Changes in religious life, beliefs in this period in Dong Anh district = Biến đổi đời sống tôn giáo, tín ngưỡng huyện Đông Anh trong giai đoạn hiện nay. Luận văn ThS. Khu vực học: 60 31 60

Theorical background Chapter 2: CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS AND BELIEF LIFE AND ITS RELATION WITH SOCIAL- ECONOMIC LIFE IN DONG ANH DISTRICT .... The research tends to emphasize on the variable

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

NGUYEN THI THANH HOA

CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS LIFE, BELIEFS IN THIS PERIOD IN DONG ANH

REASSURE WORD

I declare, this thesis is my own research under the

guidance of Prof science Dr Do Quang Hung The

figures given in the thesis is honest and clear origin

I bear full responsibility before the Scientific Council

on the content of this thesis

Hanoi, May 2012 The author thesis

Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa

INDEX

INTRODUCTION PART 1

1 Imperative of the dissertation topic 6

2 The context of research topics 7

3 The aim of the thesis research 8

4 Objects and scope of the thesis research 8

5 The methodology of the thesis 9

6 Contribution of the thesis 9

7 Layout thesis 10

Chapter 1: CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS AND BELIEFS LIFE IN DONG ANH 11

1.1 Introduction of Dong Anh district 11

1.2 Changes in the economy and society of Dong Anh district today 16

1.3 The implementation of the Party resolution on religious activities and beliefs of people in Dong Anh today 23

1.4 Definitions 31

1.5 Theorical background Chapter 2: CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS AND BELIEF LIFE AND ITS RELATION WITH SOCIAL- ECONOMIC LIFE IN DONG ANH DISTRICT 38

2.1 Changes in religiogious life in Dong Anh district 38

2.2 Transformation in religion life in Dong Anh district 50

2.3 The impacts of economic and social life on the innovation process of religion and rituals in Dong Anh district 87

2.4 The influences of religious life on economic and social life in Dong Anh district 94

Chater 3: TENDENCY OF CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS LIFE, BELIEF IN DONG ANH DISTRICT AND QUESTIONS 101

3.1 Tendency of change and forecast overview of religion and state management of religion in the district of Dong Anh in the coming years 101

3.2 A number solution to promote the positive elements of religious life

and belief for the development of social life in Dong Anh district 108

CONCLUSION Error! Bookmark not defined

INTRODUCTION PART

1 Imperative of the topic

Being one-thousand-year land, Hanoi has existed with plenty of profound cultural value hidden from the past to contemporary life Spirituality is an important part of the precious heritages which Hanoi has always been preserving until present Facing the reforming period especially the urbanization trend, variations in religious life and religious issues are becoming the Party, the State concern The research tends to emphasize on the variables for religious life and belief in Dong Anh district

- a typical suburban districts of Hanoi to show the interaction between economic and social life with religious life in the context of contemporary society On that basis, the writer offers solutions to promote the values of religious life and belief in

a positive way, in accordance with the laws of the development process of urbanization in Hanoi today

Dong Anh, which is an ancient suburban area of Hanoi, is a convergence of many cultural values including both physical and spiritual values of the capital In recent years, Dong Anh has also been known as the area with strong regional process of urbanization The strong development of local economy and innovation

in social activities have led to changes in regilious activities along with the content

of religion,worshiping ritual of the people within the suburban district Therefore, the topic focuses on analyzing the impact of two-way relationship between religious faith and economic, social life and vice versa to clarify changes in the spiritual life nowadays

Religious belief is an important part of cultural and spiritual life, so changes

in religious life, beliefs in Dong Anh also contribute to the addition of private meaningful data about the cultural field of Hanoi in contemporary life On the basis

of the solution, proposed by the authors propose the thesis, the religious officials in Dong Anh district are in charge of implementing the policy on religion, belief in an consistent and effective way, with the aspiration of people in the district

For these above reasons, the topic "Changes in religious life, beliefs in this period

in Dong Anh district" has been chosen as the direction of the research thesis

2 The context of research topic

Until present, there have been many researches on changes in religious life and belief in Vietnam as well as many works in the areas of Hanoi which refers to aspects religious beliefs Therefore, we can name some books on religious beliefs in this area For instance, "Dai Nam nhat thong chi" Episode 4 referring to the popular belief in Ha Bac and Son Tay including Dong Anh or "Geographical media" by Do Trong Vi, Cultural Information Publishing House (1998) mentioning the customs and beliefs of Bac Ninh, a section of ancient Dong Anh

The work "Ha Bac aboriginal style Le dynasty" by Ha Bac Company culture, published in 1971 also included a part about beliefs Dong Anh Besides, there was also the book " a-thousand- year Hanoi" by Vu Tuan, Tran Quoc Vuong which was available to the issue of religion and belief in the suburbs of Hanoi, including Dong Anh district Particularly, the series of reports, "The Village" by Ngo Tat described quite clearly the worshiping activities in the villages in Dong Anh, the hometown of the writer

Nonetheless, those books, apart from the work of "Dong Anh with thousand years of Thang Long - Hanoi" by Bui Xuan Dinh, Ha Noi Publishing House in

2010, did not mention much about the context of religion in Dong Anh In this book, the author wrote about Dong Anh as an overview including natural conditions, social, festivals, folklore, particularly academic tradition of this land without mentioning many aspects of religious beliefs

The book "The life of religion, belief Thang Long - Hanoi" by Prof Dr Do Quang Hung, Ha Noi Publishing House, 2010 has pointed out the features of the great religions in Thang Long - Hanoi The book provided with valuable material on the living definition of religious life and beliefs of people in Hanoi during the current period In addition, "Address of the Speaker," by the authors of the Institute

of Vietnam and scientific development, published in 2006 was also a need for resources when deploying the writer threads In this work the authors studied many

aspects of Co Loa commune in depth, such as natural conditions, society, history and culture, especially one part of the book tended to reflect the religion and beliefs

of the Co Loa area, a commune of Dong Anh district

Also there have been some scattered articles on various aspects such as the urbanization process, the Co Loa Festival, cultural heritages of Dong Anh published

in newspapers and magazines

So far no particular work has directly mentioned the changes in religious life, beliefs within Dong Anh area during the innovation process or exploited this aspect

by analyzing two-way interaction between social life in the process of innovation to the cultural life of the spiritual current period Therefore, it can be confirmed that the dissertation topic is the first study to refer to the changes in religious life and belief in Dong Anh district in the process of urbanization The research is expected

to provide more practical and meaningful material for those who care about religious life and beliefs in this area

3 The aim of the thesis research

The implementation of project "Changes religious life, beliefs in this period

in Dong Anh district" firstly sketches the picture of the activities of religious life and beliefs in Dong Anh district during the reforming period then it deeply analyze the two-way interaction between economic, society life and the changes in religious life, beliefs in the reforming process

In addition, it also refers to the policies of the Party and State on religion, belief, and the implementation of the Resolution in the specific case of Dong Anh district (Hanoi)

