Nghiên cứu phân tích, đánh giá tồn lượng hoá chất bảo vệ thực vật và tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường ở một số tỉnh miền Trung : Luận án PTS. Hóa học: 62 44 27 01

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO TRirdNG Dm HOC T6NG HOP HA Ndl Phung Thi Thanli Tu NGHIEN CtrtJ PIIAN TICH, DANH GIA TON LlTdNG HOA CHAT BAO VE THlTC VAT VA TINH TRANG NHIEM MOI TRlTdNG MOT SO TINH MIEN TRUNG Chuyen nganh : Ma so Hoa hCru ccf 01.04.02 LUAN AN PHO TIFN SI KHOA HOC HOA HOC Ngudi htfdng d d n khoo hoc : GS TS PGS.PTS HANOI 1994 : NGO THI THUAN : N G U Y I N D Q C HUE MUG LUC Trang DAT VAN DE I Phan tong quan tai lieu 1.1 Khai niem chimg ve HCBVTV 1.2 Phan loai HCBVTV 1.3 Tmh hinh san xuat va sik dung HCBVTV 1.4 Tac hai cua HCBVTV 1.5 Ton lifdng HCBVTV moi tnl6ng 24 1.5.1 Su di chuyen cua HCBVTV moi trifdng 24 1.5.2 Van de ton lifdug HCBVTV nong san 28 1.5.3 Phildng phap phan tich ton lUdng HCBVTV moi trildng n Phan thilc nghiem 29 39 2.1 Lap doing phudng SKLM de xac dinh ton lUdng HCTS 39 2.1.1 Thiet bi, dung cu, hoa chat 39 2.1.2 Lap dung phiidng phap phan tich 40 2.1.3 Do thu hoi cua ton liidng HCTS cac doi tildng 52 2.1 A Cach tinh ket qua 53 2.2 Lap dung phiidng phap xac dinh warfarin phan rom 54 2.2.1 Thiet bi, dung cu, hoa chat 55 2.2.2 PhUdng phap sinh hoc 55 2.2.3 Phiidng phap phan tich hoa hoc 57 2.3 Lap dung phUdng phap GC/ECD xac dinh HCTS 62 2.3.1 Thiet bi, dung cu, hoa chat 62 2.3.2 Phiidng phap phan tich 62 2.4 LTng dung 65 2.4.1 Doi tUdng nghien ciiu 66 2.4.2 Nghien ciJu tinh trang nhiem moi tru5ng 67 2.4.3 Ton liidng HCTS bi cam sik dung va han che sik dung 79 2.4.4 Ket qua xac dinh ton lUdng HCTS bkng phUdng phap GC/ECD 86 2.4.5 Ton liidng HCTS liidng thiic 87 2.4.6 Ton lUdng DDT tren dong vat 88 2.4.7 Su lam dung HCBVTV 88 2.4.8 Xii ly HCTS nvfdc 89 2.4.9 Tac tai cua HCBVTV den sufc khoe ngUcii tiep xuc 90 ni Phan thao luan ket qua nghien ciiu 95 3.1 PhUdng phap phan tich 95 3.2 Ton lUdng HCTS bi cam va han che sU dung d mien Trxmg 102 3.3 Danh gia mtic nhiem moi trudng d mien Trung 106 3.4 Xik ly HCTS nUdc 111 3.5 HCBVTV anh hu6ng den siic khoe cua ngUdi tiep xuc 112 IV Phan ket luan Tai lieu tham khao Phu luc 115 DAT VAN DE Hien tren the gidi, hoa chat bao ve thUc vat (HCBVTV) cang dUdc dung rong rai nong nghiep de bao ve cay va bao dam cung cap lUdng thUc, thUc pham nuoi song ngUcJi [ 1, 23] Theo To chiic Y te the gidi (TTYTTG), hang nam cac loai trung va sau bo pha hoai khoang 33 trieu tan lUdng thUc So' lUdng c6 the nuoi song 150 trieu nguM mot nam [ 38, 53 ] nU6c ta HCBVTV dUdc diing rong rai Hang nam lUdng HCBVTV svL dung binh quan la 0,5 - 0,7 kg hoat chat / [24] Nhd diet dUdc trung sau benh nen san lUdng lua tang 10%,b6ng, day, tUdng, cam, che tang tii 17,6 - 70 % [ 5, 53 ] Nam mUdi nam qua, viec dung HCBVTV mot each than va c6 kiem soat la dieu can thiet de phat trien nen nong nghiep hien dai va sit dung viec khong che cac benh trung truyen [12, 19] va vi vay Idi ich cua HCBVTV da vUdt xa so v6i gia cua no [ 10,34 ] Tuy nhien neu HCBVTV dUdc dung khong dung each hoac khong than se de doa nghiem den stic khoe ngUdi, den nong nghiep va he sinh thai noi chung [ 27.34 ] Hang nam ty le nhiem doc va t i vong hoa chat trit sau (HCTS) kha 16n [56,58] Nhieu loai HCBVTV c6 kha nang