Đặc điểm của từ vựng tiếng anh được sử dụng trong các quảng cáo du lịch ở việt nam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THU HƯƠNG THE LEXICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH USED IN TRAVEL BROCHURES IN VIETNAM (Đặc điểm từ vựng Tiếng Anh sử dụng quảng cáo du lịch Việt Nam) MASTER’S THESIS PROGRAM I Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Hanoi - 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THU HƯƠNG THE LEXICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH USED IN TRAVEL BROCHURES IN VIETNAM (Đặc điểm từ vựng Tiếng Anh sử dụng quảng cáo du lịch Việt Nam) MASTER’S THESIS PROGRAM I Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Dr Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm Hanoi - 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification This study is my own work, except where stated otherwise by references Signature i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would have been impossible without the kind assistance of many people to whom I would like to express my appreciation and sincere thanks I owe a great debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm, who constantly provided me with invaluable recommendations, prompt feedback and meticulous attention Her great understanding and unfailing encouragement inspire me to complete the research in a diligent manner I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the lecturers of the Post Graduate Department for their tremendous help and for conveying comprehensive knowledge to me and my classmates during the past two years Finally, special thanks are due to my family, friends and colleagues for their boundless love and firm support ii ABSTRACT Considering the increasing popularity of Viet Nam as an attractive travel destination in the world, numerous promotional materials have been created by incorporating words and images to entice potential foreign customers to come to Viet Nam The present study is conducted in order to reveal the lexical features of English used in travel brochures written by Vietnamese to manifest and demonstrate the persuasive promotional function of the tourism discourse It is also necessary to consider Vietnamese English in these brochures as a variety of English in the Expanding Circle The data in this study include nine travel brochures and were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively The results of this study suggest that there are four out of five analyzed lexical features of travel brochures in Viet Nam occurring frequently, namely lexical borrowing, descriptive adjectives, modal verbs and personal pronouns Nativized word formation processes were not detected in these travel brochures iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii LISTS OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Organization of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 English as a global language 2.2 World Englishes today 2.3 Different models of World Englishes 2.3.1 A dualistic view of the status of English .7 2.3.2 A trinalistic view of the status of English 2.3.3 A monist view on the status of English .9 2.4 Varieties of English in Southeast Asia .10 2.4.1 Phonological features 11 2.4.2 Syntactic features 12 2.4.3 Discoursal features 13 2.4.4 Lexical features 13 2.5 English for tourism 14 2.6 Travel brochures as a special kind of genre 16 2.7 Theoretical framework 17 2.7.1 Lexical borrowing .17 iv 2.7.2 Nativized word formation processes 19 2.7.3 Descriptive adjectives 22 2.7.4 Modal verbs 24 2.7.5 Personal pronouns 25 2.8 Review of previous studies 26 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 30 3.1 Data corpus 30 3.2 Data collection 30 3.3 Data analytical framework .31 3.4 Data analyzing procedure 32 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 34 4.1 Lexical borrowing 34 4.1.1 Transliteration 34 4.1.2 Loan translation 36 4.1.3 Loan blend (hybrids) 38 4.2 Nativized word formation processes 38 4.3 Descriptive adjectives 38 4.3.1 Miscellaneous descriptive (MD) 39 4.3.2 Evaluative/ emotive (EE) 41 4.3.3 Adjectives which describe the size, quantity and extent (SQE), time descriptors (T), color descriptors (C) and location descriptors (L) .44 4.3.4 Superlatives 45 4.4 Modal verbs 46 4.5 Personal pronouns .47 4.6 Others 49 4.7 Discussion 50 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .52 5.1 Recapitulation 52 5.2 Limitations of the study 53 5.3 Recommendations for further studies .53 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations C Color EE Evaluative/ emotive EFL English as a foreign language ESL English as a second language L Location MD