4 Objects and scope of the thesis research

Scope of the thesis research is to understand the transformation of religious life and belief in Dong Anh district (Hanoi) Due to the limited time of execution, the research only analyzes the community of Catholics in Dai Bang and Mai Chau village because it is reported that these two villages gain the highest concentration

of Catholics within the area of Dong Anh Additionally, the research also Exploits the transformation of Buddhism and the cult of King An Duong Vuong in Co Loa

commune, the area with a number of Buddhists and exciting Buddhist activities along with the famous Co Loa festival in and out of place on the 6th of January On the other hand, Vong La commune is chosen to become the study of ancestral worshiping belief because it has become the most urbanized place within this district Finally, Viet Hung commune is the scope of the research on the changes in folk religion because there were many mysterious true stories inside this area widespread among folk community

The main purpose of the research is to understand the economic situation - in the process of social innovation and its impact on the existence of religious beliefs

in Dong Anh district in the process of urbanization

Thesis-depth analysis of the changes of religious life, beliefs forms the characteristics of those changes in the current period In particular, it explores the repercussions of climate change, religious life, beliefs affecting economic, social life in Dong Anh district

Since then, the thesis offers some observations and forecasts of trends in religious life and belief in the district as well as proposes some solutions to promote positive values of religious life to the economic, cultural, social life in Dong Anh during the urbanization process

5 The methodology of the thesis

The research used the methodology of religious education and specific methods of sociology and anthropology of religion, such as:

+ Method of collecting, synthesizing

+ Method of statistical analysis

+ Comparison method which gets the results obtained in the thesis,

These methods are implemented by specific actions such as: field trips, up questionnaires, depth interviews, retrospective survey, survey forms

In addition, the thesis has used interdisciplinary methods: application of the results of many scientific fields such as economics, sociology, geography, history, education, analysis and logic to find out the transformation of religion and belief

6 Contribution of the thesis

First contribution of the thesis is the variable-depth analysis of religious life, beliefs and the typical two-way relationship between religious life and beliefs of economic, social life of the people in Dong Anh during the process of urbanization

On the other hand, it has made some forecasts of trends in religious life, beliefs and proposed some solutions to promote the positive elements in the religious life and beliefs to develop social economic development of the Dong Anh district now and in the future

7 Layout thesis

Thesis is organized into three chapters:

- Chapter 1: The context of religious life, beliefs, Dong Anh district

- Chapter 2: Changes in religious life, religion and its relation with social - economic life in Dong Anh district the current period

- Chapter 3: Tendency of changess in religious life, belife Dong Anh district beliefs and questions

Chapter 1 CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS AND BELIEFS LIFE IN DONG ANH

1.1 Introduction of Dong Anh district

Dong Anh district today, was officially established in September on reign of

Tu Duc (October 1876), on the basis of the villages belonging to the districts: Đông Ngàn (Palace Tu Son), Kim Anh (Palace Bac Ha) of Bac Ninh province, Yen Lang (Palace Tam Doi, Son Tay province) These are ancient lands, which were formed along with the process of building ever since our ancestors of the Hung Kings For thousands of years in history, the generations of residents in the district general fought back hard, struggled with the disadvantages of nature to explore and reclamate, then formed dense villages Basing on the economy of agricultural fields, and combining with craftsmanship, the residents of the villages formed a institution

of village - commune which closely associated emotionally and attached responsibilities of each member to the community From that basis of socio-economics, the generation of residents has created a tradition of cultural which gave birth to definite nuances of the North and Xu Doai with temples, shrines, the fine traditions , religious activities, festivals, folk art capital with a long rich tradition and academia Dong Anh have given birth to many talents Dong Anh people in any circumstance have contributed and sacrificed for the construction and defense

Located in the north and northwest of Thang Long, Dong Anh district is a key position and has an intimate relationship history, politics, economics, culture, education with the Thang Long It was once the Historian Phan Huy Chu noted as a center of elites

1.1.1 The natural conditions

Dong Anh district today is located in the northern capital of Hanoi

- Soc Son district bordered on the north,

- The south boundary of the Red River and Duong River, across the river is the Tay Ho, Long Bien and Dan Phuong, Tu Liem, Gia Lam;

- The East Town Tu Son and Yen Phong district (Bac Ninh);

- The west of Me Linh district

Overall, high terrain Dong Anh from north to and from the West to creates two types of terrain To the west and north is the high ground, mixed with hill ranges To the south and southeast are low-lying lands On difficult terrain for cultivation, construction of irrigation works, water regulation

Regarding road traffic, Dong Anh lay in the path of God, comes from the ancient Thang Long capital city to the north-east provincial towns Two identical street from the Thang Long Bridge Road, on the territory of East An district, the communes of Phu Lo (Soc Son) is split:

- One way to Thai Nguyen to Bac Kan, Cao Bang (now Highway 3),

- One way to Vietnam Tri, Tuyen Quang, Thanh Thuy border gate to Ha Giang province (now the National Highway No 2)

Since 1988, the North Thang Long - Noi Bai, running through the town west

of Dong Anh district (Bac Hong, Nam Hong, Kim Chung .) connected with Highway No 2 in Phu Cuong (Soc Son) There are also inter-district road system, inter-communal

Regarding transportation, Dong Anh is in north Ca Lo, Red River and Duong River

in the south, was a feudal arterial roads; today remaining an important role in shipping There are also small rivers, which are the tributaries of the Ca Lo River, Red River, as Jiang Yellow River, the river Cards

With this key position, Dong Anh classes soon were the ancient Vietnamese people from the midlands and coastal mountains to explore the process, set up the village, the sea immediately after the last back to reveal the wetland, North Delta around 4000 years ago Moreover, in the third century BCE, Dong Anh was chosen

as the capital of Au Lac

During the course of history of the building and between ethnic groups, Dong Anh as the northern gate of the ancient Thang Long - Hanoi today Between districts and Thang Long has many ties back in many ways throughout the course of

history The evolution of political, military, economic and social capital are central

to impact Dong Anh and vice versa The key position was ever since the Mau Tuat - the year of tiger 938 - 966, when Ngo Quyen and the child successor ruled the country, the district once again was chosen as the capital of both water

During the fight in the North of the resistance and water-holding feudal autonomy and local Dong Anh is the first fight in the north In the campaign of the August Revolution, many villages of Dong Anh was chosen as the ATK of the central coast north of Red River In the war against France, Dong Anh is famous for Fort Xuan Canh, with tunnels Nam Hong In the war against American colonials, Dong Anh with artillery in Loa and adjacent villages, contributing to firmly defend the capital

1.1.2 Economic fragmentation

Dong Anh which is in the middle of the Red River Delta, has the potential to agricultural development Both lowland and upland areas are more favorable conditions for agricultural development in the direction of intensive rice cultivation, cultivation of vegetables and flowers, food crops, industrial crops, fruit trees and livestock production (aquaculture), but are be affected by the flood waters of rivers Every year, in the flood season (from early May to mid October), floodwaters of the rivers rise, threatening crops, many years of decline and crop yield due to uneven terrain, due to limitations of technique and conditions of private property regime should feudal land, mostly fields of the villages in the district are implanted only one rice crop (or see or season, depending on the height

of reinforced soil) The villages in the valley (such as the Ha Van Ha ), accounting for only implant, but very hard farming, the fields are flooded to the memory level buffaloes plowing to take home to transplanting, harvesting must use boats , very low yield, while the wet season (from early May to August full moon, the white water often flooded The villages of highland (Loa, Xuan Canh, Xuan Non ) the only transplanting a crop, although yields are higher and more stable farm occupies, but still heavily dependent on nature, because the field has no irrigation system

