Nghiên cứu ngữ pháp và ngữ nghĩa của giới từ tiếng Anh, đối chiếu với tiếng Việt : Luận văn TS. Lý luận ngôn ngữ: 5 04 08

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI • • • TRUdNG OAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN — go •;• G3 — NGUYEN CANH HOA NGHIEN CQU NGQ PHAP VA NOQ NGHTA CUA GI6I Tir TIENG ANH, I CHIEU V6l TIENG VIET *^\ *^\ *^\ *^\ ^^\ f^\ 0^\ LUAN AN TIEN ST N G Q VAN Chuyen nganh: Ly luan ngon ngu Ma so: 04 08 Nguoi hirdug dan khoa hoc: Gs.TS NGUY£N MINH THUYET PGS.TS IRAN HlTU MANH ,'l HA NOI-2001 L _: I GIAI THiCH C H O VIET TAT VA KY HIEU {Sit dung luqn an) Adj ^ Tinh tir Adv = Trang tir Cn zz Chu ngO CN = Cong nguyen Dt = Danh tir Dt — Dong tir Etc zz van van H zz Hinh N = Danh tir Obj zz Tan ngiJ Prep zz Gidi tir P P = Cum gidi tir VD zz Vidu Vn = Vi ngir O zz Thanh # zz Ndi vdi zz Trdng, tinh luge ^ = Khac vdi zz Tuang duang vdi >< = Ddi lap ve y nghia -> = Cd the phat then = zz Bang & = Va £ zz Bang Anh *s = Cau true khong the cd MUG LUC '^ Trang phu bia * Ldi cam doan * Giai thich chir viet tat va ky hieu ^ Muc luc MO DAU Trang Gidi thieu de tai ciia luan an , Tinh thai su ciiade tai Cai mdi va y nghia ciia luan an Muc dich va ddi tugng nghien ctin ciia luan an Phuang phapva tu lieu nghien cuu Pham vi nghien cuTJ va cau true ciia luan an Chuong KHAI MIEM Gl6l Tl/ 1.1 VAN O E G I C J I T Q TRONG LY LUAN NGON N G Q HOC 1.2 12 G I | TQ TRONG TIENG ANH HIEN OAI 1.2.1 Vail de xac dinh diic die'm ciia gidi tir 12 1.2.2 Phan biet gidi tir vdi mot so tir loai khac 19 1.3 1.2.2a Phan bict vdi tie'u trang tir 19 1.2.2b Phan biet vdi lien tir 26 Gidl T Q T R O N G TIENG VIET HIEN DAI 29 1.3.1 Van de xac dinh dac diem ciia gidi tir 30 1.3.2 Phan biet gidi tir vdi mot so tir loai de nham iSn 38 1.3.2a Phan biet vdi lien tir 38 1.3.2b Phan biet vdi tir chi hudng van dgng 38 Tieu ket ChuoTig b6\ CHIEU Gl6l VJ TIEMG AMH vai Giai TU TIEMG VIET VE bkc DIEM MGU PHAP 2.1 DO! CHliU VE CHLfC NANG N G Q PHAP 46 2.1.1 Nhirng diem gidng 46 2.1.2 Nhirng diem khac 48 2.2 OOI CHIEU VE HOAT DONG TRONG LCJl NOI 50 2.2.1 Nhung die'm gidng 50 2.2.2 Nhung diem khac •o 68 2.3.001 CHIEU VEVITRI CUA GlOl TU TRONG CAU 2.3.1 Nhung die'm gidng 74 74 2.3.2 Nhirng diem khac 77 2.4 o l CHIEU VE CAU TAO 78 2.4.1 Cau tao ciia gidi tii'trong tieng Anh 78 2.4.1a Gidi tir dan 79 2.4.1b Gidi tirkep 83 2.4.2 Cau tao cua gidi tir tieng Viet 96 2.4.2a Gidi tir dan 96 2.4.2b Gidi tirkep 110 Tieu ket Chuong DO! CfUlU Gl6l TU TllMG AMH V6l Gidl VJ TIEMG VIET VE i>AC DIEM MGU MGHIA 3.1 NGUYEN T A C O | CHIEU 113 3.2 Do'l CHIEU CAC NHOM GICJl TQ CU THE 115 3.2.1 Gidi tir chi dja diem 