Miscellaneous descriptive RP Received Pronunciation SQE Size/ quantity/ extent T Time vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The Corpus of nine travel brochures 30 Table 3.2 Analytical framework 31 Table 4.1 Examples of transliteration in Vietnamese travel brochures 35 Table 4.2 Examples of loan translation in travel brochures .38 Table 4.3 Descriptive adjectives used in the travel brochures 39 Table 4.4 Twenty most frequent MD group descriptors 41 Table 4.5 Twenty most frequent EE group descriptors 43 Table 4.6 Ego- targeting adjectives/ no of instances per 100 words 44 Table 4.7 The number of modal verbs “will” and “can” in each brochure 46 vii LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The Life Cycle of Non- Native Englishes Figure 2.2 Kachru‟s Concentric Cirles Figure 2.3 The English Umbrella .9 Figure 4.1 Descriptive adjectives used in the travel brochures .40 Figure 4.2 Personal pronouns “you”, “we” and their corresponding .48 viii The use of “you” and “we” makes the language sound friendly and warm in tone, creates the sense of involvement and persuades the readers to visit the tourist attractions The second person pronoun “you” and their corresponding make the readers feel that he/she is the particular person the writers care about and are eager to help Moreover, the use of “you” help to express the reader‟s needs, desires and hope more effectively Consequently, the readers hugely impressed by the advertisers‟ concern and they will feel that they are special and unique Personal pronoun “you” and their corresponding are extensively used in the travel brochures (496 times), below are some examples: (33) Each of our products is built with extensive study about where you go, what you see, how you and who you meet (B8) (34) ITS‟ highly trained and professional employees are dedicated to providing you a wide range of quality services tailored to meet your needs (B1) (35) Feel the wind in your hair and enjoy the freedom of the open road! (B4) The use of first person pronoun “we” and their corresponding conveys the impression that the advertisers are obedient and provide the readers with good service The readers‟ job is to just enjoy the comfort can leisure, and they can leave the work to the advertisers Examples 42- 44 illustrates this: (36) We can be your most trusted local partner in Vietnam for all travel related arrangements in Vietnam (B3) (37) Our tours are designed around what the clients want and need to create a once in-a-lifetime experience (B9) (38) Contact us for the full descriptive, detailed itineraries, as well as information on other sites and activities (B1) By using personal pronouns, the writers try to create the impression that the products and services they offer are out of the consideration of the reader‟s particular needs and benefits, and hence convince the reader to visit the tourist 48 attractions It is clear that the communicative purpose of using first and second person pronouns is persuasive 4.6 Others Apart from the five abovementioned lexical features of travel brochures in Viet Nam, there are still less prominent lexical characteristics in Vietnamese travel brochures One of them is new coined expressions New coined expressions occur when the writers thought in their mother tongue, and then translated it into English Consequently, the writing does not sound as natural and idiomatic as the type of English that people in the inner circle would use in such a context The new coined expressions are not included in the Standard English dictionaries but can still understood by Vietnamese people or even foreign people with or without explanation In her study, Trinh (2002) offers many examples of new coined expressions by Vietnamese For example, some Vietnamese use the expression “serving time” This expression is translated from the Vietnamese phrase “giờ phục vụ”, in which “giờ” means “time” and “phục vụ” means “serving” However, in native English, “serving time” denotes the time served in prison The correct expression to use should be “business hours” or “operating hours” Numerous new coined expressions like this can be found in travel brochures in Viet Nam By way of illustration, Vietnamese brochure uses the phrase “hidden pleasures” which is translated from the Vietnamese phrase “thú vui tiềm ẩn” (B1) (“hidden” means “tiềm ẩn” and “pleasures” means “thú vui”) Actually, native English does not contain such collocation Travel brochures in Viet Nam contain a lot of new coined expressions, some examples are shown below Expressions “equable temperatures” and “cooperative weather” is from B5 (p2) and “carbon producing transport” is from