Phụ nữ Thái đen với việc bảo tồn văn hoá trong thời kỳ đổi mới: Qua nghiên cứu ở xã Thanh Luông, Điện Biên, Lai Châu

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN LLTONG THI THU HANG PHU Ntr THAI DEN VOl VIEC BAO TON VAN HO A TRONG T H O I KY DOT M6I (Qua nghien cmi b xa Thanh Luong, Dien bien, Lai Chau) LUAN VAN THAC SY KHOA HOC LICH SIT CHUYEN NGANH DAN T O C HOC MA SO: 50310 NGUOI HUONG DAN KJKOAl^OC: TS HC'ANG LUO CAI HOC~Ov6c !TR(JNbTAMTj:i]v;: Ti?i TitiJ -_ HA NOI 2001 MUC LUC Trang Phan thu nhat DAN LUAN Tinh c^p thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti6n cua dt tai Lich su nghien cuu van de Muc dich nghien ctiu cua de tai 14 Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu 15 Nguon tai lieu cua luan van 16 Co so ly luan va phuang phap nghien ciru 16 Dong gop ciia luan van 17 Bo cue cua luan van 18 Phan thii hai 19 NOI DUNG CUA LUAN VAN Chuong mot 19 GI6I THIEU KHAI QUAT vt DIA BAN NGHIEN ClTU 1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien a Thanh Luong 19 1.2 Lich su tgc ngucfi va dan cu a Thanh Luong 21 1.2.1 Lich su tgc ngucri 21 1.2.1.1 Vai net ve ngucd Thai a Viet Nam 21 1.2.1.2 Nguai Thai a Thanh Luong 22 1.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong 25 1.3 Thanh Luong khung canh doi mai 26 Chuong hai KHAI QUAT Vfi VAN HOA THAI NGUCII THAI THANH LLONG 31 VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA 2.1 Khai niem van hoa \'a khai quat ve van hoa Thai 31 2.1.1 Khai niem van hoa 31 2.1.2 Khai quat ve van hoa Thai 33 2.2 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to truyen thong va 35 hien dai van hoa 2.3 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to hoi nhap va bien 37 doi van hoa Chuong ba PHU NLTTHAI DEN Vdl VI$C BAO TON VAN HOA TOC NGUClI 3.1 Mot so khai niem nghien cuu Giai va Phu nS 41 3.2 Nhung quan niem truyen thong ve phu nu xa hoi Thai 43 41 3.2.1 Nhung quan niem ve vai tro cua nguai phu nu 43 3.2.2 Nhung tap tiic va nghi II lien quan den vai tro cua 47 ngucfi phu nu gia dinh ngu&i Thai 3.3 Phu nil Thai Den v6i boat dgng kinh te 52 3.3.1 Phan cong lao dgng gia dinh 52 3.3.2 Vai tro ciia nguai phu niJ Thai Den cac boat 63 dgng san xuat 3.3.2.1 Lam rugng 63 3.3.2.2 Lam nuang va lam vudn 64 3.3.2.3 Chan nuoi 68 3.3.2.4 Phu nu Thai Den v6i viec phan phoi cac san 71 pham lao dgng va quan ly cac nguon thu nhap ciia gia dinh 3.4 Phu nir Thai Den v6i viec nuoi day cai 72 3.5 Phu n\s Thai Den vai trang phuc \'a nghe det truyen thong 74 3.6 Phu nS Thai Den v6i tap quan c\x6\ xin 81 3.7 Phu nu Thai Den vai tap quan tang ma 87 3.8 Phu nir Thai Den vai Y hgc c6 truyen 91 3.9 Phu nu Thai Den vdi van nghe truyen thong 95 Phan thu ba 98 KET LUAN Phuluc 102 Tulieuanh 108 Danh sach nhiing nguai cung cap thong tin 117 Tai lieu tham khao 121 CHtr VIET TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN NXB CTQG, H 1995 Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 1995 NXB KHXH Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi NXB VHDT Nha xuat ban Van hoa Dan toe PCT Pho chu tich UBND Uy ban nhan dan [60 663] Tai lieu