continuous, and the other verb into the simple past (walk, notice) The security guard noticed the broken window while he was walking round the warehouse (go, meet) I first Mr Rodriguez when I round Mexico on a marketing trip (interrupt, give) When she her presentation, someone at the back of the room to ask a question B CHỦ ĐỘNG - BỊ ĐỘNG Câu chủ động – bị động theo thời Công thức: “BE + PII” Nhấn mạnh vào hành động:  About 85% of the world’s rubber is produced in the Far East (We use the passive here because we not know, or need to say, who produces it.) Systems and processes: Hệ thống hay trình On most rubber plantations, the latex is collected from the rubber trees every day It is mixed with water and then formic acid is added This process creates crude rubber, which is then rolled into sheets Active or passive? Nếu phải nhấn mạnh thực hành động, ta dùng câu chủ động câu bị động với từ “by” + chủ thể hành động: Active: Peter Franks runs the Marketing Department Passive: The marketing Department is run by Peter Franks PRACTICE Focus on actions Many of the following sentences sound unnatural because they are in the active Rewrite them in the present simple passive, but not mention the agent (e.g., by workers, by people) Workers in China make these telephones These telephones are made in China Employers pay many manual workers weekly Many manual workers………………………………………………………… They keep a large amount of gold at Fort Knox A large amount of gold……………………………………………………… Workers build a lot of the world’s supertankers in South Korea A lot of the world’s supertankers…………………………………………… Farmers grow a third of the world’s cocoa on the Ivory Coast A third of the world’s cocoa………… ……………………………………… Countries store most nuclear waste underground Most nuclear waste…………………………………………………………… Scientists test most new drugs extensively before they go on sale Most new drugs……………………………………………………………… Printers print a lot of our books in Hong Kong A lot of our books………………………………………………………… 45 Câu chuyển chủ động – bị động với động từ tường thuật The verbs believe, expect, know, report, say, think, suppose, and understand are often used in the passive and are followed by an infinitive (to be, to do) Compare: People say that Taikichiro Mori is the richest person outside the USA Taikichiro Mori is said to be the richest person outside the USA To refer to the past we can use to have done: They believe that the company lost a great deal of money on the deal The company is believed to have lost a great deal of money on the deal To refer to something happening at the moment we can use to be going: People believe that George Soros is planning a major new investment George Soros is believed to be planning a major new investment Trường hợp chuyển chủ động – bị động đặc biệt We can use the structure have something done to talk about things we pay or employ other people to for us We use the verb have + the object + PII: We have our books printed in Singapore In most cases we can use get instead of have This is more informal: We get our brochures printed in Hong Kong Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using have something done Someone makes my suits in London I have my suits made in London Someone is going to print 5,000 new catalogues for us We Someone is designing a new office for them They Someone has checked these figures for me I Someone should mend the photocopier for you You Someone delivered the new furniture for us yesterday We Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets Toshino had her car (repair) by a mechanic Ellen got Marvin (type) her paper We got our house (paint) last week Dr Peter is having the students (write) a composition Mark got his transcripts (send) to the university Maria is having her hair (cut) tomorrow Will Mr Brown have the porter (carry) his luggage to his car? 46 My sister has had a new dress (make) recently The Wilsons won’t have a new house (build) on that corner next month 10 The President had his advisors (arrange) a press conference Exercise Fill in the blanks with a verb in the passive and a suitable form of the infinitive THE RICHEST MAN IN LONDON The publisher Paul Raymond (1) is said to be (say/be) the richest man in Britain, and he (2) (believe/have) a personal fortune of over $1,650,000,000 His magazine publishing company (3) (think/make) annual profits of around $14 million, and he (4) (believe/own) a number of other companies He (5) (know/have) houses in London and Caribbean, but at the age 68 he (6) (say/live) a very quiet life However, most of his wealth does not come from the magazines; it comes from the property he owns in central London He (7) is known to have started (know/start) buying up properties over 40 years ago, when prices were about $10,000 He (8) (say/buy) other fifty properties in 1974, and he (9) (believe/purchase) other hundred in 1977 just before the property market recovered Each of these investments (10) (believe/rise) in value many times over, so he is much richer than the Queen 47 C SO SÁNH So sánh bằng: Công thức: as + adj/ adv + as So sánh  Tính từ trạng từ hình thành theo hai công thức so sánh So sánh … + adj / adv + er + than + … So sánh The + adj / adv + est + … Tính từ trạng từ theo cơng thức 1 Tính từ trạng từ có âm tiết: Ví dụ: - hot, cold, cheap, quick, fast, late, hard, big, large, rich, poor, nice, … Your hi-fi is smaller Emma needs a bigger computer This is the nicest colour This room is the warmest Một số tính từ trạng từ có âm tiết: - kết thúc –y: happy, noisy, easy, tidy, lazy, crazy, early, busy, dirty, dusty, thirsty, hungry, funny, lucky, pretty, silly, angry, … - In the city, it is noisier than in the counntry - She often arrives at work earlier than the others in her company - Một số từ khác: Narrow – narrower – narrowest Clever – cleverer – cleverest Quiet – quieter – quietest Simple – simpler – simplest Công thức So sánh … + more + adj / adv + than + … So sánh … the most + adj / adv + … Tính từ trạng từ theo cơng thức 2: Tất tính từ có từ âm tiết trở lên: difficult, dangerous, beautiful, interesting, … Ví dụ: - Paris is more beautiful than Hanoi - It is more dangerous to drive in highways at night - The film was more exciting than the book - This dress is more elegant - We did the most interesting project - This machine is the most reliable Một số tính từ trạng từ có âm tiết: - Adj (một âm tiết) + ly = adv (2 âm tiết): Quickly, cheaply, slowly, badly, … - Có đuôi: -ful / -less: careful – careless; helpful – helpless; harmful – harmless; hopeful – hopeless; peaceful; useful – useless, … 48 - Có đi: -ing or -ed, e.g boring, willing, annoyed, surprised - Everyone was pleased at the results, but Vicky was the most pleased - Một số từ khác: afraid, certain, correct, eager, famous, foolish, frequent, modern, nervous, normal, recent, common, gentle, pleasant, polite, stupid, … NOTE: Irregular forms (Dạng bất quy tắc) Good, well, bad, badly and far have irregular forms good/ well better bad/ badly worse far farther/further - You’ve got the best handwriting - How much further are we going? the best the worst the farthest/furthest SO SÁNH VỚI DANH TỪ We use more, most and their opposites fewer / less and fewest / least to compare quantities - You’ve got more books than I have - The Hotel Bristol has the most rooms - Trevor spends less (money)on clothes than Laura does - Emma drank the least milk PRACTICE Exercise The comparison of adjectives Complete the sentences Use these adjectives: beautiful, expensive, high, interesting, tall ► The giraffe …is taller… than the man ► The CD is more expensive than the cassette Detective stories ………………………………… than algebra The top of the mountain ………………………………… than the clouds The acrobat …………………………………………… than the clown Exercise The comparison of adjectives Tom is a United fan He never stops talking about them Put in the superlative form of the adjectives ► Everyone’s heard of United They’re the most famous (famous) team in the world ► They’ve got a long history They’re the oldest (old) club in England They’ve got a long history They’re the ……………(rich) club in the country Their stadium is new It’s the ………………(modern) stadium in Europe United are wonderful They’re the ………… (great) club in the world And what a team! It’s the ……………….