ton lUu lau dai d moi trUdng, gay nhiem dat, nU6c, khong khi, tac hai lau dai den siic khoe va Ian truyen tii the he sang the he khac [76, 81 ] Hien sU quan ly HCBVTV d nUdc ta chUa that chat che O mien Trung, dat dai can coi, sau benh luon de doa mua mang Dae trUng cua hau mien Trung la : nhiet cao, lUdng mUa Idn va gio bao nhieu Dieu de dang cho viec di dong nhanh cac ton lUdng HCBVTV vao khong khi, dat, nU6c, gay nhiem moi trU5ng tren mot dien rong Mac du nha nU6c da c6 lenh cam dung diclodiphenyl tricloetan (DDT), hexacioxiclohexan (HCH) va han che sU dung wofatox, monitor [75] nhUng cho den nhan dan van quen dung wofatox va monitor Su quan ly HCBVTV d mien Trung cung long leo Do viec nghien ciiu phan tich, danh gia ton lUdng HCBVTV va tinh trang nhiem moi trUc^ng d mien Trung la dieu can thiet va c6 y nghia Chung toi tien hanh nghien ciiu de tai n h a m muc dich : - Lap dilng phUdng phap phan tich s^c ki 16p mong (SKLM), sac ki detectd cong ket dien tii (GC/ECD) va phUdng phap quang thich hdp de lam phUdng tien khao sat ton lUdng HCBVTV moi trUcfng - Danh gia ton lUdng hoa chat tri^ sau bi cam sii dung va han che sii dung ci mot so' tinh mien Trung - Danh gia tinh trang nhiem moi trU6ng HCBVTV gay tai cac cd scl san xuat, bao quan, sU dung va sau cac ddt bao lut d mien Trung - De xuat mot so' bien phap giai quyet tinh t r a n g nhiem moi trudng I PHAN TONG QUAN TAI LIEU 1.1 Khai niem chung ve HCBVTV HCBVTV la ten goi chung de chi cac hoa chat dung nong nghiep, lam nghiep, nh^m muc dich diet sau benh, c6 dai, trung va dong vat gam nham de bao ve cay trong, cac Idio lUdng thUc hang hoa [41, 61] 1.2 Phan loai HCBVTV 1.2.1 Phan loai theo muc dich sit dung [21, 61] * Nhom cac chat tru! sau, trii nhen, t r i trung gay hai : - Cac chat trtT sau nhom cd clo : DDT, HCH, endrin diendrin, clodan - Cac chat trtf sau nhom cd photpho : wofatox, diazinon, malathion, monitor - Cac hdp chat cacbamat: sevin, furadan, mipcin, bassa - Cac hdp chat sinh hoc : piretroit, permetrin, dentametrin * Nhom cac chat trii nam, trii benh, trii vi sinh vat gay hai : - Cac hdp chat chiia dong - Cac hdp chat chiia lUu huynh - Cac hdp chat chiia thuy ngan - Mot so'loai khac * Nhom cac chat trii c6 dai, lam rung la, kich thich sinh trUdng : - Cac hdp chat cua phenol - Cac hdp chat ciia phenoxi [2,4 diciophenoxyaxetic axit -2,4 - D] - Cac dan xuat cua axit alofic [dalapon] - Cac dan xuat cua cacbamat [satxm, eptam]] - Triazin [simazin, atrazin, evik ] * Nhom cac chat diet chuot va dong vat gam n h a m : phoszin va warfarin 1.2.2 Pban loai tbeo nguon goe san xuat va eau true boa boe 1.2.2.1 HCBVTVhvtu ca[41, 83] - Cac chat BVTV nhom cd photpho : metyl parathion [114], parathion [117] monocrotophot [119], diazinon [122], malathion [128], dimetoat [142], azodrin [143] - Cac chat BVTV nhom cd clo : DDT [89] andrin [118], HCH [125, 147], cloran [137], heptaclo [141], 2,4-D[123, 139] - Cac chat trii sau thuy ngan hUu cd,ceresau, granosan, felizan [114] - Cac dan xuat cua hdp chat nitro [41] - Cac dan xuat ciia ure [41] - Cac dan xuat ciia axit cacbamic [61] - Cac dan xuat cua axit propionic [41] - Cac dan xuat cua axit xianhidric [41] 1.2.2.2 Cac chat trvtsau v6 ca: [41, 61] - Cac hdp chat ciia asen [131] - Cac hdp chat ciia dong [61] - Cac hdp chat cua lUu