Only since the mid-60s of last century , the chemical associated with the irrigation cooperation occurs on a large scale has changed the face of the social field: the vast area of implant parts are two crops of rice and a color service

In agriculture, farmers have traditionally had created a variety of seedlings nature

of the local specialties, such as rice (see quail, worse ), wheat flavor,white rice in many districts Kim Anh commune old "white grain, aromatic rice from other provinces" - as recorded in books Dai Nam nhat thong chi The horticultural products are jackfruit, betel, filling in the village of Co Loa, tea in two districts of Dong Ngan and old Kim Anh; cane

in villages along the Red River, tomato Non humiliated in the village of Spring Many

of these animal production recorded in the Dai Nam nhat thong chi The village of Dong Anh district also has many traditional crafts such as weaving in Water Resources (Thuy Lam), touch wood Set inundation in the village (Van Ha Commune), painted in the village of Phong Chau (Lien Ha), tofu Chai village (La Vong commune), rice vermicelli Circuit Trang commune (commune Loa), cooking wine in many villages

Development of commodity economy, convenient transportation system to facilitate trade and exchange In the district form a system of village market (home market), meeting in session Each village has a few clusters rotating meetings market, making it also the day to exchange market A large number of markets were documented in books Dai Nam nhat thong chi, such as Dong Do Market, Lực Canh (Dau Market) The fair in Loa (Loa commune), Kim (Xuan Mon), Van Tri (Van Noi commune) .are also the largest market in the district Some villages have been formed in the riparian station, and the crowded malls such as Nhoi station, Manh Tan (Thuy Loi commune), city Van Khe (Nguyen Khe commune)

1.1.3 Social coditions

Most of Dong Anh district residents are farmers, living in the village Each village is a melting pot basic unit is the combination of neighborly relations with blood relatives, self-governing nature and very social Each village has two names: the name Nom (or ancient Vietnamese name), used in communication daily and

letter (or the name Han - Vietnamese), use of administrative papers, epitaphs, are transcribed from the name Nom, such terms as: Cha Chu= Loa, Ke Doc = Duc Tu,

Ke Ong = Thiet Ung, làng Nhoi = Thuy Loi

Before the Revolution of August 1945, every village had a system of institutional organization, including the family (who organized the collection of blood relatives), neighbors Lane ((the organization set by its neighbors) , adjacent to (the organization set

by age class), guilds (the organization set preferences, career, spiritual purposes ) and the management apparatus as elders councils Village owned conventions as a basis for managing community life Village is also the basis for making social - the final administrative level of the feudal state, a basic function is to protect the security, tax collection, phen complex maneuver wife translated Before the Revolution of August

1945, most of the village as a commune

1.1.4 Cultural conditions

Through thousands of years of history, the Dong Anh generation residents has created a cultural layer, based on an economic basis is agriculture fields of water, and organizational structure of villages Culture Dong Anh village cia clearly characterized by two regions north and Xu Xu Doai, but the most striking feature is the structure for each type of village the village: the village agricultural season, the dream, the riverside village beach land, village .; in the system of worship monuments (temples, pagodas, temples, text only, the family church, church of celebrities) Associated with this monument is the worship rituals, the festival honoring the village tutelary have contributed to the population with water Many Malaysians have the shows, the original oratorio form, such as the

Co Loa, the king in procession to the wrong meeting Culture Village is embodied in the customary fine, cohesive emotional and personal responsibility

to the community of family, village

The Dong Anh Village also has the type of folk art activities, which, in some kind of known throughout the northern region, such as ca tru Lu Khe (Lien Ha), troubled water for irrigation (Thuy Lam communce)

Most of the communes of today's Dong Anh districts: Dong Ngan (From Tu Son), Kim Hoa or Kim Anh (Bắc Hà palace) of the Town Kinh Bac, a land with rich cultural traditions, especially tradition and academia In the remaining district is the historical Lang Yen was noted by Phan Huy Chu that "the area under the town of Son Tay, office supplies more prevalent” Overall, under the feudalism, Dong Anh region had 56 doctorates Confucianism, every few hundred Perfume drain, BA and also Graduates rom financial statistics who could not be made statistics

They were real people and mostly talented, virtuous bringing all the main court and serving the country Many people contributed significantly to the main court building and protect the country, on the development of their village, the historical record, honoring people, like Nguyen Thien Tung, Le Tuan Mau, Nguyen Thuc, Nguyen Nghi, Trinh Duc Nhuan, Vu Cong Te

The most common administrative geography is the basis for further investigation of some Dong Anh in relation to the Thang Long - Hanoi through the thousand-year history

1.2 Changes in the economy and society of Dong Anh district today

 Construction industries

On the basis of Nguyen Khe industrial zone, entered a period of innovation, the business central district of the city and after rearrange Decree 388/HDBT most stable, are difficult to remove constraints, production and business efficiency by market mechanisms, and striving to adapt to the new mechanism, innovative managerial mechanism, accounted boldly investment, renewal of equipment, technology, improved models improve product quality Therefore, many enterprises have rapid growth, the life of workers was raised The state enterprises continues to be sorted, consolidated, stable business trends multidisciplinary and multi-sector meeting the requirements of the market competition The process of reorganization and equitization of State enterprises and upcoming projects at home and abroad as well as the formation and went into operation of Dong Anh Industrial Park, Hi-tech Industrial Park in Bac Thang Long, small and medium industrial zones Nguyen Khe and Dong Anh trade Center has changed the face of basic economic Dong Anh So far the district has basically completed the reorganization and equitization of State enterprises Besides the large industrial district advocates focused infrastructure investment, exploiting the advantages of small and medium industrial and settlement for thousands of workers with stable employment Operating under the corporate law and a favorable investment environment has a lot of non-state enterprises, limited liability company went into operation

To date, the district is 758 limited liability companies, 558 joint stock companies,

115 private enterprises, 30 state enterprises, 11 companies TNHHNN a member; over 13,000 individual business households, 77 businesses in concentrated industrial zones

By rearranging production innovation management mechanism by highlighting the role

of autonomy of enterprises, investment technology innovation, equipment, goods, increase productivity and product quality, industrial East England increasing prosperity Many agencies and businesses have stayed in the market mechanism and make profits