(exciting) team over They’ve got lots of fans They’re the …………….(popular) team in the country United have won everything They’re the …………….(successful) team ever They’re good to watch We’re the ……………………(happy) people in the world Exercise The comparison of adverbs Put in the comparative form of these adverbs: carefully, early, high, long, loud, often, smartly ► I was too nervous to go higher than halfway up the tower ► We could have found the place more easily with a map Do you have to wear those old jeans, Mike? Can’t you dress…………………? 49 You needn’t go yet You can stay a bit ……………………… There are lots of break-ins They happen ……………………… nowadays If you it again ……………………, you won’t make so many mistakes The film starts at eight, but we should get to the cinema a few minutes………… We can’t hear Could you speak a bit ……………………………… ? Exercise Irregular forms Matthew and Emma are walking in the country Put in “further, furthest, better, best, worse and worst” Emma: I’m not used to country walks How much (►) further is it? Matthew: Not far And it gets better We’ve done the (1)………………part Look, the path gets easier It goes downhill from here I hope you’re felling (2)……………… now, Emma Emma: I feel dreadful, actually, (3) …………………… than before Matthew: Oh, dear Do you want to have a rest? Emma: No, the (4) …………………….thing would be to get home as soon as we can I’m not very fit, you know This is the (5) ………………… I’ve walked for a long time Exercise Comparing quantities Put in more, most, less (x2) and least Laura: Our new car is smaller, so it use (►) less petrol They tested some small cars, and this one coast the (1)………………… to run of all the cars in the test It’s very economical, so Trevor likes it He wants to spend (2) ……………….on motoring Harriet: Can you get three people in the back? Laura: Not very easily We had (3) ………………… room in our old car (4) ………………… cars take five people, but not this one D REPORTED SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP /GIÁN TIẾP Chuyển đổi thời ACTUAL WORDS "I work for ICL" "I am working for ICL" "I worked for ICL" "I was working for ICL" "I have worked for ICL" "I will work for ICL" "I may/can work for ICL" REPORTED SPEECH He said that he worked for ICL He said that he was working for ICL He said that he had worked for ICL He said that he had been working for ICL He said that he had worked for ICL He said that he would work for ICL He said that he might/could work for ICL Chuyển đổi trạng ngữ thời gian ACTUAL WORDS REPORTED SPEECH yesterday the day before/ the previous day last week the week before/ the previous week two months ago two months earlier 50 tomorrow next week in three months the next day/the following day the next week/the following week three months later here this morning there that morning Một số chuyển đổi đặc biệt - Wh- questions "When will you let us know your decision?" they asked me They asked me when I would let them know my decision - Yes/no questions "Do you know Lars Hansen? she asked me She asked me if I knew Lars Hansen - Reporting commands and requests: using tell or ask and the infinitive: "Sit down" He told me to sit down "Don't pay the invoice" He told me not to pay the invoice "Please wait" He asked me to wait "Please don't smoke" He asked me not to smoke - Reporting verbs: We often use other verbs instead of say, tell, or ask, etc to report what someone said: warn/order/advise/encourage/remind/persuade + sbd + to + V(nguyên thể) offer/refuse/promise + to + V(nguyên thể) admit/deny/apologize (to sbd) for + -ing form "I think you should take a short rest" "I will not pay anymore" "I am sorry I have kept you waiting." He advised me to take a short rest She refused to pay anymore