huynh [138] - Cac hdp chat v6 cd khac [114] 1.2.2.3 Cac chat trii sau nguon gob thiic vat la : cac ancaloit, thUc vat CO chiia nicotin, anabazin, piretroit [41, 121, 140] 1.2.3 Pban loainbom doe tbeo TCYTTG [131, 132] Bang : Phan loai nhom doc theo TCYTTG (LD50 mg/kg, chuot nha) Phan nhom doc la Doc manh lb Doc II Doc trung binh III Doc it IV Qua mieng The ran 5-50 50 - 500 500-2000 >2000 Qua da The long 20 20 - 200 200 - 2000 2000-3000 >3000 The ran 10 10 - 100 100 1000 1000 The long 40 40-400 400-4000 4000 1.3 Tinh hinh san xuat va sik dung HCBVTV : L3.1 Tlnb binb sin xuat va svt dung HCBVTV tren tbegioi Tii lau ngUdi da biet dtmg mot so' san p h a m tU nhien de diet truf sau benh nhu cac hdp chat cua asen, cac hdp chat ciia flo, cac chat CO nguon go'c thUc vat va dau khoang [1, 61] Tii n a m 1849 - 1922 cac san p h a m xong Idioi cua cac chat v6 cd va dau hoa cung dUdc diing de diet trii sau bo [38] Tii sau n a m l , cac hdp chat trtt sau tong hdp ddi [41] Nhom HCTS dUdc diing sdm n h a t la DDT, HCH Tiep theo la cac hdp chat endrin, diendrin Cac hdp chat cd clo ton tai qua lau moi trUdng va tich luy cd the dong vat, gay hai cho moi trUdng va ngudi Do nhieu nu6c da cam diing [36, 89, 90] Nhom HCBVTV tong hdp phong phii va dUdc sU dung rong rai nhat nong nghiep la nhom HCTS cd phot va cacbamat [61, 94] Ngay cac nU6c tren the gidi dang khuyen khich dung cac phUdng phap sinh hoc va cac phUdng phap phong trii tong hdp de bao ve thUc vat, n h a m h a n che sU dung HCBVTV c6 hai cho moi trUdng Tuy vay, hien HCBVTV van dUdc sii dung vdi khoi lUdng 16n tren the gidi U*6c tinh hang nam cac nU6c tren the gidi diing khoang 1,25 ti tan nguyen chat HCBVTV [23] Hien cd khoang 100.000 hdp chat hoa hoc dUdc tong hdp va dUdc thi nghiem de lam HCBVTV [38] Trong dd cd khoang 1.500 hdp chat dUdc xac dinh tinh nang, 500 hdp chat dat tieu chuan quoc te, dUdc dua vao sii dung [56] Rieng d My cdl.200 HCTS da dUdc dang ky, 35.000 san pham thUdng mai dUdc ban dudi dang cac thUdng pham khac [5] Tuy cd nhUng y kien khac ve viec sii dung HCBVTV nhUng miic sU dung HCBVTV hang nam tren the gidi van tang tren 10% [53]N a m 1985 My sU dung 486 trieu tan HCBVTV, rieng nganh nong nghiep sU dung 464,22 trieu tan [38] Indonexia n a m 1982 sii dung 45.258 tan bao gdm 450 loai HCBVTV, chi phi cho HCBVTV phat trien manh, ty le tang trung binh hang nam la 15-20% [84] Malaixia n a m 1983 ban hdn 100 trieu la My, dd thudc diet c6 chiem 80%, thudc diet trung chiem 12% [84] Nam 1981 Thai Lan sii dung khoang 35.000 tan HCBVTV, tri gia 130 trieu dd la My [84] Tanzania cud'i n a m 1981, cdng ngliiep ca phe diing khoang 6353 tan HCBVTV [50, 71] Columbia n a m 1985 xuat k h a u 6693 tan HCBVTV vdi tri gia 490.969 dd la My [82] O cac nUdc phat trien, HCBVTV dUdc quan ly chat che tit khau san xuat, dang ky xuat khau, bao quan, van chuyen, sii dung; cd nhieu trung t a m nghien ciiu sU ton lUu ciia HCBVTV moi trUdng va tac hai cua chiing doi vdi ngUdi [24, 50] 1.3.2 Tinh binb sin xuat vasvt dung HCBVTV d Viet Nam Tii xa xUa, nhan dan ta da biet dung nicotin lay tii cay thudc la, thudc lao va rotenon che tU mot sd' cay ho dau de trii sau hai rau va cay an qua N h a n dan Nam bo da diing dau gasol de phong trii ray nau hai Ilia d cac tinh mien Tay Tii n a m 1957, DDT va nhUng