tham khao 60, trang 663 LOI CAM ON • Khi thuc hien ban luan \'an toi da gap mot so tra ngai bai \'an de nghien cuil giai a Viet Nam da la rnai, nghien cuu giai Nhan hgc Xa hoi tn6i han nira, ben canh tu lieu ve phii nu Thai rat it Nhung dugc su khuyen khich, dgng vien chan va chi bao tan tinh ciia cac thav giao thuoc Bo mon Dan toe hoc khoa Lich Su, Ban chu nhiem va cac thay giao khoa Ljch Su, truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Ban lanh dao Vien Dan tgc hgc, cung sir giup da cua cac nha nghien curu lop trudc va cac can bg nhan dan dja phuang noi chiing toi den nghien cuu, dac biet la su hudng dSn, chi bao, giiip da true tiep tan tinh cua Tien sy Hoang Luang - toi da hoan ban luan van Toi xin tran trgng cam an su giiip da quy bau Ha Noi, nam 2001 Luang Thi Thu H^ng Phan thii nhat D A N LUAN l.Tinh cap thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti^n cua de tai Mot nhiJng van de quan trgng hang dau cua van hoa thai dai hien dugc nhieu nguai quan tam la giu gin van hoa truyen thong ciia cac dan tgc qua trinh phat tri en ciia the giai hien dai Dieu thach thiic cua m6i quoc gia dan tgc su phat trien phai chang chinh la sir bao ton va hoi nhap van hoa? La mot quoc gia da dan tgc vai 54 phan tgc nguai, van hoa Viet Nam la mot nen van hoa da dang Hien nay, viec bao ton \'a phat huy ban s4c van hoa cua m6i tgc nguai rieng le chinh la mot tien de quan trgng su nghiep phat trien ciia dan tgc Viet Nam Vi vay, su bao ton cac yeu to van hoa truyen thong, cung nhu su tiep nhan cac yeu to \'an hoa ngoai tgc nguai de tao nen ban sdc rieng cua timg tgc ngudi da diin nhu the nao? Vai tro ciia nam va nu a m6i dan tgc dam nhiem qua trinh sao? Phu nir hien la nguai cung cap 2/3 lugng thai gian cho lao dgng tren toan the giai, nhung hg chi dugc nhan 1/10 tong thu nhap va chi CO 1/100 so tai san tren toan the giai [60, 663] Neu nhu su bat binh dang vin in dau len hau nhu tat ca cac xa hoi, du la tien tien nhat thi no van khong th6 ngan can dugc su thira nhan vai tro cua nguai phu nir viec tri cac gia tri van hoa truyen thong mang tinh tgc nguoi Vi vay, dung ve mat ly thuyet viec nghien cuu vai tro la rat can thiet cho nhan loai Ve mat thuc tien, thii nhat dung truac boi canh ciia cong cugc doi mdi ciia dat nu6c ta, y\tc danh gia cac chu'c nang, tac dgng cua nguai phu nir dai song ciia cac dan tgc, c6 nguai Thai se giiip cho chiing ta thay dugc su dong gop cac boat dgng ciia giai nir qua trinh Thu hai, nguai Thai a Viet Nam la mot tgc nguai c6 dan so dung hang thiJ hai [11, 305] cac dan tgc thieu so va da dugc rat nhieu nha khoa hgc quan tam nghien cuu Tuy nhien, nhung cong trinh nghien cuu cac thong tin ve phu nil rat ft \'a cho tai chua CO mot nghien cuu chuyen biet nao ve phu nir Thai Han nira, boi canh doi mdi ciia dat nuac, cugc song cua nguai Thai da c6 nhieu thay doi, song chua c6 nghien cu*u nao de cap den vai tro ciia nguai phu nil Thai qua trinh thay doi Ve phu nir Thai Den a Thanh Luong (Dien Bien , Lai Chau) thi tir trudc den cang chua c6 quan tam nghien cuu Ben canh cho tai hien nay, cac nghien cuu ve