He apologized for keeping me waiting PRACTICE Exercise 1: Match the sentences in column A with the reported statements in column B A B "Don't forget to sign the contract." A He apologized for signing the "I didn't sign the contract" contract "Go on, sign the contract It's a really good B He warned me not to sign the idea." contract "If I were you, I would sign the contract" C He encouraged me to sign the "No, I will not sign the contract under any contract circumstances." D He ordered me to sign the contract "I'm so sorry I signed the contract." E He refused to sign the contract "Yes, I'm afraid to say that it was me who F He admitted signing the contract signed the contract." G He reminded me to sign the "I will sign the contract if you like." contract "Sign the contract NOW." H He offered to sign the contract 10 "I really wouldn't sign the contract You I He advised me to sign the contract haven't read it It could be a disaster." J He denied signing the contract 51 BÀI THỰC HÀNH CHO PHẦN VIẾT LẠI CÂU Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before it Reported speech “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George George told …………………………………………………………………… “I’m sorry, Angela,” said Martin, “I’ve damaged your car.” Martin …………………………………………………………………………… “Please not smoke in this area of the restaurant” Customers are ……………………………………………………………… The teacher asked Tom whether he had any babies “Do ……………………………………………………………………………… ‘I think you should go by train’ he told us He ……………………………………………………………………………… Paul said he was going to visit China the following year “I’m …………………………………………………………………………… Tenses He has also been collecting stamps for five years He also started ………………………………………………………………… They started learning English six months ago They have …………………………………………………………………… I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years It’s years ……………………………………………………………………… The last time we ordered stationery from was two months ago We haven’t …………………………………………………………………… She started working as a secretary five years ago She has ……………………………………………………………………… Comparing Jane is a better cook than Robert Robert can’t …………………………………………………………………… The red sweater was more expensive than the blue one The blue sweater ……………………………………………………………… There weren’t nearly as many people there as I had expected There were far ………………………………………………………………… Janet is the best tennis player in the club No one ……………………………………………………………………… Traveling by plane is much more expensive than by train Traveling by train…………………………………………………………… I have met many girls, but Maria is the most beautiful Maria is the ………………………………………………………………… Jane can swim further than I can I can’t Couldn't you find a better hotel? Is this Conditionals John missed the ferry because his car broke down 52 If …………………………………………………………………………… She didn’t go to the concert because she was ill If she ……………………………………………………………………… The child will die if nobody sends him for a doctor Unless ……………………………………………………………………… She didn’t hurry, so she missed the train If …………………………………………………………………… …… Although, … Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert In spite …………………………………………………………………… Although the play received good notices, not many people went to see it Despite ……………………………………………………………………… Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job In spite …………………………………………………………………… Active – Passive Your passport will be checked in the Immigration Hall The Immigration officials …………………………………………………… Tax free goods can be bought before you get on the plane You ………………………………………………………………………… They have sold that old house at the end of the road That old house ……………………………………………………………… The room should be redecorated The room needs …………………………………………………………… They conducted the test last Friday The test ……………………………………………………………………… The storm blew a lot of trees down last night A lot of trees ………………………………………………………………… People say that he had committed a very serious crime He …………………………………………………………………………… Somebody