hdp chat tUdng tu dUdc diing rong rai d nUdc ta [41] Tii n a m 1963 d mien B^c da diing nhieu wofatox, dipterex, malathion, Bi58 [61] O mien Nam n h a n dan diing nhieu diazinon , monitor, orthene, azodrin [41] Nudc ta la mot nUdc ndng nghiep, khoang 13 trieu ho gia dinh gom 52 trieu ngUdi lam viec linh vUc ndng nghiep [18, 43], dd viec sii dung HCBVTV cang tang [51, 57] Trong tong so HCBVTV dUdc sii dung, HCTS chiem 68%, HCTN chiem 24% va HCTC chiem 8% [43] LUdng HCBVTV diing binh quan hang n a m la 0,5 - 0,7 kg hoat chat/ha [57] Trong Idii dd d Nhat la 14,05 kg hoat chat/ha, d Balan la 0,94 kg hoat chat/ha, d Hungari la 8,93 kg hoat chat/ha, d Thuy Dien la 4,93 kg hoat chat/ha, d My la 4,56 kg hoat chat /ha [38, 48] HCBVTV dUdc sii dung d nUdc ta chu yeii tii nguon nhap khau Sd lUdng HCBVTV hang nam dUdc thong ke nhUng chua day du vi hien cd nhieu ngudn nhap HCTS khong hdp phap Theo so lieu thong ke chUa day du : nhUng nam cua thap ky 80, hang n a m nude ta nhap tii 8-9 nghin tan va nhUng n a m dau thap ky 90 nhap tii 20-24 nghin tan HCBVTV [38] 1.4 Tac hai cua HCBVTV 1.4.1 Tinb hinh nbiem doc HCBVTV 1.4.1.1 Tinh hinh nhiSm doc HCBVTV tren the gidi So' ngUdi bi n h i l m doc HCBVTV cang tang tren the gidi [38] N a m 1977, dUa vao bao cao cua nUdc, TCYTTG [24] da Udc tinh 107 Simpson B.W Pesticide residue chemistry method manual, organophosphate pesticide Agriculture Chemistry Branch, Australia.p.p.1-11, (1992) 108 Spronle R.S.,C.C Black Care with pesticides on the farm and orchard Department of Agriculture Tasmania, Austraha,p.p.l0-24, (1990) 109 Terry Gips Breaking the pesticide habit alternatives to 12 hazardous pesticides, lASA Pubheation No.l/1987,p.p 175-235, (1987) llO.Vanhcanstra E.A.H.,W.E.Tordoir Education and safe handling in pesticide application, Amsterdam-Oxford-NewYork,p.p 187-197, (1982) 111 Vu Due Thao, M Kawano.M.Matsuda,T.Wahmoto,H.D.Cau and H.T Quynh Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide and polyehlorinated biphenyl residues in soils from Southern provinces of Vietnam, Inter.J.EnvLron.Anal.Chem.,vol.50,p.p.147-159, (1992) 112 Vu Due Thao, Masahide Kawano and Ryo Tatsukawa Persistent of organoehlorine residues in soils from Tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries Environmental pollution Department of Environment conservation, Ehime University, Japan, p.p.61-71, (1993) 113 Var Heemstra E.A.H.Leguin Field worker exposure during pesticide appheation, Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Basis Epidemiology, WHO, Geneva, p.p 117-124, (1993) 114 Wayland J., Heyes J., Edward R., Laws I.R Handbook of pesticide toxicology San Diego - New York - Boston - Lodon Sydney - Tokyo - Toronto, p.p 1125 -1140, (1991) 115 Weith G.D., Kuchi D.W., PugUsi F.A., Glass G.E., Eaton J.G., Arch Environ, Contam Toxicol., vol.5, p.p.5-487, (1987) 116 Yoko Nakamora Phillippine worker, Japanese cosumers and banana pesticides Global, Pesticide Campaigner, volum 1, number 1, October, p.3, (1990) 117 E.P.A., Pesticide fact sheet, parathion, fact sheet, number 116, Washington, 12/1986 118 E.P.A Hazadus substance fact sheet, Aldrin, number 309-00- 2, July, Washington, (1988) 119 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, Monocrotophos, fact sheet number 72 mssued 9/1985 120 