Encyclopedia of african american politics

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Encyclopedia of african-American politics Robert C Smith http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com For Lovanya Dejean (1943–2001) Encyclopedia of African-American Politics Copyright © 2003 by Robert C Smith All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Robert C., 1947– Encyclopedia of African American politics / Robert C Smith p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8160-4475-9 (alk paper) African Americans—Politics and government—Encyclopedias African Americans—History—Encyclopedias I Title E185 S58155 2003 973’.0496073’003—dc21 2002075473 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper www.Ebook777.com ★ Contents LIST OF ENTRIES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION xi ENTRIES A TO Z DOCUMENTARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLITICS 395 BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 INDEX 409 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com ★ List of Entries abolitionist movement accommodationism Adams, John Quincy Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena affirmative action African American African-American politics, defined African-American studies African-American thought African Blood Brotherhood Afrocentricity AIDS-HIV Ali, Muhammad alienation Allen, Richard American Colonialization Society American Dilemma, An American Muslim Mission apartheid Aptheker, Herbert Asante, Molefi K assimilation “Atlanta Compromise” address Atlanta University back-to-Africa movements Baker, Ella Jo Baker v Carr Bakke v Regents of the University of California balance of power Baldwin, James “Ballot or the Bullet” speech Bandung Conference Baraka, Imamu Amiri Bethune, Mary McLeod bigotry (see racism) Bill of Rights Birmingham demonstrations Birth of a Nation, The black black agendas Black Arts movement Black Cabinet black church Black Codes black community Black Muslims (see Nation of Islam) black nationalism blackness Black Panther Party Black Power movement Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America Black Radical Congress Blair Education bill Blyden, Edward Wilmot Brennan, William J Brooke, Edward Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Brown, John Brown, Ronald H Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Bruce, Blanche K Bunche, Ralph bureaucracy busing capitalism Carmichael, Stokely Carter, Jimmy Census, U.S Chisholm, Shirley citizen diplomacy citizenship City of Richmond v J A Croson (see Croson, J A., City of Richmond v.) civic culture civil disobedience civil liberties civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 civil rights cases of 1883 Civil Rights Commission, U.S Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice Civil Rights movement Civil War Clark, Kenneth class stratification Clinton, Bill Coalition of Black Trade Unionists coalitions COINTELPRO cold war Colfax massacre colonialism v color stratification commerce clause, U.S Constitution communism Communist Party community control Compromise of 1877 Congress Congressional Black Caucus Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Connerly, Ward conservatism conservative coalition Constitution, U.S constitutionalism convention movement Cook, Samuel DuBois co-optation CORE (see Congress of Racial Equality) Council on African Affairs criminal justice system Croson, J A., v City of Richmond Crummell, Alexander Cruse, Harold cultural nationalism culture culture of poverty Cummings v Board of Education Davis, Angela Dawson, William L Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com vi List of Entries Declaration of Independence Delany, Martin R Dellums, Ronald democracy Democracy in America Democratic Party deracialization desegregation Diggs, Charles discrimination disparate impact disparate treatment District of Columbia Douglass, Frederick Dred Scott v Sanford drugs, war on (see criminal justice system) Du Bois, W E B due process clauses, U.S Constitution Dyer antilynching bill elected officials electoral college Elementary and Secondary