repaired his car yesterday She So that ↔ Such that He has such an intelligent daughter She won all the prizes at her school His daughter is so ……………………………………………………………… The music is so loud that I can't hear your voice It is such This T-shirt is so small that I can't wear It is such The cat is so lovely that my daughter sometimes shares the bed with her It is such too + adj/adv + to ↔ not + opposite adj + enough The room is too small for 100 students The room The test was too difficult for us to finish in time 53 The test wasn't The holiday is too expensive for my family to book The holiday isn't Because + clause ↔ So as to + V/ In order to + V We are learning English because we want to apply for a new job In order to We left the room quietly because we don't want to wake up the children So as They are trying to get a visa because they want to go to the U.S So as to My mother is on a diet because she doesn't want to gain weight In order 10 Two verbs/phrases or expressions that have the same meaning (Từ/ cụm từ hay cách diễn đạt mang nghĩa) Remember to check your flight number Don’t ………………………………………………………………………… Some tax free goods will be on sale during your flight There ………………………………………………………………………… We spent five hours getting to London It took ………………………………………………………………………… We arrived too late to see the first film We didn’t ………………………………………………………………………… He could not afford to pay his staff in July He could …………………………………………………………………………… He could not afford to buy the car The car …………………………………………………………………………… The flight to Moscow lasted three and a half hour It took ……………………………………………………………………………… I would like you to help me translate this document into Japanese Do you mind …………………………………………………………………… Birthrates have fallen sharply recently There …………………………………………………………………………… 10 Whose documents are these? Who ? 11 She didn't say a word as she left the room She left 12 I only paid a few hundred pounds for the car The car 13 They won't be able to come on Sunday It will be 54 MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN ► Cấu trúc câu “S + Be + Adj + to sth”: Ai làm nào/ Ai làm Ví dụ: I am happy to get your letter “It + Be + Adj + (for sbd) + to sth” Ví dụ: It is difficult for me to learn English “S + V + too + Adj/ Adv + (for sbd) + to sth”: mà … Ví dụ: She is too old to work These books are too expensive for me to buy “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Enough + (for sbd) + to sth Ví dụ: Tom is strong enough to lift the boxes “ It + Be + Adj + Of + sbd + to sth” Ví dụ: It is very kind of you to help the poor It was stupid of them to leave their bicycles outside (kind of/ stupid of/ selfish of/ wrong of) “It + Be + Adj + That + S + INF/ SHOULD INF” Ví dụ: It is important that we be/ should be on time NOTE - Dạng Subjunctive dùng với số tính từ khẩn thiết như: advisable/ anxious/ better/ best/ desirable/ essential/ important/ good/ mandatory (bắt buộc)/ necessary/ preferable/ vital/ willing/ urgent/ … - Các động từ khẩn thiết: ask/ demand/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ urge/ require/ order/ advise/ desire/ stipulate (địi hỏi) Ví dụ: The committee recommended that the scheme go/should go ahead - Past Subjunctive:  It is time / about time/ high time + sbd + V(past) Ví dụ: It’s about time Jack did some work for his examination It’s time I was going It’s time to go home It’s time for us to go home  S1 + would rather + S2 + V(past) Ví dụ: I’d rather you went home now Don’t come tomorrow I’d rather you came next weekend “It + take + sbd + time + to sth” Ví dụ: It took him two hours to write the letter 55 “S + Be/ Get used to + sth or doing sth” Ví dụ: I am used to the heat because I have been living here for a long time “It was not until …… that ……” Ví dụ: It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped It was not until Ali was eight that he began to read “So + Adj/Adv + That + Mệnh đề” Ví dụ: The film was so good that I saw it three times (= The film is so good