116 3.2.1a Gidi tir chi dia diem tieng Anh 116 3.2.1b Gidi tir chi dia diem tieng Viet 127 - 3.2.1c Tdng ket 3.2.2 Gidi tir chi thai gian 130 13 3.2.2a Gidi tir chi thdi gian tieng Anh 132 3.2.2b Gidi tir chi thdi gian tieng Viet 139 3.2.2c Tdng ket 141 3.2.3 Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan 141 3.2.3a Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan tieng Anh 142 3.2.3b Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan tieng Viet 146 3.2.3c Tdng ket 147 3.2.4 Gidi tir chi muc dich 148 3.2.4a Gidi tir chi muc dich tieng Anh 148 3.2.4b Gidi tir chi muc dich tie'ng Viet 152 3.2.4c Tong ket 153 3.2.5 Cac nhom khac 154 3.2.5a Nhdm gidi tir chi each thtic 155 3.2.5b Nhdm gidi tir chi cong cu 155 3.2.5c Nhdm gidi tir chi sukich thich 157 3.2.5d Nhdm gidi tir chi sir ling ho, phan ddi 158 3.2.5e Nhdm gidi tir chi su nhuang bo 159 3.2.5f Nhdm gidi tir chi sir qui chieu 160 3.2.5g Nhdm gidi tir chi ngoai le 161 3.2.5h Nhdm gidi tir chi chu de 163 3.2.5i Nhdm gidi tir chi phiin 165 3.2.5J Nhdm gidi tir chi phan ung 166 Tieu ket ChuoTi2 » UMG DUMG KET QUA MGHIEM CUU V A \ VIEC I>HAM Tieu lOI cilA MGU6l VIET MAM Kril HOC GlOl VJ TIEMG AMH 4.1 CAC LOI VE cXu TRUC 171 4.1.1 Ndi, vie't thie'u hoac thira gidi tir 171 4.1.2 Sap xe'p sai vi tri ciia gidi tir 174 4.1.3 Dimg sai dang thiic cua dai tir nhan xung sau gidi tir 175 4.1.4 Sir dung khong phan biet gidi tir dan va gidi tirkep 176 4.2 CAC LOI VE NGHTA 177 4.2 L Chgn khong dung gidi tir can dung 4.2.2 Dich sai nghia cua gidi tir 177 • 4.3 CAC LOI VE TU T Q 178 184 Tieu ket KET lUAM 188 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 19 •> CAC TAC PHAM SJ DUNG DE PHAN TICH VA MINH HOA 203 Ma DAU Gidl THIEU DE TAI CUA LUAN AN Luan an dat van de ''Nghien ciru ngir phap va ngir nghia cua gidi tir tie'ng Anh, ddi chieu vdi tie'ng Viet" Day la mot cong trinh ngdn ngii hoc ddi chieu, lay tieng Anh lam ngon ngir xua't phat de ddi chie'u vdi tieng Viet TINH THdl SU CUA OE TAI Trong qua trinh nude ta hoi nhap kinh te', giao luu van boa vdi cac nudc^ so ngudi Viet hoc tieng Anh cung nhu ngudi cac nude ndi tieng Anh hoc tie'ng Viet cang phat trien So sach bao tieng Anh vao Viet Nam va sach bao tieng Viet xua't sang cac nude cung nhieu Mot nhung cai khd ddi vdi ngudi hoc va ngudi dich tie'ng Anh cung nhu tie'ng Viet la gidi tir Tuy nhien, den van chua cd cong trinh nao ddi chieu gidi tir cua hai ngon ngii Anh, Viet Viee nghien cuu, ddi chie'u gidi tir tieng Anh vdi gidi tir tieng Viet chang nhung la yen cau cap thiet ciia thuc tien ma la yeu cau cap thiet ciia ly luan ngdn ngii' hoc CAI M | V A Y NGHTA CUA LUAN