B3 (p4) 49 4.7 Discussion This study examines the lexical features of travel brochures, a special kind of genre The context of these brochures is in Viet Nam, a non- native English speaking country belonging to the Expanding Circle Consequently, the lexical features in this study reflect both the characteristics of the tourism genre and those of Vietnamese English in the Expanding Circle Regarding the research question, the study analyzed five prominent lexical elements of travel brochures in Viet Nam: lexical borrowing, nativized word formation processes, descriptive adjectives, modal verbs and personal pronouns Firstly, concerning lexical borrowing, abundant examples were found in the two types: transliteration and loan translation; however, loan blend was not detected in the data Secondly, instances of nativized word formation processes were not encountered either Thirdly, miscellaneous descriptive adjectives and evaluative/ emotive adjectives makes up the biggest percentages of all descriptive adjectives, followed by local descriptors, size, quality and extent descriptors, time descriptors and color descriptors Superlatives are also regularly used to highlight the distinguishing features of the locations Fourthly, the modal verbs “will” and “can” are frequently utilized to show promise and opportunity Last but not least, the personal pronouns “you”, “we” and their corresponding makes the language sound friendly and warm in tone, thus persuading the tourists to visit the destinations There are similarities between the lexical borrowing features in this study and those described by Haugen (1970), Ying (2012) and Kachru, Yamuna, and Cecil (2006) Transliteration and loan translation were widely used in Vietnamese English and other varieties of Englishes in Southeast Asia However, the third level of lexical borrowing, namely loan blend or hybrids was not detected in this study Furthermore, the results of this study differ from some published studies (Nor, Zamri & Awab, 2015; Ramly, Othman, & McLellan, 2002) in that no evidence of 50 nativized word formation processes were spotted A possible explanation for this might be that nativization of English in Viet Nam is only experiencing the first two levels of lexical borrowing, namely transliteration and loan translation Another interesting finding is new coined expressions such as “hidden pleasures” or “cooperative weather” and this can be considered a distinctive feature of Vietnamese English As for descriptive adjectives, personal pronouns and modal verbs, these results are consistent with those of Henry and Roseberry (1996), Leech (1966), Boonchayaanant (2003), Iborra and Garrido (2001), Francesconi (2004) and Pakkinen (2005) The results of the study confirmed that the purpose of descriptive adjectives to make the brochure or the attraction appear as alluring and appealing as possible The modal verbs “will” and “can” are frequently utilized to show promise and opportunity The personal pronouns “you”, “we” and their corresponding makes the language sound friendly and warm in tone, thus persuading the tourists to visit the destinations Nonetheless, the findings of personal pronouns not support the previous research by Dhitthita (2009), who suggests that the top five personal pronouns were third personal pronouns, including “it”, “its”, “their”, “his”, and “they” It seems possible that these results are due to the differences in the data corpus Dhitthita (2009) also deals with promotional texts, yet in the form of tourist leaflets 51 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation This analysis of lexical features in Vietnamese travel brochures shed light on some prominent aspects of lexis in tourism discourse and the English lexis in a country belonging to the Expanding Circle The data corpus includes nine travel brochures written by Vietnamese and the lexical aspects are approached qualitatively and quantitatively As a kind of tourism text, travel brochures in Viet Nam feature some lexical aspects which are consistent with those of other studies such as the use of descriptive adjectives, modal verbs “will” and “can” and personal pronouns “you”, “we” to demonstrate the persuasive promotional function of the tourism discourse Lexis in a non- native English speaking country like Viet Nam includes a lot of transliterated words and loan translation expressions However, loan blend and nativized word formation processes are not found It can therefore be assumed that Vietnamese English is undergoing the third phase in the life-cycle of non-native varieties proposed by Moag (1982) In the process of indigenization, lexical borrowings