Education Act Emancipation Proclamation Equal Employment Opportunity Commission equality equal protection clause, U.S Constitution ethnicity (ethnic group) Evers, Medgar executive orders Fanon, Frantz Farmer, James Farrakhan, Louis FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) federalism feminism Fifteenth Amendment, U.S Constitution filibuster Fletcher, Arthur, Jr foreign policy forty acres and a mule Fourteenth Amendment, U.S Constitution Franklin, John Hope Freedmen’s Bureau freedom Freedom Rides free Negroes fugitive slave clause, U.S Constitution full employment Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 Fullilove v Klutznick gag rule Garnett, Henry Highland Garrison, William Lloyd Garvey, Marcus M gay rights movement Gettysburg Address ghetto globalization Goldwater, Barry Grant, Ulysses S Gray, William H Great Migration Great Society Griggs v Duke Power Co Haiti Hamer, Fannie Lou Hamilton, Charles V Hare, Nathan Harlem Harlem Renaissance Harris, Patricia Roberts Harrison, Benjamin Hatcher, Richard Hawkins, Augustus Hayes, Rutherford B Heart of Atlanta Motel v United States Height, Dorothy Highlander Folk School historically black colleges and universities Holden, Matthew, Jr Hoover, Edgar J Housing and Urban Development (HUD), U.S Department of Houston, Charles H Howard University human rights Humphrey, Hubert Humphrey-Hawkins Act ideology “I Have A Dream” speech individualism individual racism institutional racism integration interest groups internal colonialism internal inferiorization Jackson, Jesse Jefferson, Thomas Jim Crow Johnson, Andrew Johnson, James Weldon Johnson, Lyndon B Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Jones, Mack H Jones, Raymond J Jordan, Vernon judicial process Justice Department, U.S Karenga, Ron Kennedy, Edward M Kennedy, John F Kerner Report Keyes, Alan Keyes v School District No 1, Denver, Colo King, Martin Luther, Jr King, Rodney Ku Klux Klan Kwanza Langston, John Mercer leadership Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund Lewis, John liberalism Liberia Lincoln, Abraham litigation lobbying lynching Malcolm X Marable, Manning March on Washington movement March on Washington of 1963 Marshall, Thurgood Martin, Louis marxism Mayfield, Curtis McCarthyism www.Ebook777.com media melting pot Meredith, James Meredith march militancy military Milliken v Bradley Million Man march minority group Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Mitchell, Clarence Montgomery, Isaiah T Montgomery bus boycott Moseley-Braun, Carol Moses, Robert Muhammad, Elijah multiculturalism music Myrdal, Gunnar NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) names controversy National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs National Baptist Convention National Black Election Study National Black Leadership Roundtable National Black Political Convention National Conference of Black Political Scientists National Council of Negro Women National Negro Congress National Negro Convention National Political Congress of Black Women National Urban League (see Urban League) National Welfare Rights Organization Nation of Islam natural rights negritude Negro national anthem New Deal Newton, Huey List of Entries vii Niagara movement Nixon, Richard Northern states Obadele, Imari A Office of Federal Contract Compliance Operation PUSH oppression organization Organization of AfroAmerican Unity Pan-Africanism Parks, Rosa Philadelphia Plan Pierce, Samuel Piven, Frances Fox Plessy v Ferguson pluralism plural society political culture political incorporation political participation political parties political repression political socialization political system Poor Peoples campaign population populist movements post–civil rights era poverty Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr Powell, Colin power power elite presidency presidential campaigns Prestage, Jewel L Proposition 209 protest public intellectuals public opinion public policy quotas race racism radicalism Radical Republicans Rainbow Coalition Randolph, A Philip rap music (hip-hop) Reagan, Ronald reapportionment (see Baker v Carr) Reconstruction