 Restoring the village and form clusters of craft villages

For handicraft industry and craft villages, the district interested in the construction of infrastructure: road systems, electricity grids, village planning, environmental remediation Entering the market mechanism, the handicraft industry tradition began to be restored and developed its position confirmed The phrase sub - industries concentrated in Lien Ha, Van Ha recent years has many new branches were opened and developed, such as spray paint pressed wood, carved stone, steel scissors, Mother of pearl Products villages constantly changing, improving quality, models to meet consumer tastes The management of operating in small industry clusters - village made more scientific, electrical, mechanical applications in the manufacturing process more and more widely, creating high quality products The handicraft cooperatives be strengthened, paradigm shift towards equitisation Limited liability companies, private enterprises that increase the quantity and quality Output value of industry sector average increase of 16.2% / year

Since the renewal of the 1990 Party time focus on directing the district agricultural development, stabilize people's lives The implementation of Resolution 10

of the Political Bureau has opened up new directions for agricultural production, creating new dynamics, production capacity is released, encourage all economic sectors involved in the production and exploitation of available potential to promote production and development

Implementation of the program 06 of the Hanoi Party Committee on suburban economic development, building new rural areas with the goal of redeploying production structure gradually shifted towards the production of agricultural goods (1992), Party district focused direction and coordinated investment in agriculture, such as completion of delivery, certificate of land use rights under 64 Decree of the Government, to direct the service of agricultural enterprises, banks providers of electricity, water, materials and plant protection service of agricultural production, upgrade and upgrade the electrical system

(alone from 1990 -1995 has built 38 new and upgraded substations renovation and replacement of 128 km of low voltage lines .) focused on investment in irrigation, upgrading irrigation systems, pumping stations and solidifying canal system direct the effective restructuring of plants, seasonal changes in the direction of increasing the proportion of plants with high economic va lue and boosting the application of technical advances, the cultivation of rice, specialty color, fresh vegetables, planting fruit trees, breeding and development of decorative plants with economic value (area of production of crops of high economic value in 2000 accounted for 20% of the total area planted annually); efficient exploitation of the land potential, economic potential four specific areas: beach, waterfront land, the valley, and high boost intensive cultivation and development of farm economy, economic VAC

Livestock and household farm economy growing, diversified products, rich and strong move towards farming methods with large-scale industry Effective application of science and technology in animal husbandry in the program: lean pork, leaving sin, cage culture of fish, frogs, turtles Production

of pig pens annual production of 50,000 children, 7,500 cattle in maintaining children The proportion of breeding value of the total value of agricultural production in 2009 to over 60% The agricultural cooperatives are trying to rearrange the support structure, transfer functions of production management services to manufacturing organizations To date, the district has 131 cooperatives (mainly cooperative production and agricultural services), of which 27 new cooperatives and cooperatives established under the law is interested in helping in training, fostering, construction business plan Appeared as bright spots of cooperative services vegetable production in Van Noi, Nam Hong, Loa; cooperative dairy development services at extended ranges establish and develop the garden

Generally in almost 25 years of innovation, the value of total agricultural output increased an average of 6.4% / year Production value and service on a hectare of cultivated land increased from 12 million in 1990 to 116 million in 2009

1.2.2 Changes in society

Work jobs are focused, have jobs for over 48,000 employees The poverty rate declined rapidly and was essentially complete in helping poor households to solidify their houses, repair houses damaged by direct plan of the city Each year hundreds of projects approved loan funds to support the country, with a total of hundreds of billion Regular care and attention implement policies for the family Gratitude activities, humanitarian, charity and social assistance to be deployed widely

 Solving social policy

In the years 1987-1990, the economic conditions are difficult, the Party concerned district is directing the implementation of good work culture and society The family policy is the Party committees, governments encourage visits, gifts, free health checks, support constraints, building houses of gratitude Every year dozens

of homes have been given great solidarity, thousands of gifts, savings, ensuring an average life in quite the martyrs, war invalids and Vietnam heroic mothers, for the life one thousand beneficiaries of social insurance

The charity is increasingly expanding, children in difficult circumstances, lonely elderly care, free medical care to citizens under current policy, the poor, the disabled and social relief Assembly, the percentage of malnourished children decreased from 54% in 1990 to 2009 to 13.1% The campaign to support the people

of Cuba, the people support the disaster area are numerous officials, Party members and people actively involved

Public health, health care people are increasingly improved Quality health care is raised gradually Other forms of people's health care is increasingly diversified, step by step to meet the needs of the people Medical equipment has been upgraded at all levels Network of medical facilities to be consolidated, consolidating and promoting effects To date 100% of communes and towns in the district recognized national standard of social health The health center has essential drugs to fund health care needs of the people The dangerous disease, food safety,

private medical practice is not controlled positively to widespread epidemics National health programs and effective city, often over 99% of children under 1 year old fully vaccinated six vaccines The inspection and supervision to ensure hygiene and food safety are conducted regularly and effectively, not letting the big cases in the province

Population work - family planning to be deployed widely from district to local Promote advocacy for people in the target area implementation of family planning, stable rate of natural population increase, implementation of measures to reduce the birth rate down to 8.4 3 + 2009 and the percentage of children under 5 malnourished decreased to 13.1% (according to new criteria: 17.5%)

Scientific activities and technology continue to evolve and has contributed positively to economic development - economic development district has been researching and deploying an effective application of the subject district and city Investment in science and technology was enhanced information technology applications in public administration at the agency DPC, in teaching and learning at the school, pay at the banks increasing application of technical advances in agricultural production

to build cultural life" is to promote quality commenting culture models is improved

So far, 66 villages (villages) and the title of village culture and city district, 40 the population of culture, 19 units of cultural district, 2 units of municipal culture, 82% cultural families chemical The construction program Hanoi elegant, civilized and focused implementation of creative, cultural institutions are interested in investment

activities celebrate the 1000th anniversary of Thang Long - Hanoi widely deployed Continue to implement effectively Directive 27 of the Political Bureau on the implementation of a civilized lifestyle in wedding, funerals and festivals; has implemented effective Council Resolution on the implementation of the evidences

of civilization progress far, has basically eliminate backward customs, not invited guests of the day mourning, day 49 and day exhumation and mobilization for 25%

of households who make cremation death

Movement to build new rural village culture civilized lifestyle, family culture

is vibrant people involved 100% villages and building good institutions perform conventional cultural village village recognized cultural village, 82% standard family culture Many traditional cultural beauty of the family clan, village conventions inherited and community development

Movement and sport pants are highly social, extensive development and attract people to participate in class 2009 number of people practicing sports regularly reaching 31%, the number of families practicing sports regularly reach 29% The traditional sports are more interested in efficiency High performance sport has been gradually strengthened and developed, especially the achievements

of British athletes achieve in the East Sea Games 22; 23; 24 and 25 Districts that invest billions for art activities, equipment and infrastructure systems associated with the cultural institutions such as stadiums, swimming pools, radio systems, cultural center of the village , post-cultural system made up of cultural activities in residential areas Recovery and strong growth of villages in order to exploit effectively the cultural values, enrich the spiritual life of the people

 Recovery and promote traditional cultural values

Dong Anh is a land of tradition has a long cultural history The district has nearly 293 historical and cultural relics, of which 108 have been classified monuments There is a large monument of national stature as historical Loa associated with State Au Lac and 2,000 years ago on a system of houses, temples and pagodas He has 9 points East revolutionary relics ATK central monument Tunnels Nam Hong, Nguyen Khe heroic guerrilla,