are permitted when English fails to find a suitable equivalent for the expressions of local nuances Still, in Viet Nam, native English is considered the “Standard” English to follow, and any deviation from the native norms is rejected as incorrect English Vietnamese use English primarily for communication with native speaking aliens, and English has not become a medium of communication among the local Vietnamese Attempts are being made for the expansion in use and function of English English is being used as medium of instruction in few schools and some newspapers is bilingual By comparison, Singaporean English is at institutionalization phase and the final stage “restriction of use and function of English” does appear imminent in Malaysia and the Philippines English is flourishing in Viet Nam, yet Vietnamese English still needs to go through some other stages to be considered a new variety of English 52 5.2 Limitations of the study A number of important limitations need to be considered First, within the limited scope of the study, other interesting features of travel brochures were not analyzed in this study such as syntactic features or even other lexical features like lexical density, lexical complexity Another salient shortcoming of this research is the relatively small sampling, consisting of nine travel brochures Caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to travel brochures of other sources 5.3 Recommendations for further studies I hope that this study will stimulate some interest among other researchers to explore other linguistic features of tourism texts and other types of promotional texts Further study could also compare and contrast the prominent lexical features of English among Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle varieties Moreover, it would be interesting to assess the attitude of Vietnamese and nonVietnamese towards lexical features of English in non- native English speaking countries In addition, nativized word formation processes were not detected in travel brochures used as data of this study, a future investigation into nativized word formation processes in Vietnamese English in other types of discourse is strongly recommended 53 REFERENCES Baskaran, L (2005) A Malaysian English Primer, Aspects of Malaysian English Features Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press Bauer, L (1983) English Word Formation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bhat, S D N (1994) The adjectival category: criteria for differentiation and identification United Kingdom: John Benjamins Publishing Company Bhatia, V.K (1993) Genre Analysis: Theory, Practice and Application Burnt Mill, Harlo, Essex, England: Longman Biber, D., Johannson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd Bloomfield, Leonard (1933) Language New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Bolton, K (2000a) Researching Hong Kong English: a guide to bibliographical sources, World Englishes 19.3: 445–52 Boonchayaanant, V (2003) A Genre-Based Analysis of Tourist Leaflets Produced and Distributed in the United States of America Unpublished master‟s thesis Kasetsart University Brinton, L J (2000) The structure of modern English: A linguistic introduction Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub 10 Chen, W (2011) Different Models of English as an International Language and Their Implications for Teaching Non-English Majors Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics (Quarterly) Vol 34 (2) 5-17 11 Cook, G (2001) The Discourse of Advertising 2nd ed London: Routledge 12 Crystal, D (1997) English as a global language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 13 Crystal, D (2003) English as a global language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 14 Dann, G (1996) The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Oxford: CAB International 54 15 David, M K (2008) Nativization of English in Malaysia and the Philippines as Seen in English Dailies Philippines Journal of Linguistic (PJL), 67-80 16 Delin, J (2000) The Language of Everyday Life London: Sage 17 Durán Muñoz, I (2011) “Tourist translations as a mediation tool: misunderstandings and difficulties. Cadernos de Traduỗóo Vol 1, No 27: 29-49 18 Fantini, A E (1985) Language Acquisition of a Bilingual Child: a sociolinguistic perspective (to age ten) England: Multilingual Matters Ltd 19 Fellbaum, C., Gross, D., & Miller, K (1993) Adjectives in WordNet Five Papers on WordNet Eds G Miller et al CSL Report 43 20 Fluck, H R (1985) Fachsprachen Einführung und Bibliographie (p 167) Tübungen/Basel: A: Francke Verlag 21 Garner, R., & Hancock, B H (2014) Social theory: Continuity and confrontation A reader, University of Toronto Press 22 Ghomeshi, J., Jackendoff, R., Rosen, N., & Russell, K (2004) Contrastive Focus: Reduplication in English (The Salad-Salad Paper)*: Natural Language and Linguistic Theory (22), 307-357 23 Hajar, A R (2011) Using Frame Semantics to Analyse Semantic Shift, Expansion and Divergence in NNS English: The Case of „Best‟ and „Terror‟ in Malaysian English Paper presented at the Corpus Linguistics 2011, Birmingham, UK, 20-22 July 24 Halliday, M.A.K., MacIntosh, A., & Strevens, P (1964) The linguistic sciences and language teaching London: Longmans 25 Haugen, E I (1970) The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing In Harold Hungerfold, Jay Robinson & James Sledd (et al), English Linguistics: An introductory Reader, Illinois: Scott Foresman 26 Henry, A., & Roseberry, R.L (1996) A corpus-based investigation of the language and linguistic patterns of one genre and the implications for language teaching Research in the Teaching of English 30 (1996): 473-489 27 Holloway, J C (2004) Marketing for Tourism Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd 55 28 Iborra, A & Garrido, M F R (2001) The Genre of Tourist Leaflets PASAA 32 (2001): 71-81 29 Jackson, M.S., White, G.N., & Schmierer, C.L (1996) Tourism experiences within an attributional framework Annals of Tourism Research, 23, 798-810 30 Jørgensen, L G (2004) An analysis of a destination’s image and the language of tourism The Aarhus School of Business 31 Kachru, B (1992) „World Englishes‟ approaches, issues and resources, Language Teaching, Vol.25, No.1, pp1-14 32 Kachru, B (1997) English as an Asian Language Links & Letters 33 Kachru, B B., Yamuna, K., & Cecil, L N (2006) The handbook of world Englishes Malden, MA: Blackwell 34 Kirkpatrick, A (2008) English as the Official Working Language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Features and Strategies In English Today, Vol 24, No (pp.27 – 34) 35 Krasnick, H (1995) The role of linguaculture and intercultural communication in ASEAN in the year 2020: prospects and predictions In Language and culture in multilingual societies, ed M Tickoo, 81-93 Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre 36 Lam, P Y W (2007) A corpus-driven lexico-grammatical analysis of English tourism industry texts and the study of its pedagogic implications in English for Specific Purposes Language and Computers vol 61, issue 1, p.71-89 EBSCOhost: Business Source Premier [Online] Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com [Accessed 30th October 2011] 37 Lee, N A (2010) A Corpus-based Study of Lexical Creativity in Spoken Mesolectal Variety of Malaysian English Unpublished MA thesis School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia 38 Leech, G N (1966) English in Advertising: A linguistic Study of Advertising in Great Britain Great Britain: William Clowes and Son, Limited 39 Llamzon, T A (1986) Life cycle of New Englishes: restriction phase of Filipino English, English World-Wide 7: 101–25 56 40 Maasalmi, O (2013) On the use of adjectives in travel brochures, Master Thesis, School of Humanities, English Language and Culture, University of Eastern Finland 41 Mayers, G (1994) Words in Ads London: Edward Arnold 42 Moag, R (1982) The Life Cycle of Non-Native Englishes: A Case Study In The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures, edited by Braj B Kachru, 270-288 Oxford: Pergamon 43 Mochini, R (2005) The verbal discourse of tourist brochures Annal S, 5, 153-164 44 Molina, A., & Esteban, A (2006) Tourism brochures usefulness and image Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1036-56 45 Nor, Z M., Zamri, N., & Awab, S (2015) Lexical Features of Malaysian English in a Local English-Language Movie, Ah Lok Café Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 208, 282 – 299 46 Olmsted, H M (1986) American interference in the Russian language of the third-wave emigration: Preliminary notes Folia Slavica 8: 91-127 47 Pakkinen, T (2005) English on the Finnish web pages Master thesis, Department of language, University of Jyväskylä 48 Patel, Z N (2006) On the nature and role of English in Asia Linguistics Journal, (2), 88-131 Retrieved November 11, 2008 from http://linguisticsjournal.com/June2006 2n.php 49 Patil, Z.N (2006) On the Nature and Role of English in Asia The Linguistics Journal, Vol.1, No.2 (pp 88 – 131) 50 Persson, L (2012) The Language of Tourism- How the Tourism Industry Promotes Magic Faculty for Humanities, Högskolani Halmstad 51 Platt, J., Weber, H & Ho, M L (1984) The New Englishes Routledge and Kegan Poul 52 Ramly, H.R.H., Othman, N.A.H & McLellan, J (2002) Englishization and Nativization Processes in the Context of Brunei Darusalam: Evidence For and Against In T.A Kirkpatrick (Ed.), Englishes in Asia: Communication, Identity, Power and Education pp.95-112 Melbourne, VIC: Language Australia 57 53 Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D (1992) Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis Journal of Travel Research, 30, 17-26 54 Rushdie, S (1991) Imaginary homelands: essays and criticism 1981–1991 New York and London: Viking 55 Saghal, A (1991) Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India In J Cheshire (Ed.), English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspective (pp 299307) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 56 Sulaiman, M Z (2014) Translating the Style of Tourism Promotional Discourse: A Cross Cultural Journey into Stylescapes Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 118: 503-510 57 Trinh, F (2002) English: The third language in Vietnam Retrieved from http://www.vny2k.com/vny2k/TrinhNhatEnglishInVietnam.htm 58 Vestergaard, T., & Schroder, K (1985) The Language of Advertising Oxford: Basil Blackwell 59 Walter, C.K., & Tong, H.M (1977) A local study of consumer vacation travel decisions Journal of Travel Research, 15, 30-34 60 Weightman, B (1987) Third World tour landscapes Annals of Tourism Research, 14, 227 – 239 61 Ying, Z (2002) A Tentative Study on Lexical Characteristics of China English Retrieved from http://www.psrcentre.org/images/extraimages/26%201212560.pdf 62 Yuksel, A., & Akgul, O (2006) Postcards as effective image-makers: an idle agent in destination marketing Tourism Management, 28(3), 714-25 63 Zhou, Z (1997) Destination marketing: measuring the effectiveness of brochures Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 6(3-4), 143-58 64 Yoneoka, J (2001) The English umbrella: Model of a multicultural language system Kumamoto Gakuen University http://www.atida.org/forums/showthread.php?p=20638 58 Retrieved from APPENDIX Examples of Transliterated loan words Transliterated loan words Culinary Vietnamese original words ca phe den cà phê đen ca phe sua da cà phê sữa đá Pho Phở banh deo bánh dẻo banh nuong bánh nướng Bun Cha ca Bún chả cá Banh Can Bánh Nem Nuong Nem nướng Banh Da Cua Bánh đa cua Nem Cua Be Nem cua bể Lau Cua Dong Lẩu cua đồng Sui Din Sủi dìn Giao co lam Giảo cổ lam Da hien Dạ hiến Xoi xeo Xôi xéo Banh cuon Bánh Xoi yen Xôi yến Nuoc mam Nước mắm Pho Bat Dan Phở Bát Đàn Bun thang Bún thang Cha ca La Vong Chả cá Lã Vọng Bun Bún Bia hoi Bia Tra da Trà đá 59 Pho bo Phở bò Cha ca Chả cá Tom nuong la chuoi Tôm nướng chuối Goi Hoa Chuoi Gỏi hoa chuối Ga Nuong Gà nướng Ca tim kho to Cà tím kho tộ Geographical Ba Be Ba Bể names Tam Coc Bich Dong Tam Cốc Bích Động Deo Ngang Đèo Ngang Meo Vac Mèo Vạt Dong Van Đồng Văn Bac Ha Bắc Hà Hoi An Hội An Muong Hoa Mường Hoa My Son Mỹ Sơn Ba Na Bà Nà Dong Hoi Đồng Hới Da Nang Đà Nẵng Phu Quoc Phú Quốc Vung Tau Vũng Tàu Ha Noi Hà Nội Ha Long Hạ Long Mui Ne Mũi Né Phan Thiet Phan Thiết Da Lat Đà Lạt Ho Chi Minh Hồ Chí Minh Tay Ninh Tây Ninh Mai Chau Mai Châu 60 Hue Huế Ninh Binh Ninh Bình Soc Trang Sóc Trăng Lai Chau Lai Châu ………… ………… People‟s Hoang A Tuong Hoàng A Tưởng names Nguyen Hue Nguyễn Huệ Bà Chúa Xứ Bà Chúa Xứ Ho Chi Minh Hồ Chí Minh Kim Dong Kim Đồng Nong Van Den Nơng Văn Dền Vo Nguyen Giap Võ Nguyên Giáp La Van Cau La Văn Cầu Ly Van Muu Lý Văn Mưu Le Chan Lê Chân Ngo Quyen Ngô Quyền Bao Dai Bảo Đại Viet Cong Việt Cộng Viet Minh Việt Minh Duc Thanh Đức Thanh Chua Phap Hoa Chùa Pháp Hoa Cho Lon Chợ Lớn Chua Doi Chùa Dơi Thap Ba Tháp Bà Nhà Thờ Núi Nhà Thờ Núi Tran Quoc Trấn Quốc An Quoc An Quốc Nha Co Nhà Cổ Buildings 61 Festivals Tet Tết Thanh Minh Thanh Minh Dap Noi Đập nồi Doan Ngo Đoan Ngọ Terms related Quan ho Quan họ to fine arts Lien anh Liền anh Lien chi Liền chị Dan tinh Đàn tính Then Then Vo qua bau Vỏ bầu Che day Chè dây Da hien Dạ hiến Ethnic Tay Tày minority Nung Nùng Mong Mông Dao Dao Kinh King San Chi Sán Chỉ Lo Lo Lô Lô Trees 62 ... THE LEXICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH USED IN TRAVEL BROCHURES IN VIETNAM (Đặc điểm từ vựng Tiếng Anh sử dụng quảng cáo du lịch Việt Nam) MASTER’S THESIS PROGRAM I Major: English Linguistics Code:... brochures No 3.2 Name of the brochures Viet Nam Vietnam special packages for Asian Vietnam- Viet Vision travel Nha Trang Hai Phong Cao Bang travel guide Hanoi travel guide Custom Vietnam travel Vietland... tàng chứng tích chiến tranh Chùa Dơi Bà Chúa xứ Múa sư tử Thác Bạc Động Sửng sốt Hịn Thiên Nga Đỉnh lư hương Hịn ngón tay Quảng trường cách mạng thán+g tám Quần thể danh lam thắng cảnh Tràng