religiosity reparations representation Republican Party Republic of New Africa Revels, Hiram, R riots Robeson, Paul Robinson, Randall Roosevelt, Franklin D Rowan, Carl Rustin, Bayard Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture schools and education SCLC (see Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Seale, Bobby segregation self-help Selma demonstrations separate but equal separation of powers sexism Sharpton, Al Shaw v Reno sit-ins slaughterhouse cases slave revolts slavery slavery in Western thought SNCC (see Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) social-contract theory socialism Socialist Party social movements Souls of Black Folk, The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Southern states Southern strategy Sowell, Thomas Spingarn, Joel E state and local government Stewart, Maria W Stevens, Thaddeus Stokes, Carl “Strange Fruit” Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) subordinate group Sullivan, Leon H Sumner, Charles superordinate group Supreme Court Swann v CharlotteMecklenburg Board of Education Talented Tenth Terrell, Mary Church think tanks third parties Third World Thirteenth Amendment, U.S Constitution Thomas, Clarence three-fifths clause, U.S Constitution TransAfrica Trotter, William Monroe Truman, Harry S Truth, Sojourner Tubman, Harriet Turner, Henry M Turner, Nat Tuskegee Institute Twenty-fourth Amendment, U.S Constitution Twenty-third Amendment, U.S Constitution two-party system Uncle Tom Uncle Tom’s Cabin underclass United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Negro Improvement Association Urban League urban politics Vietnam War violence voting behavior voting rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 Walker, David Wallace, George Walters, Ronald Walton, Hanes, Jr Wards Cove v Atonio War on Poverty Warren, Earl Washington, Booker T Watts, J C Watts riot Weaver, Robert C welfare state Wells-Barnett, Ida B “We Shall Overcome” West Indians White, George White, Walter white backlash white flight whiteness white primary white supremacy Wilder, Douglas L Wilkins, Roy Wilson, William J Wilson, Woodrow Woodson, Carter G Young, Andrew Young, Whitney Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Acknowledgments ★ This work was prepared with the assistance of my wife, Scottie Smith It is dedicated to the memory of her friend and colleague, Lavonya Dejean Lavonya was an advocate and activist for the education of disadvantaged children She coordinated a movement of parents in the West Contra Costa, California, Unified School District to develop comprehensive policies and procedures for parental involvement in education Through her leadership, diverse groups of teachers, parents, and students were taught the necessity of understanding each others’ cultures and the need for equity and equality in the education of all children I should like to thank Owen Lancer for conceiving of the project, for inviting me to undertake it, and for his assistance and the assistance of the staff of Facts On File for guiding it to completion ix Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 404 Bibliography Moynihan, Daniel The Politics of a Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan New York: Vintage 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National Negro Congress: A Reassessment.” American Quarterly 22 (1968): 883–901 Wolfe, Alan The Seamy Side of Democracy: Repression in the United States New York: David McKay, 1973 Wolters, Raymond Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration and Black Civil Rights New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996 Wood, Forrest The Arrogance of Faith: Christianity and Race in America from the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century New York: Knopf, 1990 Woodward, C Vann Reunion and Reaction New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1956 ——— The Strange Career of Jim Crow New York: Oxford University Press, 1966 Zangrando, Robert The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com ★ Index Boldface page numbers denote extensive treatment of a topic Italic