that I have seen it three times) The manager was so sick that he could not go to work “Such + a/an/ ‘zero article’ + Adj + N + that + Mệnh đề” Ví dụ: It was such a hard cake that he couldn’t eat it “Neither + S1 + Nor + S2 + V” Ví dụ: Neither my brother nor I am good ar French Neither the moon nor the planet Mars has an atmostphere “Not only …… + But also/ But ………, too/ as well” Ví dụ: He not only spent all his money but also borrowed some from me “Not only + Aux + S1 + V + … + But + S2 + Also/ As well” Ví dụ: Not only did he spend all his money, but he also borrowed some from me Not only is television boring, but it also wastes a lot of time “S1 + Had + No sooner + PII + Than Hardly + PII + When Scarcely + PII + When + S2 + V(past) Ví dụ: The keeper had no sooner opened the sage door than the lion attacked him I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang I had scarcely closed the door when somebody started knocking Than No sooner Hardly + Had + S + PII + When + S + V(past) When Scarcely Ví dụ: No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts Hardly had I closed my eyes when I began to imagine the most fantastic shapes Scarcely had the performance begun when the lights went out “No matter how + Adj/ Adv + S + V …” 56 Ví dụ: No matter how intelligent you may be, you should be careful about this No matter how hard he tries, he never seems able to the work satisfactorily “Prefer + sth/doing sth + to + sth/ doing sth” Ví dụ: Tom prefers reading to talking “Would rather + sth + than + sth” “Would rather + sth + than + sth” Ví dụ: I would rather go out than stay at home I would rather have hot weather than cold “Like + sth/doing sth + Better than + sth/doing sth” Ví dụ: Tom like reading better than talking ► Cấu trúc động từ would rather = prefer to do/ prefer doing sth: làm hơn, thích làm had better = should: nên làm encourage sbd to sth = promote sbd to do: khuyến khích làm manage to = succeed in doing: thành công việc làm promise to sth: hứa làm prevent sbd from doing sth: ngăn cản làm give up sth/ doing sth: từ bỏ gì/ việc làm seem to do: dường như/ He seemed to get angry: Hình nóng force sbd to = make sbd do: bắt làm spend + time + doing sth = take (sbd) + time + to sth: dành thgian làm / bn thgian để làm play an important role in sth/ doing sth: đóng vai trị quan trọng việc gì/ làm try to sth : cố gắng làm go on an excursion to swh: dã ngoại tới đâu afford to sth/ afford sth = have enough money to sth: có đủ tiền để làm find sth + adj + to sth: I find English difficult to learn: Tôi thấy tiếng Anh khó học avoid doing sth: tránh làm advise sbd to = urge sbd to do: khuyên làm to be kind to sbd: cư xử tốt với hope to = expect to : hy vọng làm cause sth/ cause sth to do: gây điều gì/ can't help doing sth: khơng thể khơng/ khơng thể dừng việc I can't help admiring him in spite of his faults: Không thể khơng ca ngợi cho dù có nhiều lỗi/ nhiều tật remove sth from sth: loại bỏ khỏi tend to do: có xu hướng làm remind sbd to : nhắc làm remind sbd of doing sth: nhắc nhớ lại việc gì/ làm remember to : nhớ làm 57 remember doing: nhớ làm >< forget to sth/ forget doing sth: quên fail to sth: thất bại khơng làm việc He failed to buy that house because he offered a low price: Anh không mua nhà trả giá thấp persuade sbd to sth: thuyết phục làm let sbd sth = allow sbd to sth: để ai/ cho phép làm thank sbd for sth/doing sth: cám ơn điều gì/ việc làm keep doing: tiếp tục Oil prices keep rising now: Giá dầu tiếp tục tăng benefit from sth/ doing sth: có lợi từ gì/ từ việc làm request/ require/ ask sbd to sth:yêu cầu/ đề nghị làm look forward to sth/ doing sth: mong đợi, mong chờ decide to do: định làm carry on sth/ doing sth: thực việc need doing: cần làm The house needs redecorating before Tet holiday used to sth: làm (trong khứ) get used to/ be used to sth/ doing sth: quen với điều gì, việc làm escape from sth/ doing sth: trốn thoát khỏi stop to = finish dừng (việc gì) để làm stop doing: dừng làm start/ begin to = start/ begin doing: bắt đầu help sbd to / help sbd sth: giúp làm suggest that sbd should sth/ suggest doing sth : gợi ý (ai đó) nên làm depend on: phụ thuộc believe in sbd/ sth: tin tưởng Take care of sth/ sbd: chăm sóc take advantage of: tận dụng lợi warn sbd (not) to do: cảnh báo làm gì/ đừng làm order sbd to do: lệnh cho làm admit doing sth: thừa nhận làm deny doing sth: phủ nhận làm apologize (to sbd) for doing sth: xin lỗi (ai) làm offer to sth: xin làm refuse to do: từ chối làm TỪ THEO CHỦ ĐIỂM Giáo duc: language: ngơn ngữ/ native tongue: tiếng mẹ đẻ/ speak: nói/ speech: lời nói/ education: giáo duc/ knowledge: kiến thức/ learn: học/ profession:nghề nghiệp/professional: chuyên nghiệp/ university: đại học/ college: cao đẳng/ exam/examination: bktra/ entrance test: thi đại học/ school: trường học/ student: sinh viên/ understand: hiểu/ history: lịch sử/ study: học/ medical: y tế/ mark: chấm diểm/ intelligent/intelligence: thông minh/ grammar: ngữ pháp/ grammatical mistakes: lỗi ngữ pháp/ spelling mistakes: lỗi tả/ words: từ/ favorite subjects: mơn học ưu thich/ course book: sach gkhoa/ school-year: 58 năm học/ transcript: bảng điểm/ application: hồ sơ xin học/ xin việc/ applicant: ng xin/ submit: nộp/ registration date: ngày đăng kí/ Văn hoá: culture/ feature: đặc điểm/ self-discipline: tự ki luật/ courtesy: tính trật tự/ comment: ca ngợi/ polite: lịch sự/ foreigners: ng nc ngoài/ customs: phong tục/ society: xa hội/ entertainment/ leisure activities: giải trí/ theatre: nhà hát/ cinema: rạp phim/ politic: trị/ mass media: th tin đại chúng/ tradition: phong tục/ festival: lễ hội/ Khoa học/ Công nghệ: robot: ng máy/ science: khoa hoc/scientist: nhà k/học/ technology: công nghệ/ research: nghiên cứu/ machenical/ machine: máy móc/ nuclear power: lg hạt nhân/ automobile: ô tô/ develop/ development: phát triển/ advance: tiến bộ/ element: nhân tố/ experiment: thí nghiệm/ fibre cable: cáp quang/ glass: thuỷ tinh/ copper: đồng/ Việc làm: work/ worker: công nhân/ factory: nhà máy/ company: cty/ export: xkhẩu/ import: nk/ interview: vấn/ employ: thuê ldộng/ employer: ông chủ/ employee: ng lam thuê/ employment: viẹc làm/ productivity: suất/ produce: sxuất/ lobour: lđộng/ organization: tổ chức/ statistics: sl thống kê/ fishing industry: cn đánh bắt cá/ consult: tư vấn/ consultant: ng tư vấn/ expert: chuyên gia/ challenge: thử thách/ Y tế: health official: nv y tế/ bacteria: vi khuẩn/ disease: bệnh/ headache: đau đầu/ danger: nguy cơ/ damage: huỷ hoại/ lung cancer: ung thư phổi/ breathing rate: nhịp thở/ heart: tim/ Môi trường: drinking water: nc sinh hoạt/ weather: thời tiết/ climate: khí hậu/ flood: lũ/ disaster: thảm hoạ/ pollution: ô nhiễm/ pollutant: chất ô nhiễm/ rainfall: lg mưa/environment: môi trường/ energy: lg, lộc/ exhaustion: cạn kiệt/ natural resources: tnguyên th/nhiên/ conservation: bảo tồn/ preserve sth: btồn/ Kinh tế: economy/ shopper: ng mua sắm/ food: lg thực/famine: nạn đói/ crop: mùa màng/ overpopulation: tải dân số/ government: phủ/ shoplifting: nạn ăn cắp sthị/potential: tiềm năng/ exploit: khai thác/ explore: thám hiểm/ effective: co hiệu quả/ assets: tài sản = fortune/ millionaire: triệu phú/ prosperity: thịnh vượng/ growth: tăng trưởng/ exchange: trao đổi/ goods: hàng hoá/ services: dvụ/ crisis: khủng hoảng/ poverty: đói nghèo/ exhibition: triển lãm/ failure: thất bại/ speculator: kẻ đầu cơ/ currency: tiền/ reserve: dự trữ/ 59 ... = all remaining pencils Dùng với danh từ không đếm Other + danh từ không đếm = chút (= more of the set) Other water = some more water The other + danh từ không đếm = chỗ cịn sót lại The other... piano C the piano D pianos 15 I have rarely seen …………… like this A something B everything C nothing D anything 16 ………… tourists not visit this part of the town A A most B The most C Most of D Most... teach, tell, want, warn, …)  Sau danh từ Ví dụ: - I need some paper to write my report  Sau đại từ 15 Ví dụ: - Have you anything to eat? (something, anything, nothing, someone/somebody, anyone/anybody,