The ruins are ranked architecture offers distinctive cultural traits, including many houses, temples and shrines of the gods preserved tree, ordained Some work sites through archaeological excavations, artifacts discovered many historical value such as bronze drums, statues of An Duong Vuong, the Co Loa of arrows, The historical and cultural monuments are also often associated with the operation folkloric festivals bearing the national cultural identity like ancient classical drama

in Spring Quarter, Vietnamese Hung, Co Loa, Lien Ha; Ca Tru village Lo Khe (The Ha) Rural Water puppetry Dao Thuc (Thuy Lam), singing opera in Hong Nam, Bac Hong, Hai Boi, Kim Chung, singing Cai Luong in Ngoc Vinh, Welcome procession forms, such as the rich ceremonial procession in to the wrong author King (Swedish Forest), meeting in Vienna for Robbery Noi (Van Noi), the singing folk games such as pipes, enough money, traditional crossbow objects martial nation, cock fighting, human chess playing, cooking contest, control room

Implementation of the Party Congress Resolution XXI th district (1986), especially since the implementation of Central Resolution 5 VIII on "building the Vietnam advanced culture imbued with cultural nation ", the Party and people in the district have continued to conserve and effectively exploit the cultural values in the direction of centralized investment recovery of folk festivals such as: Assembly" Ken-law "in Yen , Assembly pounding rice cake in Ly Nhan (Tu Duc) ; The traditional art forms such as opera, cheo, ca tru, reformed, water puppets, Investment funds, facilities (building Thuy Dao Shu home village, the church at Ca Lu Cong Khe ) The work of actor training is emphasized Organize annual rowing classes, similarity class youth, ca tru class student and class composition of theatrical scripts In many funds, district funds invested billions replenishment and effective exploitation of traditional cultural values Since 1996, the annual district budgets are spent on 200 million for the preservation and promotion of the cultural department of traditional arts

1.3 The implementation of the Party resolution on religious activities and beliefs of people in Dong Anh today

Soon after its founding (1930), our Party has seen Vietnam is a country with many religions Although each religion has its own characteristics but are similar in that co-exist in our nation Even in these most difficult times, the vast majority of religious people are siding with the revolution, the entire people in the French defeated the U.S imperialists and actively participate in building and national development

Especially, since the implementation of reform (from 1986), the Vietnam's

religious revival, rapid development and has direct impact to the economy - and social security, order in the locality Get that clear, our Party has timely review, and evaluate the results of the religions on the basis that continued to refine the guidelines and policies toward religion, to meet changing requirements New and international integration The renovation of our Party on religion is expressed through the views:

One is, religious claims are persistent problems During the socialist regime, the religious origins arose still exists and regularly to the impact of the religious development Since no formal recognition to this rule, combined with guilt, prejudice of religion, so had the place before, at, we have policies and measures dealing with religious violence, seeking to narrow, restricted religious activities So

a strain in relations between the religious authorities, as public distrust of believers, religious dignitaries of the Party and State

To rectify and remedy deviations above, a number of resolutions of the Politburo, the Party Central Committee, said: "Belief and religion are the same people will exist in the process of building that society in our country " This view

is the basis for the consideration and settlement of religious affairs in our country today requires us to have calm and objective in considering and settling the religious activities; ensure that religious activities in Vietnam in a normal way, legal compliance, companion to the nation and socialism This point also requires all levels and all Party cadres and industry must overcome the subjectivity of thought, impatient in dealing with issues related to religion in general, with particular religious activities

Secondly, creed, religion is the spiritual needs of a sector of the population Party always consistent implementation of religious policies and ensure freedom of religion Against all violations of religious freedom, and against the abuse of religion to harm the interests of the country and people Third, religious ethics have much in accordance with the building of the new society During the birth, survival and development, religion also has two positive and negative The upside is that these commandments, teaches believers towards good and do good, avoid evil But the negative side is that these cause people to live an acceptable part and "the arrangements", even limiting their participation in the implementation process of social reform by revolutionary methods

Fourth, moderate religious work pays attention to reasonable religious needs

of the masses, just in time to fight the enemy taking advantage of religious revolution

Fifth, the core content of religion is the work of public campaigns, working with people In this work pay attention to the benefits themselves, the public legitimacy of believers in general, dignitaries and officials in particular to the core

Sixth, do good work in religion is the responsibility of the entire political system led by the Party

Vietnam's achievements gained in the field of religion is a vivid evidence to prove the religious right policies, open, real respect and protect freedom of religious belief of the people, Party and State of Vietnam The results have forced the U.S State Department to remove Vietnam from the list of countries of particular interest

in religion

Since entering the reform era and especially after 1990, living faith, religion in Vietnam is a vibrant and growing trend Festivals in the type of belief and religious organizations heavily on a large scale and place all parts of the country Christmas,, Buddhist ceremonies and other major religions and folk beliefs to become citizens of the whole festival, drawing thousands of participants Splendid spring, people eager to houses, temples, shrines,

government, churches, oratories incense offering ceremony, for fortune, for financial and other spiritual needs

Living faith, religion is not only the spiritual needs of the faithful but also the cultural needs of the community He needs that the local authorities to create conditions to meet, as believers, religious dignitaries safe, exciting, increasingly rely on religious policy for the Party and State The construction, repair and renovation of places of worship takes place everywhere; training courses, training,

or additional rooms, transfer, as well as printing and publication of religious publications, foreign religious activities teachers have increased So far, the State of Vietnam always respects the freedom of religion and freedom of belief, not and never have advocated obstructing normal religious activities of the people Of course, any religion and are in certain ethnic communities and are managed by the State Therefore, the religious activities, in addition to practice their religion, to respect national laws Most religious people can only expect to live the "good life, good religious", the joint development and national defense

Religious activities of foreigners living and working in Vietnam, as well as dignitaries and believers to study, research, seminars, visiting relatives overseas have also been various levels and sectors and local interest, enabling them to facilitate religious activities, in accordance with the law of Vietnam Starting from foreign policy to expand and diversify, multilateral international relations, the Government has established diplomatic relations with many countries, with international organizations involved in religious teachers based on the principle of respecting independence, sovereignty, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, mutual benefit, in accordance with the laws of each party, with law and international practice So the religious organizations in countries with the expansion

of religious external relations, relations and exchanges with local religious organizations abroad Through such activities, on one hand the religious enhance mutual understanding, on the other hand to clarify the correctness of the policy of religious freedom in Vietnam before the world, contributing to the implementation

of the foreign policy of the Party and State

Over the past decade, policy to respect the freedom of religion, religion does not just stop at the realization that actually went into the lives of numerous people

of faith, religion, making people feel secure enthusiasm, confidence in policies and laws of the State religion, to actively participate in the patriotic emulation movement, good build good religious life

After the Ordinance on Belief, religion was the XIth National Assembly passed in 2004, the district commissioner, Dong Anh district People's Committee has directed the Party committees, authorities, departments, units, strictly mass France command and decree on religious work to contribute to political stability, while promoting economic development, culture and society in the district