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet Dichlorvos, fact sheet number 134, Date issued 10/1987, Washington, p.p.3-5, 1987 121 E.P.A- pestiside fact sheet Fenvalerate (pyrethroid) Fact sheet number 145, 9/1987, Washington, (1987) 122 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, Diazinon, fact sheet number 96 Washington 9/1996 123 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, New Jersey department of Health hazardous substance, fact sheet, 2,4D, number 0593, Washington 2^989 124 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, Lindanm fact sheet number 73, Washington 9/1985 125 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, Paraquat, fact sheet number 131, Washington 9/1987 126 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet, Carbaryl, fact sheet number 21, Washington 5/1985 127 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet Carbofuran, number 189, Washington 5/1989 Ill"} C\ 128 E.P.A Pesticide fact sheet Malathion, number 152, Washington / 1988 129 FAO-WHO Volum 2, Codex Alimenrtarius, Pestiside Residues m Food, FAO-WHO, Rome,, p,p.22-90 (1993) 130- GIFAP Guidelines for the avoidence, limitation and disposal of pestiside waste on the farm TD 196 C4, AVIO, Brussels Belgium, 5/1987, p,p.l5-35 (1987) 131 IPCS The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by Hazaed by Hazard and Guidelines to classification 1992 - 1993, p.p.l8-36(1993) 132., IPCS Summary of toxicological evaluations performed by the joint FAO, WHO meeting on pesticide residues (JMPR), UNEP, ILO, Who, Geneva, p.p.3-18,(1991) 133 Ministry of Agriculture and food industry Lant production and protection department, Desision: - List of pesticides permitted to use in Vietnam - List of pesticides restricted to use in Vietnam - List of pesticides banned to use in Vietnam - Regulation for pesticides registration Hanoi, p.p.l-12.,(1992) 134 WHO Environmental Health criteria 64 Carbamate pesticides : A general introduction, WHO, Geneva, p,p.21-22 (1986) 135 WHO Recommended Health - based hmits in Occupational exposure to pesticides, Technical report series 677 Geneva, p.p 13-57 (1982) 136 WHO Environmenral Health criteria 63 Organophosphorus insecticides, A general introduction, Geneva, p.p.28-30 (1986) 137 WHO,IPCS Chlordance, Health and safety guide Environmental criteria 34, Geneva, p.p.11-27 (1988) /!3o 138 WHO Environmental Health criteria, Series, published the joint sponorship of the Unitednations under environment programme, the International labour Organization and the world Health Organization Geneva ,p.p.8-38 (1989) 139 WHO, IPCS 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid- Health and safety guide Environmental Health Criteria 29, Geneva p.p 1-12 (1987) 140 WHO, IPCS Cypermethrin, Health and safety guide environmentcd Health criteria 82 Geneva, p 10, (1989) 141 WHO, IPCS Environmental health criteria 38, Heptacher, Geneva p.p 7-10 (1988) 142 WHO, IPCS Dimethoate Health and safety guide Environmental criteria 90, Geneva p.p 13-15 (1988) 143 UNEP, mPTC data profiles on Monitor, bi 58, Azodrin, Diazinon, Carbaryl, Cypermethrin, QR 4137, Geneva, 5/1993, p.p 1-9 (1993) 144 UNEP, mPTC data profDes on Warfarin, DDT, QR 4383, Geneva, ll/1993,p.p.l-17 (1993) 145 UNEP, IRPTC data profiles