page numbers refer to illustrations; c refers to the Chronology; and m indicates a map A abolitionist movement 1–3 black churches and 241 Brown, John, in 49–50 Civil Rights movement and 71 coalitions and 79 color stratification and 83 Delany, Martin R., in 111 in District of Columbia 117 Douglass in 1, 119 feminism and 2, 139–140 Freedom Songs in 150 Garnett, Henry Highland, in 154 Garrison, William Lloyd, in 155 Langston, John Mercer, in 202 leadership and 203 lobbying in 211 media in 221 militancy of 353 NAACP and 235 political repression of 154, 265 political system challenged by 268 protest in 277 slave revolts in 320 Stewart, Maria W., in 332 third parties and 342 Truth, Sojourner, in 350 women in 314 accommodationism 3–4 in black church 241 Clinton and 78 Colfax massacre and 82 of Jackson, Jesse 187 of Nation of Islam 248 vs protest 205, 277, 327 of Randolph 290 after Reconstruction 294 religiosity and 296 of Revels, Hiram R 300 self-help and 311 social movements and 326 in The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois) 327 Talented Tenth vs 340 at Tuskegee Institute 354 Uncle Tom and 356 of Washington, Booker T 24, 377–378 white backlash and 385 Adams, John Quincy 5, 126, 154 Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena 6, 9, 153 affirmative action 6–12 See also Philadelphia Plan for black businesses 60 Brennan, William J., and 49 bureaucracy under 55 Clark, Kenneth, and 74 in Congress 89 Connerly, Ward, opposed to 92 Constitution and in contracts 102–103, 152–153, 253 definition of deracialization and 116 in education 27–28 EEOC and 130 executive orders on 133 Fletcher, Arthur, Jr., in 144–145 future of 12 impact of 11–12 Johnson, Lyndon B., and 7, 191 under Kennedy, John F 196 litigation and 210 origins of 6–7 Powell, Colin, on 274 under Proposition 209 277 public opinion and 10–11 public philosophy and 9–10 public policy on, development of 7–8 racism and 8–9, 287 Reagan and 291 Rowan, Carl, and 304–305 strict scrutiny in 131 Supreme Court on 338 Thomas, Clarence, on 344 in urban politics 363 War on Poverty and 375 Watts riot and 380 women and 142 “African American” xii, 12–13, 239–240 African American(s) in abolitionist movement in census 62–64 Congressional representation of 53, 87–90, 112, 125, 162, 171, 229, 298, 360 conservative 93–94 Constitution and 95–97 in criminal justice system 100–102 Democratic Party and 114–115, 193, 298–299, 355 in District of Columbia 117–118 in elective office 125 federalism and 139 in foreign policy 145–146 humanity of 16 in judicial process 194 in media 223 in military 225–226, 226 in population 270 public opinion on 280 in Republican Party 114, 355 rioting by 300–302 suspiciousness among 105 Tocqueville, Alexis de, on 113 voting behavior of 263 African-American culture See culture African-American politics alienation in 19 black community in 39 blackness and 40–41, 232 Black Power movement and 45–46, 61–62 Communist Party in 86 conservatism and 93–94 convention movements in 98 cultural nationalism in 105 defined 13 in democracy xi–xii District of Columbia and 118 Du Bois in 121–122 education in 306 equality in xi–xii, 15, 130 feminism in 139–142, 277 409 freedom in xi–xii, 15, 149–150 Holden, Matthew, in 174–175 Hoover, J Edgar, in 174–175 individualism and 207 integration in 182–183 interest groups in 183 internal inferiorization in 185 Jones, Mack H., in 192 knowledge in xii, 23 leadership in 203 liberalism in 207–208 Malcolm X in 215 multiculturalism in 231 music in 220, 290, 333 names and 239 National Black Election Study in 241 Piven, Frances Fox, in 259 pluralism in 260 in political science 98 power in 274 protest in 277–279 racism and 286 religiosity in 296 Sharpton in 316 Sowell, Thomas, in 330 study of 373–374 violence in xii, 13, 41, 366 white supremacy in 387 women in 245 African-American studies 14, 17–18, 22–24, 45, 121, 168, 174, 195, 216, 250, 280, 326, 373, 391 African-American thought 14–17, 29–30, 48, 59, 109–111, 249, 325–326, 370 African Blood Brotherhood 17, 41, 157, 175, 366 Afrocentricity 14, 16, 17–18, 45, 105, 111–112, 168, 192–193, 195, 257 AIDS-HIV 18, 68, 282 Ali, Muhammad 