AN Ve tndt khoa hoc: Cai mdi ve mat khoa hoc cua luan an la d chd luan an Ian dau tien ddi chieu mot each tuang ddi toan dien va day du dac diem ngir phap va ngir nghia cua gidi tir tieng Anh vdi gidi tir tieng Viet Trong luan an ciia minh, Ian dau tien chung tdi se liet ke tat ca cac gidi tir dan va cac kieu ket hgp cua gidi tir vdi gidi tir, hoac gidi tir vdi cac tir loai khac de tao gidi tir kep va cum gidi tir (prepositional phrases) tieng Anh cung nhu tieng Viet 3.2 Ve mat ung dung ket qua nghien ciru; Ket qua nghien cuu cua luan an cd the dugc ung dung viee giang day, bien soan cac giao trinh tie'ng Anh cho ngudi ndi tie'ng Viet va tie'ng Viet cho ngudi ndi tieng Anh Thanh qua cua viee nghien cuna ciing se dugc ung dung trtjc tie'p cong tac bien dich va phien dich, gdp phan xay dung ca sd ly thuyet cho viee dich Anh - Viet, Viet - Anh Ngoai ra, ket qua nghien cuu cua luan an cung se gdp phan it hay nhieu vao viee nghien cuu gidi tir ndi chung Nhtang phat hien, tim tdi, kien giai ve mdi quan he giira ngu nghia va tu va ve phan tich diln ngdn - dung hoc se giiip chung ta nhin nhan gidi tir tieng Anh va tieng Viet khong chi nhu nhung cong eta ngu phap boat dgng d cac cap cau va cum tir ma edn d nhung cau true tren cau (vai trd lien ket van ban - cohesive devices) MUC DICH VA DOI T U O N G NGHIEN CCfU CUA LUAN AN Bat cu: it nhieu biet tieng Anh deu thira nhan mot thuc te khach quan a hiiu hei cau tieng Anh deu cd gidi tir Vidu: ''The best speech in the world can be read in such a way as to set the audience laughing at it We have had enough o/that So, in future, no speeches" [Bernard Shaw, AC, tr.80] (Bai dien van hay nhat tren ddi cung cd the doc theo mot each khien cho khan gia phi cudi Chiing toi da biet ro dieu dd lam rod Vi vay, tir ve sau khong dien van gi het) Cd cau cd mot, hai, ba gidi tir va tham chi cd cau cd de'n ngdt mudi gidi tir Vi du: "Our way wound through pleasant looking bush U£ and out into the open between the two mountains and an a half / a mile (o a mud and thatched village on a little low plateau" [Hemingway, ST, tr.35] (Con dudng cua chiing tdi udn lugn qua nhiing bui ram, ngugc len, di vao khoang trdng giira hai ngon nui, chi each nira dam thi de'n ngdi lang nha tranh vach dat nam tren mgt'cao nguyen nhd) Trong tie'ng Viet cung vay, mot cau, mot doan van, gidi tir cung dugc sir dung vdi tan suat rat cao Vidij: "Ho treo tdd mot lang Meo nam a khua't du&i chan mot dam may tren dinh nui Nhung sot rugt qua khong the d tren dd dugc Cac chi ban nhau, rdi chi cd bon Ifnh d Iqi, cac chi chia mdi ngudi mot ngii tim dudng ve dudi lang de don tin" (To Hoai, Truyen