gidi dual goc dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc a Viet Nam chua nhieu, dac biet la nhirng nghien curu chuyen sau Thuc te la mot tra ngai khong nho cho cac nghien ciru ke tiep, dong thai van de ly thuyet giai ciing la mot thach thiic Ion doi v6i van de nghien cuu Muc dich ma nhiing nghien cuu dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc ve gidi dat la khong chi tim hieu xem moi quan he giiia phu nil va nam gidi, vai tro va dong gop ciia cac giai gia dinh, cong dong, xa hoi da va dang di^n nhu the nao a m6i tgc nguai, m6i che xa hoi, ma can chi dugc nguyen nhan tai sao, phai tra lai dugc cau hoi tai lai c6 moi quan he do, ca sa cua moi quan he va vai tro la gi Tren the gidfi hien da c6 rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu giai ITnh \arc dan tgc hgc va nhin hgc, nhien viec tiep cSn vdi nhirng thong tin rat nhieu kho khan Kho khan thir nhat la thieu tai lieu, thuc te nhiing tai lieu chuyen sau ve giai bang tieng nuac ngoai cac thu vien khong nhieu, ben canh tai lieu da dugc dich tieng Viet qua ft 6i Kho khan thiic hai la c6 rat ft nhirng chuyen de dao tao ve ^ioi dual goc dan toe hoc va nhaji hoc ^" Tir tinh hinh thuc te ciia van de nghien* ciru giai dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc, c6 ihi thay rang van de a Viet Nam hien rat mdi me Viec tiep can v6i cac kien thiic va thong tin Imh \arc dang gap rat nhieu tra ngai Nghien ciiu giai khong chi la va'n de quyen binh dang giira phu nir \'a nam gidi ma la van de phat trien ben \amg ciia m6i tgc nguai va m6i quoc gia Do vay, cong cugc doi mdi va phat trien ciia nude ta ciing nhu xu the nghien cuu ung dung phat triSn hien nay, nghien ciiu nhan hgc ve gidi la het siic can thiet Xua't phat til yeu cau ly luan va thuc ti6n tren, chiing toi da chgn van de "P/zu nu Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hod thai ky doi moi^' (Qua nghien citu a Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau) lam de tai luan van thac sy ciia minh Lich su nghien cuu van de Hien nay, nghien cuu Thai va cac tgc ngudi noi tieng Thai khong la va'n de rieng cua quoc gia nao niia ma no da trd va'n de mang tfnh quoc te dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc tren the gidi quan tam Dieu dugc the hien bang viec cac hoi nghi Thai hgc dugc to chiic lien tiep hang nam tren the gidi, ma gan day nhat nam \9% la hoi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te'Ian thii bay dugc to chuc d Ha Lan, va tiep theo la hoi nghi Thai hgc lan thu* VIII dugc to chiic d Nakhon Phanom Thai Lan nam 2002 Qua tim hieu chiing toi dugc biet cac Hoi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te cung da c6 nhieu ngudi quan tam den va'n de phu ntr va gidi chang han nhu hCi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te Ian thii VI dugc to chuc d Tliai Lan nam 1996 cd tdi 14 bao cao ve va'n de Trong so luane Idn cac nehien ciiu v6 neudi Thai ndi chung, chiing toi dac biet luu y den cac tac pham: Ngudi Thai Tdy Bdf Viet Nam caia Cam Trgng [41] Trong cudn sach tac gia da trinh bay ve nhieu mat ciia ddi song xa