Right from the beginning of the year, the district People's Committee has formulated plans to direct and integrate the posts about religion on its classes People's Committee and Fatherland Front, agencies, branches, mass organizations to train staff to remote areas, corridor, and population groups Now the district People's Committee of Dong Anh 07.14.2008 has issued guidance number 563 - HD / PC on "The receipt, transfer of the Abbot of the district and deploy the work for some religious organizations communication not recognized "and direction of religious organizations in the district stable operation, gradually put into place

Steering Committee has nominated four religious officials involved solstice refreshing phase 16 days due to religious work Religious Affairs Committee held Board direct the religious urge the district has facilities in directing the operations of religious organizations, activities in the village festivals, galleries, temples, pagodas held Easter, pears Noel's two Catholic organizations and Protestants

* Catholic organizations

Dong Anh district existing 219 households with 888 inhabitants concentrated mainly in two parishes they (eagles and Mai Chau), In addition, about 151 parishioners in the town of Dong Anh and Yen Ha Hai Boi village But parishioners today are living in two rural churches in remote Mai Chau village barley and Colonel By far Nguyen Khe 2010, the number of the catholic religion has had a

change: current in Dong Anh has two churches, a parish priest in their resident eagles, 2 published in 1041 Affairs with 12 people and delivery people (including rural Eagle - far Nguyen Khe has 146 households and villages in Mai Chau - away from barley, 66 households, village Yen Ha - Hai Boi has five households distant and townships with 10 households)

Currently the district has 122 temples (of which there were 69 temples have been abbot) with 89 monks - Ni In the year has been a Sadini ordained An organization the lower the better quarters for the Increase - Ni conditions in the district involved In 2009, the DPC has written receipt and appointed the Abbot 5 for 5 tomatoes, construction investment, procurement of equipment for the representative boards of Buddhism in the amount of 295 million

Where the district has allocated investment of building a glass of Mai Chau for their land worth over 1 billion With the help of local authorities at all levels, monks and nuns, along with Buddhists in Dong Anh district has released restorer mind, restored many temples have been degraded as Phuc Dien sour, sour Phuc Lam, sour Linh Quang far Mai Lam Mai Sour Sap remote La Vong; sour Bao Son

Co Loa away with the total amount to billions

Every year, residents on 27/7, the anniversary of wounded soldiers, Office of Home Affairs to coordinate with the Fatherland Front Committee and Committee representing Buddhism held the district Requiem for the heroic martyrs in martyrs' cemetery the district Vu Lan holiday (15/7 lunar), the district has sour abbot Le Vu lan organizes signaling, the abbot sour no registered everything about the ceremony schedule, meeting the needs of other peoples beliefs villages

The Home Affairs district has advised the district People's Committee of the inspection and survey of religious activities in the district In 2009, the district has been 13 distant survey, 65 tomatoes According to current statistics, the district had 17/217 Places of worship are granted land use right certificate Committee representatives have united together to make great the collaboration, quarterly, the

representatives were held briefings, plan to update specific, timely resolve the aspirations of the monks and the religious needs of the people The biggest goal of the people are Buddhists is to build charge and spread sour sour as the basis for providing the entire Party and people of Dong Anh district build a strong economic, political stability, maintaining security social order

At Co Loa, a large and important beliefs of people in Dong Anh, the protection of antiquities and money management to ensure compliance with merit principles, there is no phenomenon affecting the festival general

Information and propaganda work was done well means the preparation of materials and human resources to ensure good service before and during the festival The system serves international speakers, good holidays, propagate the rules and regulations festival, make sure all festival participants are comfortable, excited

3 days of Tet and the 5th, 6th, the festival days at the Co Loa commune, the village was organized fun, healthy and happy according to the agenda of the Commission People's social set and the festival organizers The Culture and cultural activities, sports such as volleyball, wrestling, water puppetry, quan ho, tuong, traditional crossbow there have been many innovations, improve the quality of sporting activities including form, ensuring truly happy, healthy, economical, safe and effective

The people of the district always promote solidarity, they are actively participating programs of the Fatherland Front Committee recommended, especially

in response to the movement to build a new cultural life, environmental protection, perform well traffic laws, contribute to building a strong government Recent time, the Eastern people he showed civilized lifestyle of the person but the capital through the seminar on the implementation of "evidence of progress of civilization." They are the four made good content: lightweight, organized, save, delete taste for burial, cremation do when you go through life and cemetery planning The monks and

nuns, Buddhists in the district response to the movement always civilized funeral, cremation to keep the environment green, clean and beautiful

People are always aware of construction and renovation of the pagoda landscape, investment in facilities to which the increasingly solemn worship by supporting the Council of Buddhism, the Thanh Hanoi and the Buddhist Association of local residents donated The education has concentrated acidic beliefs, educate the observance of the guidelines and policies of the Party and laws

of the State

 Ancestor worship

The importance of ancestor worship besides expression through ancestor worship space in the family was shown through the system focused on building the church, church family line In recent years, many churches they were remodeling, new construction Many families contribute the cost of building temples, churches them up to several billion

The orbital rotation of urbanization, in Vong La Commune, Dong Anh district, the offerings on the altar of offering more money tend to be modernized However,

it is only the surface changes in phenomenal These phenomena arise which do not blur blur enough good will of ancestor worship By considering the same, the modern offerings of La Vong that most people care most offerings come from the heart of filial piety of children with paralysis of fallen concrete This was the main persist contribute unique value of the cult of ancestors of the Vietnamese people even if this belief is deeply affected by the urbanization process It was a bold religious humanist spirit of the inhabitants of ancient rice with single sex lifestyle, filled with grace as "filial, ancestor-worship, ancestor is both a religion and as a state of gratitude to the generations that came before her "(4)

 Folk beliefs occult worship

One thing noticeable, with each neighbor, Lane, the prostitute, temple worship is a sacred place The sacred places of this medium to enhance value to prevent acts of vandalism, ridicule, and also create a sanction to all members of the

village must respect and have the correct attitude for that space It is no coincidence

in the minds of the villagers toxic, Vietnamese Hung commune, Dong Anh district most of the shrines, there are ma whore or appear mysterious phenomena The subtle story elements that are so thrilling painting village, this also shows that they are the ones who created the sacred space for them

Furthermore, the villagers also believe in the unique divine epiphany in some space in the surrounding neighborhood and they also object to add color to paint her spirit Through this, human behavior has shown that human and affirmed the individual, has maintained a general

The sacred space of bridges to avoid the destruction of young children (young buffalo, cow); avoid the appropriation of an individual, a family Sometimes

it also avoids the destruction of the village, while enhancing the sense of protection and repair of the whole community