Tay Bac, tr 54) Trong cii hai ngdn ngu Anh va Viet, ngoiii chirc nang ndi ciic phiin cum tir, cau, gidi tir cd kha nang the bien va khu biet cac mdi quan he ve thdi gian (time), dia diem (place), sd hiru (geniti\e), nguyen 90 chu yeu phan biet nguyen nhan dua den ket qua tdt, xau hay trung boa Vl gidi tir chi muc dfch, tieng Anh y nghia muc dfch ciia gidi tir thudng cd sir lien he khang kbit vdi y nghia dfch ciia gidi tir chi dia diem Ngugc lai, cac gidi tir chi muc dich tieng Viet ludn cd mdi hen he chat che vdi y nghia nguyen nhan Luan an khdng don thuan dat cho minh nhiem vu nghien cun, ddi chieu gidi tir vl mat ly luan ma cdn cd gang vuon tdi nhung van dl cap thiet cdng tac giang day, hgc tap cung nhu cdng tac phien dich, bien dich tie'ng Anh Ung dung cac ke't qua nghien cun luan an, chung toi cung da phan tfch cac loai ldi ciia hoc sinh Viet Nam sir dung gidi tir tieng Anh: ldi vl cau true (ndi, viet thieu hoac thira gidi tir; sap xe'p sai vi trf ciia gidi tir; diing sai dang tbdc ciia dai tir nhan xung sau gidi tir; sir dung khdng phan biet gidi tir don va gidi tir kep), vl nghia (chon khdng dung gidi tir can diing, dich sai nghia ciia gidi tir), va vl tu tir Chiing toi cho rang nguyen nhan chii yeu gay ldi la su chuyin di tieu cue ciia ngudi hgc tir tie'ng Viet sang tieng Anh Chiing tdi tin rang nhung ket qua bude dau dugc trinh luan an se gdp phan lam sang td nhu:ng dilm tuong ddng va di biet giira hai ngdn ngir, giup fch cho viec hgc tap va dich thuat, gdp phan phat triln giao luu van boa giiia Viet Nam vdi cac nude ndi tieng Anh TAI UEU THAM KHAO a T i e n ^ Viet Diep Quang Ban (1989) Ngit phap tieng Vict Nxb DHTHCN, Ha Ndi Diep Quang Ban (1998) Vdn bdn vd lien ket tieng Viet Nxb GD, Ha Ndi Le Bien (1999) Tit logi tieng Viet hien dgi Nxb GD, Ha Ngi Nguyln Tai Can (1975) Tit logi danh tit tieng Viet hien dgi Nxb KHXH, Ha Ngi Nguyln Tai Can (1975) Ngit phap tieng Viet: Tieng - Tit ghep - Doan ngit N x b D H & T H C N , HaNgi D6 HQ-u Chau & Bui Minh Toan (1993) Dgi cuang ngon ngit hgc Nxb GD, Ha Ngi Dd Hu'u Chau (1995) Giao trinh gian yen ve dung hgc Nxb GD, Hue Y)b Hiru Chau (1997) Cdc binh dien cita tit vd tit tieng Viet Nxb DHQG, Ha Ngi Nguyen Van Chien (1992) Ngon ngit hgc ddi chieu vd ddi chieu cdc ngon ngit Dong Nam A Dai hgc Su pham Ngoai ngir, Ha Ngi 10 Truong Van Chinh & Nguyen Hien Le (1963) Khao liicin ve ngit phap Viet Nam Dai hgc Hue 11 Mai Ngoc Chir, Vu Due Nghieu & Hoang Trong Phien (1997) Ca si/ ngon ngit hoc vd tieng Vict Nxb GD, Ha Ndi 12 (j)llins Cobuild (1997) Giin tu tie'ng Anh Ban dich va chu giai ciia Nguyen Tliiinb Yen Nxb Tp HCM 192 13 Collins