hoi Thai, nhat la xa hoi ngudi Thai Den, vi cac mdi quan he kinh te, dac biet la va'n de sd hiru dat dai Day la mot tu lieu dan tgc hgc quy gia ve ddi song xa hoi dan tgc Thai d Tay bac cho cac nha nghien cuu Thai tham khao; Trong cudn Tu lieu ve lich su vd xd hoi dan tgc Thai Dang Nghiem Van chii bien [50], da he thong nhirng tu lieu van, nhirng van tu c6 bien d vung Tay Bac Viet Nam tiif the ky thii VI nhu Qudm to muang, le muang, luqt mitang, lai lich ddng hg Ha Cong., ndi ve cac linh vuc lich sir, xa hoi, ton giao Nhdm tac gia da khai quat dugc biic tranh ve lich su xa hoi Thai giiip cho ngudi dgc hieu vi tu tudng, gia tri van hoa va lich sir xa hoi c6 truyen cua dan tgc Thai; Vdi bai Thiet che ban mu&ng truyen thong ciia ngudi Thai a mien tdy Nghe An ciia Vi Van An [2], la nghien ciiu dau tien va cd he thong ve thiet che xa hoi truyen thong ciia ngudi Thai d mien Tay Nghe An Nghien ciiu gdp phan bo sung vac biic tranh toan canh ve xa hoi Thai d Viet Nam O khfa canh quan he gidi tac gia ciing da cho biet them ve dia vi ciia ngudi phu nir Thai gia dinh va cong dong [2, 77] day la tu lieu dang quy giiip cho chiing toi cd ca sd so sanh ve vai trd gidi ciia ngudi Thai d cac viing khac vdi diem nghien ciiu ciia minh Cudn Luqt tuc Thai a Viet Nam ciia Ngo Diic Thinh - Cam Trgng [37], da tap hgp nhiing tu lieu dan gian ton tai hang tram nam vi luat tuc ciia dong bao Thai Trong cudn sach quy cd the tim thay nhung mo ta vi each ting xir ciia cac mdi quan he gia dinh va xa hoi Thai, dac biet la mot sd quy dinh phan anh mdi quan he gidi hon nhan gia dinh va su thira ke tai san Tai lieu la mot bang chimg 10 r^ Anh 7: Khdn va ao {com ) cua cu ba ngudi Thai Den Anh 8: Khdn va ao (cdm) cua phu nur ngudi Th^i Den m- Anh 9: KhSn va Ao cua thieu ntt Thai Den hien m^ ^ Aw/i 70: Khan, truyen th6ng cua nam g\(fi Thdi Den Anh 11: Thieu niir Hmong doi khdn pieu cua ngudi Thai Den Anh 12: Bd "mdif" vd cac cu bd hai ben thong gia n6i chuyen ngdy cudi Anh 13: Cac dung I^ tang cdu cho co ddu m= Anh 14: Cdch thIJrc tien hdnh tdng cdu cho co ddu Anh 15: Tdng cdu hodn thdnh - co gdi tro thdnh phu nur c6 chong Anh 16: Trang phuc c6 ddu chd re if ngudi Thdi Den hien i;^ Anh 17: Nghi ie mdc mdn ngdy cirdi cho doi vo chong tre Anh 18: Thao ludn nhdm - phu nOr Thdi Den ban Pe Lu6ng, xd Thanh Ludng, huy^n Dien Bien, tinh Lai Chdu DANH SACH NHL'NG NGUOI CUNG CAP THONG TIN TT Ho ten Lo Thi Mai Trinh Sung Chu Thenh Gioi Dan tinh toe Nu Dia chi TTiai Nam Hmong Ghi chu UBND huyen Dien Bien, Chu tich huyen linh Lai Chau BI thu huyen Uy UBND huyen Dien Bien Chu tich Hoi dong Nhan dan huyen Pham Van Thinh Nam Kinh UBND huyen Dien Bien Pho van phong UBNT) Lo Van Sy Nam Thai Phong Van hoa Dien Pho phong Bien L6 Van Thanh Nam Thai Phong Van hoa Dien Can bo Bien Luang Van Mang Nam Thai UBND xa Thanh Luong, Chu tich xa huyen Dien Bien Nguyin Van Nam Nam Kinh UBND xa Thanh Luong, Bi thu Dang uy xa huyen Dien Bien Ha Due Ngo Nam Tay UBND xa Thanh Luong, Pho chu tich xa huyen Dien Bien Luang Van Khien Nam Thai UBND xa Thanh Luong, Van phong huyen Dien Bien A 10 L6 Van