on 2,4D, QR 4383, Geneva, 11/1993, p.p 1-20 (1993) 146 UNEP, IRPTC data profiles on Diazinon, Methamidophos, Parathion-Methyl, QR 4383, Geneva, 11/1993, p.p.5-20 (1993) 147 UNEP, IRPTC data profiles on Lidane , QR 4383, Geneva, 11/1993, p.p 5-20 (1993) 148 UNEP, IRPTC data profiles on Malathion, QR 4383, Geneva, 11/1993, p.p.3-17 (1993) /i PHU LUC Xac dinh HCTS dat bang GC/ECD, GC/NPD, GC/MSD N a m m a u dat da chiet tach, lam sach tai Nha Trang d\i6c GS.Nguyen Due Hue diia sang Cong hoa Lien bang Diic de kiem tra bang phudng phap GC/ECD, GC/WPD, GC/MSD (tai phong thi nghiem doc hoc va moi tnio'ng ciia trU5ng Dai hoc Tong hdp Bremen - (X>ng hoa Lien bang Diic) Dieu kien chay sac ky : a) Cac chat trii sau cd-clo dildc phan tich tren may sac ki Perkinelmer 8420 v6i detectd cong ket dien tii ""^Ni-ECD va cot mao dan shie chiu nhiet SE 54 * Diiong kinh cua cot la 0,32 mm * Chieu dai cot la 25m * Do day m a n g t a m 0,5 j't.m * Khi m a n g He v6i ap suat 76 Kpa * Khi ho trd la Ar/CH4 (95 : 5, theo the tich ), toe dong 40 ml/phiit * Nhiet buong bdm mau 255 *^C * Nhiet eiia detectd 300 ^C ChUdng trinh nhiet * Nliiet cot mot : 100 ^C, thoi gian giii khong doi la phiit Toe tang nhiet la 10 ^C/phut * Nhiet cot hai : 210 *^C, thdi gian giii khong doi phiit, toe tang nhiet la ^C/phiit * Nhiet cot ba : 230^C, thdi gian giii khong doi la 36 phiit b) Cac hoa chat trif sau cd-photpho diidc phan tich tren may Ferkinelmer 8.500 v6i detectd Ru-NPD va cot mao quan silic chiu nhiet CPlSsil 13CB * Ditdng kinh ciia cot 0,25 mm * Chieu dai cot 25m ''^- Do day m a n g tam 0,2/^ m ^= Khi m a n g He vcii ap suat 100 KPA * Khi dot H2 vdi toe 2ml/phut, khong 100 ml/phiit * Nhiet buong bdm mau 260 ^C == Nhiet detectd 280 *^C Chudng trinh nhiet r5Z * iNmei ao COL mui ; /u-^ Thdi gian giCt khong doi : phiit Toe tang nhiet lO^C/phiit * Nhiet cot hai : 250°C Thdi gian gitr khong doi : 20 phiit Toe tang nhiet 0°C/phut De kh^ng dinh cac thuoc trit sau cd-clo va cd-photpho mot so mku, dUdc tien hanh nhd su dung Varian 3300/3400 GC-Fiimuigan MATIT 540 detetd khoi chon loc vdi cot mao quan silic chiu nhiet Ultra Ditdng kinh 0,2 mm Chieu dai cot 25 m Do day mang tam 0,33 j^an Khi mang H2 vdi ap suat lO.Psi Nhiet buong bdm mau 260°C Nhiet nguon ion 225^C ChUdng trinh nhiet * Nhiet cot mot : 70°C Thdi gian giii khong doi : phiit, toe tang nhiet : 15°C/phut * Nhiet cot hai : 160°C Thdi gian giii khong doi : phut, toe tang nhiet 6°C/phut * Nhiet cot ba : 260oC Thdi gian giii khong doi: 12 phut Cac ton ludng HCTS ditdc xac dinh dUa vao viec quan sat cae ion chon loc CO m/z : 217 cho HCH, 235 cho DDT, 263, 109, 125 cho metylparathion Gidi han xac dinh dox vdi HCH va cac dong phan, DDT va cac dong phan la 0,001 - 0,005 mg/kg va vdi cd-photpho la 0,01 mg/kg - Do thu hoi 95 - 102% Ket qua nhit bang 44 Bang 44 Ton litdng HCTS dat (mg/kg) (GC/ ECD, GC/NPD va GC/MSD tai tntdng Dai hoc tong hdp Bremen, Cong hoa Lien bang Diic) Mau dat Y - HCH p,p' -DDT Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 0,0663 0,0463 0,0397 0,3396 0,6605 0,0611 0,0805 wofatox 2,4152 6,2701 12,2120 /3 PKlliT LLVLL i ij [\ L ^-.