18–19, 146 alienation 19–20, 66, 105, 135, 262, 267, 366 Allen, Richard 20, 203, 244 American Colonialization Society 20–21, 25, 103, 208 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 410 Index American Dilemma, An (Myrdal) 3, 21–22, 33, 54, 73, 222, 280, 377, 388 American Muslim Mission 22, 231, 248 antilynching legislation See Dyer antilynching bill Antonio, Wards Cove v 374 apartheid 22, 86, 335–336, 347 Aptheker, Herbert 22–23, 319 Asante, Molefi K 18, 23, 105 assimilation 23, 39, 182, 199, 207–208, 231, 386 See also melting pot “Atlanta Compromise” address 4, 23–24, 377 Atlanta University 14, 24, 98, 122, 149, 192 B back-to-Africa movements 21, 25, 48, 103, 145, 155–156, 203, 208, 239, 256, 351, 359 Baker, Ella Jo 25–26, 204 Baker v Carr 26–27, 88, 131, 376 Bakke v Regents of the University of California 9, 27–28, 49, 284 balance of power 29–30, 127, 143, 164, 193, 349–350 Baldwin, James 29, 29, 158, 232 “Ballot or the Bullet” speech 29–30, 215 Bandung Conference 30, 146, 272, 343 Baptist See National Baptist Convention Baraka, Imamu Akiri 30–31, 36, 85, 134, 195, 242–243 Bethune, Mary McLeod 31, 31–32, 37, 81, 140, 146, 172, 177, 205, 243 Bill of Rights 32–33, 138, 148, 194, 338 Birmingham demonstrations 33–34, 68, 72, 196, 198, 201, 221, 327, 372, 392 Birth of a Nation, The 34–35, 236, 293, 348, 390 “black” xii, 12, 35–36, 239–240, 387 black(s) See African American(s) black agendas 36, 98, 115, 152, 192, 198, 242, 244, 255 Black Arts movement 30, 36–37, 45, 105, 185, 195, 249 Black Cabinet 8, 32, 381 black capitalism 59–60, 187, 252, 254, 378 black church 18, 20, 37–38, 136–137, 142, 158, 162, 169, 175, 201, 203, 240–241, 255, 264, 266, 307, 327 black codes 38–39, 189 black community 39 blackness and 40 colleges and universities in 174 convention movements in 98 deracialization and 116 free Negroes in 151–152 ghettos in 159 in Harlem 169 homosexuality in 158 invasion of Ethiopia and 146 Islam in 230 leadership in 203 media in 222 opinion differences within 241 organization and 255 plurality of 262 police protection for 100 political culture of 262 political socialization in 266 political system challenged by 268 poverty in 374 public intellectuals in 279 religiosity in 296 sexism in 314 Socialist Party and 326 Talented Tenth in 340 unemployment in 178 violence in 366 black Muslims See Nation of Islam black nationalism 39–40 in African-American studies 14 AIDS and 18 Ali, Muhammad, and 19 American Muslim Mission and 22 in black public opinion 281 Clark, Kenneth, and 74 coalitions and 79 in communist party 86 in CORE 91 of Crummell, Alexander 103 of Cruse, Harold 104 of Delany, Martin R 111–112 of Du Bois 121–122 education in 306 Fanon, Frantz, on 135 of Farrakhan 136 Garnett, Henry Highland, and 154 of Garvey, Marcus 156–157 in ghettos 267 of Hare, Nathan 168 in Harlem 169 as ideology 179 integration in 183 of Karenga, Ron 195 of Langston, John Mercer 202 of Malcolm X 214 of Muhammad, Elijah 230 NAACP and 331 of National Black Political Convention 243 National Conference of Black Political Scientists and 243 of Nation of Islam 247 Obadele, Imari, and 253 Pan-Africanism and 257 public intellectuals and 279–280 self-help in 282, 311 SNCC and 334 of Turner, Henry 351 Walters, Ronald, on 373 of Washington, Booker T 379 whites in 16 blackness 40–41, 44, 54, 156, 185, 232, 249, 273–274, 327, 344, 356, 384–385 Black Panther Party 41–43, 42, 79, 134, 141, 158, 175, 184, 195–196, 204, 216, 224, 265, 301, 366, 370, 372, 380, 389 See also Newton, Huey; Seale, Bobby Black Power movement 43–46, 45 See also Malcolm X in African-American studies 14 African-American studies and 14 Ali, Muhammad, in 19 “black” and 13, 35 Black Arts movement and 36, 45 blackness and 40 Bunche, Ralph, on 54 Carmichael, Stokely, in 62 Clark, Kenneth, and 74 at colleges and universities 174 community control and 86 Congressional Black Caucus and 90 CORE and 91 Fanon, Frantz, and 134 Farmer, James, and 136 Garvey, Marcus, and 156–157 Hamilton, Charles V., in 168 impact of 45 internal colonialism and 184 internal inferiorization and 185 Karenga, Ron, in 195 King and 198 leadership