Ang Nam Thai Ban Pe Luong, xa Thanh Trucmg ban Luong 11 Lucmg Thi Binh Nu Tha i Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 12 Lo Thi Dien Nu Tha I Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 13 Tong Thi Keo Nu Tha I Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 14 Lucmg Thi Phu Nu T h a ]I Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 15 Lo Van Huang Nam TTia] Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 16 Lo Van Hom Nam Thai Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 17 Lo Thi Hom Nu Thai Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 18 Tong Van Lun Nam Thai Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 117 19 \'i Thi Pan 20 Nu , Thai Bun Pe Luong Lam ruong Lo Thi Suang Nu Thai Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 21 Lo Van Bien Nam Thai Ban Pe Luong Lam ruong 22 L5 Van Khut Nam TTiai Ban Nguu, xa Thanh Truang ban Luong 23 Lo Van Hoa Nam Thai Ban Nguu Trucmg ban 24 Lo Thi Say Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 25 Vi Thi Dung Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 26 Lo Van Minh Nam Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 27 Lo Van Ngoc Nam Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 28 Lo Thi Hoa Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 29 Luang Van Hoa Nam Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 30 Luang Thi La Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 31 Lii Thi Doi Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 32 Vi Thi Lo Nu Thai Ban Nguu Lam ruong 33 Quang Thi Vien Nu Thai UBND huyen Yen Chau, Chu tich huyen tinh Son La 34 Lo Van Sinh Nam Thai UBND Yen Chau Pho chu tich huyen 35 Lo Van Phcf Nam Thai Phong Van hoa Yen Pho phong Chau 36 Me Van Chanh Nam Thai Phong Van hoa Yen Can bo Chau 37 Quang Thi Khau Nu 38 Quang Van Si Nam Thai Thai Hoi phu nu Yen Chau Chu tich UBND xa Chieng Khoi, Chii tich Yen ChSu 39 Quang Thi Khau Nu TTiai UBND Chieng Khoi CB Van hoa xa 40 Quang Thi Tin Nu TTiai UBND Chieng Khoi PCT hoi Phu nu 41 Liif Van Tham Nam Thai Ban Put, xa Chiang Khoi Lam ruong 42 LIT Van La Nam Thai Ban Put Lam ruong 118 4? Lo Van Tnuong Nam Tnai Ban Pii: Lam ruong 44 Lir Van Thuong Nam Tnai Ban Pu: Lam ruong 45 Lii Thi Xam Nu Tnai Ban Put Lam ruong 46 Quang Thi Pu Nu Thai Ban Put Lam ruong 47 Quang Van Vifen Nam Thai Ban Piit Wt huu 48 Lo Van Kin Nam Thai Ban Put Lam ruong 49 Me Thi Huong Nu Thai Bin Piit Lam ruong 50 Lo Thi Kim Nu Thai Ban Put Lam ruong 51 Lo Van Choi Nam Thai UBND xa Chi6ng Hac, Chu tich Yen Chau 52 Ha Van Son Nam Thai Ban Vang Liing, xa Truang ban Chieng Hac 53 Ha Van To Nam Thai Vang Liing lam nuong 54 Ha Van Hung Nam Thai Vang Lung lam nuang 55 Ha Thi Bong Nir Tliai Vang Lung Lam nuang 56 Quang Thi Lien Nir Thai Vang Liing Lam nuang 57 Ha Van Phu Nam Thai Vang Liing Lam nuang 58 Ha Van Sinh Nam Thai Vang Lung Lam nuang 59 Ha Thi Danh Nam Thai Vang Liing Lam nuang 60 Ha Thi Bua Nir Thai Vang Lung Lam nuong 61 Ha Van Bon Nam Thai Vang Liing lam nuang 62 Ha Van Te Nam Thai Vang Liing Lam nuang Di hoan luan van chiing toi