By slapping on the reclaimed land, mounds, the origin of the boundary, the boundary of the village the mystical color, researcher Nguyen The Thao: there is also a way to maintain community ownership with of that land, to avoid the appropriation of an individual or a family somewhere in the village By land (including land, productive land) is an important resource in most of the Vietnamese It is both important asset, both as sources of production, just as special types of goods when family problems (through the pledge of land, sell land to pay debts or organization of important events of the family ) So, from past to present unique villagers in particular, the Vietnamese people in general are of particular interest to the protection and expansion of the village land To create property boundaries along with the sacred rights of ownership, the mound area, hills, waste land dumps, rivulets of water - the natural border between the villages is essential

1.4 Definitions

1.4.1 Religious and belief life

According to social-religious researchers, when studying “religious life” we must be focus on these following ideas:

First of all, community‟s religousity and religousity‟s composition should be paid attention C.Glock (1964-1965) proposed 5 dimensions of religousity, which includes: “dimension of ideology, rituals, social impact, experience, and knowledge”

Dimension of ideology involves level of an individual‟s belief in religious theory Dimension of ritual involves ritual practices (go to the church, pagoda, baptize, become a Buddhist monk, etc.) Dimension of religious impact expresses through an individual‟s daily attitudes and manners (do charity, donation, etc.) Dimension of experience shows power of emotional relations of an individual to a religion Dimension of knowledge of an individual to history, events, opinions, point of view, personal experience about ultimate reality [17, p.217]

From C.Glock‟s pont of view, some authors, such as Acquiviva provided other variants At the same time, they emphasized 5 dimension interrelate as well ()

as be able to change independently For instance, followers believe in articles (dimension of ideology) but cannot go to church often (dimension of ritual), or people believe in the right of Bible (dimension of ideology) but never read Bible, have no knowledge of Bible (dimension of knowledge)

1.4.2 Religous life

The definition "religous life" did not exist from the first place There were

only some definitions of niệm như: “grace life”, “Catholic life”, “holy life”,

“Experienced life”, since the famous trend “Catholic conduction”, the term

"religous life" was born The difference between the understandings of “religous life” today from the one in the past is changing from living in the rules to living among people According to Dr Do Quang Hung, religous life among people ivolves practice duties from God and the duties of citizen, which is not always easy,

is never be denied or avoided The Catholics have duty to enrich Christian's creations Effective religous life is living with/for others "The final gudgment is not abot me but about other people.” [17, p.280]

Religious life is considered as an important part in each parishioner It is a firm foundation for people to live and work better In life, each person needs their

own belief, because it is a part of their motivation to overcome difficulty and obstacle From a Christian‟s point of view, religious life means practice of 10 commandments For a Catholic, carrying out 10 commandments is the foundation, and the base to bring out the rule in their life 10 commandments are summarized into 2 main ideas: “respect God, love people” Especially, in daily workship, monks oftens read God‟s commandments and give advices to the followers so that they understand and apply the teachings to daily to their life This is living and acting following God‟s commandments

So, religious life of Catholics does not simply mean belief in God, magics from God and practices of belief in God, such as mass, procession, praying, making confession, sacrament , etc but it need to be noticed as a fỉrm spiritual and moral foundation to help Catholic live better, morally The Catholics need to involve in the social activities to benefit themselves as well as the country

1.4.3 Social life

After the Common Letter in 1980, religious life of Catholic has changed toward “secularize”, which means the close combination of religion and life That is why the Catholics think “when the mass in the church ends, the mass among social life begins” Through their loving as well as caring activities, the Catholics bring Catholism to people around them

As a resident, Catholic does not only have relation with Catholic community but also have duty to practice benefit and responsibility of a citizen as well as relation with social community (people follow different religion or none) These social relations, daily activity, community, economic, cultural, educational, activities, and charity, donation, etc., create in each Catholic values of commond understandings, joying normal life However, because of the religious life‟s control, normal life of Catholic has similarity as well as difference to society life, which reflects belief and living ideology of the Catholic community

As residents of a suburban district of the capital, Catholics‟ life in Dong Anh district now are also in the context of religious life and beliefs of Thang Long -

Hanoi in the open period Facing the market economy, parish whether want or not but has suffered a strong impact Typically, children from Catholic families were flown to migrant, migrate to urban areas to search for jobs or take part in productive labor in industrial zones in the areas opened in their thriving homeland The wave of migration, migrants has reduced the number of followers in the countryside, and increased the amount of followers in urban and industrial areas This trend requires structural changes of the dignitaries, priests, etc

1.5 Theorical background

1.5.1 Subjective field

Firstly, religions in over the world tend to entering daily life and be modernized

These two trends always connect closely to each other, and are the conditions for religious and belief form to exist in Vietnamese life Motto of the religious followers in

Vietnam are "good life, good religion" and entering the world of the spirit is being

associated with everyday life Hence, religious life and beliefs can suit the lifestyle and habits in modern society The presence of Buddhism in Dong Anh district associate with daily life is a typical example for this trend Because in the past, Buddhists must read, study many books; now, to fit the market economy, mostly Buddhist prayers read

„Mat Tong‟ book because in their opinion, its content is about praying for health, peace

and happiness On the other hand, now, pagodas in Dong Anh in particular and in Vietnam in general, have become the places to perform ritual practices to meet the

needs of people (often called the "Buddhist service”), which are the death ritual

procession to the pagoda, pray for peace, sell securities, offer star, award term, cutting predestined all of these has been contributing to the close relation of Buddhism and life and suit the aspirations of the people This is why the number of Buddhists in Dong Anh increased day by day

For Catholics, shortening the prayer time at church is the flexibile change in religious life, which lets followers have more time to earn thẻi living, study, participate in social work the simplicity in worship rituals increasingly simplified

method to Religion also close and consistent with economic lives of most Catholics

in eastern England during the current integration

Secondly, religious and belief life in Dong Anh district has changed due to

some major religious events happening in over the world Since 14 January, 1974, Vatican II (1962- 1965) committee officially operated, a report publiced by monks

in Vietnam‟s Southern dioceses showed Catholics are allowed to organized ancestor worship, following Vietnamese tradition After 1990, most Vietnamese parishioners find their acestors through building family records Todays, a part of parishioners in Dong Anh live among people who do not follow Christianity, having different attitude about ritual practices of worshiping ancestors and the village‟s God For example, parishioners in Mai Chau hamlet, Dai Mach commune, Dong Anh district, participate in supervive, envolve in and contribute to repair the village, which are the jobs they used to refuse to do This example shows followers in Vietnam in general and Dong Anh in particular, has changed their spiritual idealogy to adapt to Vietnam traditional thinking, characters as well as practices

1.5.2 Objective field

Nowadays, there is a trend to “re- orientreligion” in over the world It can be

said from the changes in religious policy since late 1990 in Vietnam, Vietnam is a country having major religious recovery (according to Dr Do Quang Hung) In

developing countries, the “religious recovery” is along with the intergration and

globalization In the modernization, religious and belief demand becomes stronger and more diversified In Vietnam, the religious recovery follows the changes of

“socialism regulation” since the religious and belief demand of people were at the