Cobuild (1999), 7;r noi tieng Anh Ban dich va chii giai cua Le Tan Thi, Nxb GD, Ha Noi 14 Hong Dan (1971) "Van de mieu ta til hu viec bien soan tir dien giai thfch" Ngdn ngil, (3), tr 55-63 15 Nguvin Due Dan (1998) Ngil dung hoc Tap 1, Nxb GD, Ha Noi 16 Nguyen Dire Dan (1996) Logic va tieng Viet Nxb GD, Tp HCM 17 Nguyen Due Dan & Le Dong (1985) "Phuang thuc lien ket cua tu noi" Ngdnngri;il),{r 32-40 18 Tran Tri Doi, Huu Dat & Dao Thanh Lan (1998) Casd tieng Viet Nxb GD, HaNoi 19 Vu Dung, Vu Thuy Anh, Vu Quang Hao (1994) Tie dien ca dao trie tinh Viet Nam Nxb GD, Ha Noi 20 Nguyen Cao Dam (1994) "He hinh cii phap mot so kieu cau dcfn han dinh tieng Viet", in cuon ''Nhiing vd'n de ngu phap tieng Viet hien dgi" Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi 21 Luong Van Dang, Nguyen Luc (1979) Thanh ngil tieng Viet Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi 22 Le Dong (1991) "Ngu nghia - ngil dung cua hu tir tieng Viet" Ngon ngil, (2), tr 15-28 23 Dinh Van Due (1986) Ngil phap tieng Viet - Tie logi Nxb DH & THCN, Ha Noi 24 Nguyen Thien Giap (1985) Tu vi/ng hgc tieng Viet Nxb DH & THCN Ha Noi 25 Nguyen Thien Giap (1996) Tu vd nhan dien tu tieng Viet Nxb GD, Ha Noi 26 Nguyen Canh Hoa (1981) Nghien cuu ve gufi tu tie'ng Anh Luan van tot Hizhiep Dai hoc Truang Dai hoc Su pham Ngoai ngii Ha Noi 9: 27 Nguyen Canh Hoa (1986) Khao sdt he thong giai tit tie'ng Anh hien dgi so sdnh doi chien vdi tieng Viet Luan van Thac sT Truang Dai hoc Su pham Ngoai ngir Ha Ngi 28 Nguyen Canh Hoa (1998) ^-Nhan xet vl su khac ciia mot vai gidi tir tie'ng Viet va tieng Anh^\ Hoi thao khoa hgc, Hoi Ngon ngit hgc Viet Nam, tr 111-117, Ha Ngi 29 Nguyln Canh Hoa (1999) "Tim hieu "Nhdm tir chi hudng" deng Viet" Hoi thao khoa hgc "Ngit dung hgc" lan thu nhat, tr 181-187, Ha Ngi 30 Nguyln Canh Hoa (1999) "Bude dau tim hieu y nghia ciia cac tir "ra, vao, len, xudng" tie'ng Viet" Hoi thao qudc te'Viet - Nga ve cdc ngon ngit d Viet Nam vd Dong Nam A Vien Ngon ngir hgc, HaNgi 31 Nguyen Canh Hoa (2000) "Mot vai suy nghi vl "tir chi hudng, pham vi, ke't qua" tie'ng Viet tir gdc nhin ngir dung hgc" Hoi thao khoa hgc, Hoi Ngon ngit hgc Viet Nam, tr 42-45, Ha Ndi 32 Nguyen Canh Hoa (2000) "Tim bilu su khac giua tilu trang tir va gidi tir dong tir ghep ciia tie'ng Anh, ddi chieu vdi tieng Viet" H()i thao Khoa hgc dao tgo Sau dgi hgc, Dai hgc Su pham Vinh, tr 36-40 33 Nguyln Canh Hoa (2000) "Gdp phan tim bilu van dl dich thuat" Ngi san Dgi hgc Sitphgm Vinh, (24), tr 69-72 34 Nguyln Canh Hoa (2001) "Vl viec phan biet gidi tir vdi tir chi hudng van dgng tieng Viet" Hoi thao Khoa hgc Ngir hgc tre, Hoi Ngon n