da nhan dugc su giiip tan linh CLia cac can bo va nhan dan cac nai chiing toi di di6n da Chiing toi xin tran cam on nhung ngucri co ten danh sach cung nhu rat nhieu nguai khac ma chiing toi khong the liet ke het a day da giiip da chiing toi rat nhieu qua trinh nghien cuu tai hai tinh Lai Chau va San La 119 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet [1] A.A.Belik Vdn hod hgc, nhung ly thuyet nhdn hgc vdn hod Tap chf Van hoa Nghe Thuat H.2000, tai lieu dich theo nguyen ban tieng Nga: Kuturologija Antropologicheskie Teorj Kultur, Moskva 1999 [2] Vi Van An Thiet che ban muditg truyen thdng cua ngUdi Thdi d mien Tdy Nghe An Luan an tien si Sir hoc, H 1998 [3] Artha Nantachukra Cdc gid tri vdn hod vat chdt ciia ngUdi Thdi a mien ndi Nghe An Luan an tien si su hoc, H 1998 [4] Cam Bieu Hqn khudng NXB VHDT, H 1991 [5] Tran Binh Phu Thdi vdi nghe det cd truyen Tap chi Khoa hoc ve phu nu, so 3/1995, tr 19-23 [6] D Thuy Binh Mdt sd vdn de ddt nghien ciai thuc trang ddi sdng phu nir cdc ddn tdc it ngudi, gdp phdn hodn thien chinh sdch xd hdi Tap chi Dan toe hoc, so 2/1993, tr 37-40 [7] Nguy6n Tir Chi Tu' dinh nghTa cua vdn hod., "Van hoa hoc Dai cuang va ca sa van hoa Viet Nam" NXB KHXH, H 1996 [8] G Condominas Khdng gian xd hdi viing Ddng Nam A NXB VH, H 1997, [9] Phan Huu Dat Mdt sd vdn de ve ddn tdc hgc Viet Nam NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, H 1998 [10] Phan Huu Dat, Ngo Due Thinh, Le Ngoc Tiling, Nguyfen Xuan Do Sdc thdi vdn hod dia phuang vd tdc ngudi chien luge phdt 120 rrien ddt mrdc Chuang trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc cap nha nuac KX-05 [11] Kh6ng Di6n Ddn sd vd ddn sd hgc tdc ngirdi a Viet Nam NXB KHXH, H 1995 [12] Kh6ng Diin (chu bien) Nhirng dac diem kinh texd hdi ciia cdc ddn tdc mien nui phia Bdc N^XB KHXH, H 1996 [13] Du an Vietpro 2020 Gidi mdi trudng vd phdt trien a Viet Nam N ^ B C T Q C H 1995 [14] Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Trung tam nghien cuu Thai hoc Vdn hod lich sir ciia ngudi Thdi dViet Nam 1998 [15] Be Viet DSng (chu bien) Cdc ddn tdc thieu sd sir phdt trien kinh te- xd hdi a mien nid NXB CTQG, N ^ B VHDT, 1996 [16] Be Viet Ding (chii bien) Cdc ddn tdc Tdy, Niing a Viet Nam Vien Dan toe hoc, 1992 [17] Be Viet Ding, Khong Di6n Mot vdi ddc diem qud trinh phdt trien ddn sd ciia Viet Nam Tap chf Dan toe hoc, so 4/1984, tr 1-14 [18] Emily A.schultz va Robert H.lavenda Nhdn hgc, mot quan diem ve tinh trang nhdn sinh NXB Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H 2001 [19] Le SI Giao Ve bdn chdt vd y nghTa ten ggi Thdi Den, Thdi Trdng a Viet Nam Tap chf Dan toe hoc, so 3/1988, tr 77-80 [20] Le ST Giao Cdc ddc diem ndng nghiep truyen thdng ciia ngirdi Thdi a Viet Nam Tap chf Dan toe hoc, so 1/1992, tr 36-41 [21] Pham Quang Hoan Mdi quan he giira truyen thdng vd ddi mdi (cdch tdn) su phdt trien vdn hod ddn tdc Tap chf Dan tec hoc, s6'4/1986 121 [22] Pham Quang Hoan Ddi net ve phuang phdp nghien ciru vdn hod ddn tdc Tap chf Dan toe hoc, so 3/1991 tr 2-5 [23] Ta Long - 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