-^ ^ ^ i c -I IJ MC11 r'r\ H~>'-\ =a , li" Wc? p^"^o X DDT -: I-,, ^ !j X ^TdF^ h ILL i1 L T H Ij L CHR0f1 ^ f Ijp HC C: -Rr^H •^rtMPLL HU ij KLPukT HO 1y3 PKhO liiL LH [m 61 Luin C iJ ij '7- M ,-' T fj T hi L ^R ^ ;;: U 10 m 7/ $L P f^ o j " ) y- J It K I r T '• H •> ri r D p i ( o > o L 01 j K > Ij 11 d d;: ,-tCH V^'OH^'"^^ -'' i n A i n P Q f': r r I LL ftrTHOB r'^ ^;- Tr^):' Pt^T HrL'iln ! ' J K M L irTHOn "'OPT NH bl 1K i "f M n i": n r HAME :.4 1 •^ f\ d [ '< ^\' j " \'i !'i -• ;ifiAV 'l'^ •llD^HOj) ^ fir, •"» ;i,npr n[! Ij T PBL (M) M d '•:•, X Hcn 3 U^7 i , •:' T' ^ f1 E T H D nK I D f-^ ML flRME 3.7171 -r- ( ^ i -^ c / ! T rt L f ••: i-i ' - I '-< i-ii-l O P , T f !•• [•! ^ = ^ Sf Bang 37 : Ton liidng HCTS liidng thiic Noi dieu tra Lua de ngoai hien tai kho Van Klianh I Liia de doc h a n h lang Gao nha may xay xat Ninh da Cam nha may xay xat Ninh da TCCP Y-HCH 16,5 25,0 12,5 120,0 0,5 wofatox 1,5 1,3 0,3 0,5 0,2 Tat ca cac mau lUdng thUc deu tim thay HCTS 2.4.6 Ton liidng DDT tren ddng vat Chiing toi dieu tra nghien ciiu ton lUdng DDT mo ga m3 Idn 6" Phan rang va Nha trang Bang 38 : Ton liidng DDT md dong vat mot so' dia phiidng So mau Ten mau Ton lUdng (mg/kg) Tai Nha trang Mdga Mdldn 15 15 1,208 ± 0,283 1,400 ± 0,305 Tai Phan rang Mdga Mdldn 15 15 1,222 1,056 ± 0,285 ± 0,316 - Tat ca cac mau md ga va md Idn deu co DDT Md ga Phan rang CO ton lUdng DDT thap nhat la 0,9 mg/kg va cao n h a t la 1,5 mg/kg Md Idn cua Phan rang c6 lifdng DDT thap nhat la 1,2 mg/kg va cao nhat la 1,7 mg/kg Md Idn cua N h a trang c6 liidng DDT thap nhat la 1,1 mg/kg va cao n h a t la 1,8 mg/kg 2.4 Sii lam dung HCBVTV Mot so tu" thudng da cho warfarin (mot chat dung de diet chuot) vao hot tai Ho lam tiidng rkng cho warfarin vao bot tai cimg v6i hiidng 88 lieu se giii diidc mui thdm cua phan rom Ho da coi warfarin nhii mot chat dinh hiidng Chiing toi kiem tra 290 hop phan rom tai cac hieu ban my pham ciia tii n h a n m a n g den thu nghiem (tit 20/11/1981 - 7/1983), c6 204 hop chiia warfarin,chiem ti le 70,3% 2.4.8 X i ly HCTS niidc Chiing toi sii dung cac phiidng phap phan tich tren de x i ly HCTS nMdc Chiing toi da loai trii HCTS niidc bang nguyen lieu ciia dia phiidng, 2.4.8.1 DungKMnO^ de loai mot so'boa chat trii sau niide Ket qua thu dUdc nhU bang 39 B a n g 39 Loai HCTS nii6c bang K M n Ten HCTS Nong K M n (mg/l) p,p-DDT Khong phan huy 2,4-D Khong phan huy Kha nang phan huy % Parathion 40 17,5 Wofatox 40 18,5 Neu dung K M n khii HCTS thi niidc co mui tanh, rat kho uong Do chiing toi dung than de loai HCTS niidc 2.4.8.2 Ddng cae loai than cua dia pbiidng Chiing toi diing than hoat, than so diia, than cui de loai HCTS niidc Qua nhieu lan nghien ciJu, chiing toi c6 ket qua nhU bang 40 89 Bang 40 : Loai HCTS niidc bang cac loai than Loai t h a n Than hoat Kich thitdc diidng kinh Chieu dai N.dp HCTS N.dp HTCS (min) (mm) cot (m) tnidc xit ly sau xii ly (mg/l) (mg/1) 3-7 60 - 100 1,2 19 Khong Than so diia - 60 - 100 1,2 12 Khong 3-7 60 - 100 1,2 8-9 Khong Than ciii Diing cot dai 1,2m; dUdng kinh tii 60 - 120 mm Co the dung cot lam bang ton, bang nhom hay bkng tre Chon than co kich thudc : x X nun (chii y loai bo t h a n vun) sau d6 nhoi day than vao cot Cho nvLdc bi nhiem HCTS chay qua cot than Toe chay cham, khoang 51/gid (xem hinh 9) Kiem tra nong hoa chat trii sau tnidc va sau chay qua cot than Than hoat, than so diia, than ciii khong nhiing loai diidc HCTS niidc ma loai diidc miii niidc Phiidng