1st time, recognized in reality

According to Philip Taylor‟s research, changes in religious and belief life in Vietnam in the Open period has brought out some new ideas He thinks the religious life is the reply to Vietnamese government policy in economic conversion Because,

to face the unsustainable of the economic market, religion is one of many way to recover, supply to apart of people‟s religious and spiritual demand At that time, the

government had the authority to decide which religion to be rejected, which one to

be raised, encoureaged and developed

Vietnam is similar to China interm of geography, religion and politics, such

as both countries belong to the area, which is cultural homogenous but religious

pluralist, and tend to follow normal life more than many other “religious” countries

in Southeast Asia Two contries also have the similarity in “religious enlightment” trend and the change of the “religious market”; however, the “religious re-

orientation” in two countries is different to each other

According to Dr Do Quang Hung, the “religious market” appears when

people have ability to choose religiousand belief types in some extent Religious freedom is guaranteed in the condition when many religions exist at the same time,

so that each individual can choose the favorite religion in the “religious market”,

which is like choosing goods in a supermarket He also thinks religious orientation mean the les recompositions of each religion and changes of the religious structure, which leads to changes of its appearance in the social life and legal status, fitting the change of religious market and religious logic

re-Religious re-orientation is a current trend in Vietnam There are some expressions; the first one is the increasing in the number of followers in Vietnam, especially Buddhists According to a report from the government committee of religious affair, the number of religious followers in Vietnam was 15 million in 2001, and increased to 20 million in 2003, in which, the number of Buddhists increased from 7 million to 10 million, Catholics increased to 5.7 million, Christians increased to 500,000, etc.; the number of religious organizations recognized legal status increased from 13 to

33, etc In Dong Anh district, the number of Buddhist followers has been increasing dramatically since 1999, especially, in Co Loa commune; about 70% villagers follow or practice Buddism The number of pagoda in this district area, there were 122 pagodas,

110 temples in many forms and 83 monks and nuns [8, p.3]

The second one is the re- orientation of religious market Vietnamese

governement has recognized legal status of many new religious organizations,

including local religions, religious group, with signatual local characteristics, such as: his four debts of gratitude, „Buu Son ky huong, Phat Minh duong su dao‟… In recent years, in Dong Anh district, the religion of Long Hoa Buddha has return and tent to develop in term of number and actitvity

Finally, changes in religious and belief life of Vietnamese in Dong Anh district

to adapt in the intergration period Since the retricted economic period, religious and belief life in Vietnam has changed in some ways Worship places were destroyed; religious and belief activities were restricted In nowadays, the international economic intergration has brought up new opportunities, leading to the development of religious and belief demand which includes not only increase in number of followers but also the enrichment of religious activities Changes in the economic life have led to changes in religious and belief life in term of moral biology and secularism Religions also have much impact on economics and nation unity

Chapter 2 CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS AND BELIEF LIFE AND ITS RELATION WITH SOCIAL- ECONOMIC LIFE IN DONG ANH DISTRICT

2.1 Changes in religiogious life in Dong Anh district

2.1.1 Changes in religious life of the Catholics

The Dao linage in Dai Bang hamlet, Nguyen Khe commune, Don Anh district was founded in 1936, originated from 3 branches of the linage: the oldest one is Mr Quy Nhan‟s (1936); Mr Trum Phu‟s, and the newest one is Mr Mien Duc (1942) Before 1900, these 3 branches of linange belonged to Doai commune, now, belong to Bac Ninh diocese

Churches in Mai Chau and Dai Bang hamlet has improved more than in the past In 1945, due to the difficult economic condition, the church in Dai Bang hamlet was only built with 3 rooms from glasses When the economic condition got better, perishioners contributed to repair the church 3 times In 1975, the tower plant was rebuilt by cement, the ceiling was recoated In 1993, repair the roof to metal from brick In 2011, 2 more rooms were built and the santuarity hall was repaired

In 1943, in the Frecnh invasion period The church in Mai Chau hamlet was built with 5 rooms from bricks, and without tower plant The vhurch area was used

as a sotehouse In 1994, when people had more financial capability, and support from parishioners from the neighborhood, a new tower plant was built, the roof was changed from bricks to dome to be more spacious

 Changes in time of practice

In recent years, many churches in Hanoi on Saturday and Sunday are much more crowded, there are not enough seats for people, who have to stand around the church area In the mass, the number of young followers and people in the working ages is small

Everyday, parishioners in Dai Bang and Mai Chau pray at church 3 times, in the morning from 4 a.m (in summer) or 4.30 a.m (in winter); in the afternoon from

12 a.m and in the evening from 19 a.m On Sunday, Father from Me Linh come to host the event on Sunday so the time changed to 8.30and 3p.m On Sunday, parishioners go to church and organize cooking and sport activities

In religion, Catholic hamlet hasa 8 people religious committee:

There are 6 groups:

- The group of Da Minh strain with 90 members including the women from

- The group of teenagers including the teenagers from 13 to 17 years old

- The group of children including children from 6 to 12 years old

- The Board of carol singers

Each group has their own day to practice praying:

- Tuesday: The group of Da Minh strain

- Wenesday: The patriarchal group

- Thursday: Man Coi group

- Saturday: The group of teenagers

Today, the bible reading time is shortened compared to the past Normally, to read the bible, parishioners need 2 hours bur now it takes only 30 minutes Time change also avoid the working days of students and workers This is very suitable in the industrialization period

 Changes in religious practices

Nowadays, in the ritual practices, the Catholics do not stand on their kness, which shows the absolute respect, anymore, but practice the ritual comfortably and conveniently

In saint Minh recession, in the past, the host used to take minh saint into parishioners‟ mouths, while now, the hosts or their assistants bring the Minh saint to the parishioners to carry This reflects God‟s commandment in the consecration ritual

There are some changes in many ritual practices in the two branches of the religion It was originnated from the adaption of local religions to the Catholism so that the religion comes closer to Vietnamese tradition Before the evolution of August, the Catholics have 4 to 5 great festivals, which are organized in a cathedral and restricted areas The parishioners listen to priests teaching God‟s commandment Although the great festivals are organized solemly, the parishioners are still inactive

Maybe in such condition, the followers realize they need to come back to their origin to accquire festival practices Therefore, on the holy occasion to memorialize the person establishing the first Catholic family in the hamlet (8thSeptember in lunar calendar) and this ceremony in Mai Chau hamlet (3rd July), parishioners in these 2 hamlets organize a village festival All the performances like rosewood dance, drum dance, wooden bell dance, etc, which are used to use in traditional village festivals, now are implied into Catholic rituals There fore, festival space is enlarged The annual ceremony in Dai Bang hamlet attracts a large number of people from the neighborhood (Me Linh and Soc Son areas) as well as hetethens Besides, the difference appears in the procession of Mother Maria around the church

In the Christmas- the biggest festival of the Christians, recently, Christians organize Jesus status mass around the church Such practices were not carried out in the past Palanquin is used or creat new one to carry Jesus status or mother Maria

So, the parishioners attend the festival more actively, they have chances to show their feelings to God in their own ways They can create and show their talents in the crowd Though time, a new form of festival was created, Christian festival

Some performances in the tradional village festivals through many centuries have been applied in Christian rites and still exist till today, including the solo dance