phap da diidc ap dung d cac vung ndng thon mien Trung (sau cac tran bao lut) Nifryc uong hi nhiom IICTS •Than en kfcli t\nl(1c 3x7x5 nun C^t_ Nxiiic sach Toe dp chay cham khoang 5l/gir( Hinh : Sd xii ly HCTS niidc sinh hoat 2.4.9 Tac bai cua HCTS den siic khoe ngiidi tiep xiic 2.4.9.1 Dieu tra sii hieu biet cua ngudi tiep xiic ve tac hai ciia HCBVTV 90 ^ Da dieu tra tren 100 ngiidi cua 30 gia dinh nho va hanh toi d P h a n Rang, tren 50 ngiidi rau d Nha Trang va Dien Klianh (tinh Klianh Hoa), tren 100 ngUdi liia d KJianh Hoa, Binh Dinh, Quang N a m Da N^ng, ket qua thu diidc nhU sau : - So ngudi khong nkm dUdc noi quy sii dung HCBVTV chiem 80% vdi ndng dan nho va rau, chiem 70% vdi ndng dan Ilia - Sd ngudi chUa diidc tuyen truyen, chUa dUdc tap huan ng^n han hoac khdng cd tai heu hudng dkn tuyen truyen HCBVTV cliiem 50%, 50% so cdn lai liieu biet ve HCBVTV qua he thdng thdng tin dai chiing - So' ngiidi phun thudc qua thdi gian quy dinh, phun bat ky liic nao can (ke ca ndng to, gitta trUa nkng, gio Idn) chiem 30% vdi ndng dan nho, chiem 60% vdi nong dan liia -90% sd' ngiidi diidc dieu tra cho biet : Khi HCTS dinh lidt quan ao van tiep tuc lam viec cho den het gid mdi ve nha thay quan ao va tam giat - Khdng sii dung trang bi bao ho lao dong phun va pha che HCBVTV chiem 100% Tham chi cd ngiidi mac quan dili di chan dat phun thudc; d tran pha che va mang xach thudc cho cac dpi I phun thudc Vi h a u mien Trung ndng nen ndng dan cd thdi quen mac quan diii l a m viec ngoai rudng( nho, rau, liia) - 60% cac gia dinh dii trii HCBVTV nha, dd cd 30% ; sd ho de HCTS phdng ngii, 10% de HCTS phdng khach; i nhieu gia dinh khdng de HCTS nha cua minh ma giii lai d nha ho hang gan ruong r a u hoac viidn nho Vi vay cd gia dinh chiia binh phun thudc tai phdng khach Mot s d g i a dinh khac de HCTS gan cho an udng 2.4.9.2 Cac trieu chung sau gid lam viec Dieu tra 100 ngiidi trdng nho va hanh tdi, 50 ngiidi trdng rau, 100 nsiidi trdng hia cd cac trieu chiing sau : nhiic dau chiem 67,6%; 91 • chdng m a t hoa mkt chiem 64,6%; buon ndn va ndn chiem 59,6%; dau bung di ngoai chiem 39,9% : ngiia da chiem 35,2% ; md com mkt va chay niidc m^t chiem 38,4% ; mo hdi chan tay chiemlO% ; mat ngii chiem 20%; giam tri nhd chiem 30% (Tat ca deu diidc dieu tra theo bang cau hoi in skn va ket hdp vdi kham sue khoe dinh ky ) Phong van 100 ngiidi d xung quanh cac kho HCBVTV ( khdng tiep xiic triic tiep vdi HCBVTV ) thi clii cd trieu chiing nhiic dau, chdng mat ( 50% ) kho xuat nhap HCTS miia vu 2.4.9.3 Tinh trang sdc khoe cua nong dan thon Cau diSn , Vinh Hai, Quang Tri Dieu t r a 497 ngiidi thdn Cau diin, cd hai ngiidi ch^tdo nhidm doc ( 0,4% ); ngUdi bi rung tdc (1,21% ); ngudi bi benh tam than ( 0,8% ), ngiidi de non ( 1,4% ), ngiidi sinh thai di dang (0,8%) 4.9.4 HCTS cd the ngiidi HCTS bam tren da ngifdi tiep xiic Bang 41 H a m liidng wofatox tron da ngiidi tiep xiic sau gid lao dong (microram/lOOcm^) Doi tUdng Ngadi phun nho Ngiio'i phim liia Thu kho HCTS Boc vac HCTS So mau 30 30 18 18 Ban tay 47,95 79,60 66,0 80.00 canh tay Ngiic - - 59,10 45,50 50,60 0,50 - 0,66 Liing 37,80 2,20 0,20 110 Mat, tran 6,52 6,80 0,10 3,00 Dieu tra 96 ngiidi phun HTCS cho nho, liia, thu kho, bd'c vac HCTS deu cd wofatox bam dinh tren da sau gid lao ddng Ton litdng DDT siia me \ 92