establishment and 204 Lewis, John, and 207 Malcolm X and 216 manifesto of 46 Mayfield, Curtis, in 220 media and 223 Meredith, James, and 224 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and 228 Mitchell, Clarence, and 228 Moses, Robert, and 230 music and 232 National Conference of Black Political Scientists and 243 negritude in 249 Newton, Huey, in 250 Nixon and 251 organization and 255 origins of 43–44 political incorporation in 263 political participation and 263 political socialization during 267 Powell, Adam Clayton, and 272 Randolph and 290 reactions to 44–45 riots and 196, 301 self-help in 312 SNCC in 335 www.Ebook777.com Trotter, William Monroe, and 348 in urban politics 361 Vietnam War and 225 Walker, David, and 16 Wallace, George, on 372 Watts riot and 380 white backlash against 386 Wilder, Douglas, in 389 Wilkins, Roy, and 389 women in 314 Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (Hamilton and Carmichael) 8, 14, 35, 43, 45, 46–47, 181–182, 184, 286–287 Black Radical Congress 36, 47, 158, 216, 225 Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois) 122, 292–293, 326, 386 Blair Education bill 47–48, 127, 171, 308 Blyden, Edward Wilmot 16, 25, 48, 145, 203, 256 Board of Education, Cummings v See Cummings v Board of Education Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Brown v See Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas boycotts 186, 254, 335–336 Bradley, Milliken v 227 Brennan, William J 27, 48–49, 53, 218, 338 Brooke, Edward 49, 88, 90 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 49, 204, 229 Brown, John 1, 3, 49–50, 119, 351 Brown, Ronald H 50–51, 115 Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 51–53, 52 An American Dilemma (Myrdal) and 21–22 in Civil Rights movement 71 Clark, Kenneth, and 52–53, 74 cold war and 81 in desegregation 116, 197 education and 308 foreign relations and 146 Franklin, John Hope, and 149 Legal Defense Fund in 206 litigation in 210 Marshall in 218 NAACP in 236 obedience to 127 Plessy v Ferguson and 260 political system and 268 segregation and 313 strict scrutiny in 131 substantive due process in 123 Warren, Earl, in 376 Bruce, Blanche K 49, 53–54, 88, 203 Bunche, Ralph 21, 54, 54, 146, 152, 176, 238, 244, 358 bureaucracy 54–56, 62, 77, 136, 191, 196, 219, 258, 271, 273, 298 busing 6, 49, 56–58, 197, 227, 308, 339, 372 Index 411 C capitalism 59–61 See also black capitalism alienation and 135 in black power 36 Black Radical Congress and 47 city government and 361 in class stratification 74 vs communism 80–81 culture of poverty and 106 full employment and 152, 178 ghettos and 159 globalization in 160 King and 198 Kwanza and 201 in liberalism 207 NAACP and 236 of Nation of Islam 248 in political system 268 Poor People’s Campaign and 268 radicalism and 288 Republican Party and 299 in slavery 322 vs socialism 325 Supreme Court and 337 third world and 343 underclass in 356 Carmichael, Stokely 25, 61, 61, 134, 138, 140, 175, 224, 334, 370 See also Black Power movement Carr, Baker v 26–27 Carter, Jimmy 10, 28, 56, 62, 219, 393 Census, U.S 62–64, 285 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Swann v 339 Chisholm, Shirley 64–65, 141, 277 citizen diplomacy 65, 111, 145, 187, 215, 316 citizenship 65–66, 118, 120–121, 148, 189, 319 City of Richmond v J A Croson 9, 102–103, 153 civic culture 66, 255 civil disobedience 33, 66–67, 198, 305, 326–327, 334, 389 See also Freedom Rides; protest; sit-ins civil liberties 67, 138, 207 civil rights 67–68 See also equality; freedom black codes and 38–39 vs civil liberties 67 in Congress 89 conservative coalition and 94 Democratic Party and 114 EEOC and 129 executive orders on 132 filibuster and 144 ghettos and 164 Grant, Ulysses S., and 161 Harrison, Benjamin, and 170–171 Humphrey, Hubert, and 177 interest groups for 183 under Johnson, Andrew 189–190 Johnson, Lyndon B., on 191 Kennedy, Edward, and 195 litigation and 210 vs natural rights 248–249 Obadele, Imari, and 253 oppression and 254 Reagan and 291 in Reconstruction 292 Republican Party and 161, 298 Roosevelt and 304 separation of powers and 313 in slavery 320 in Southern strategy 329 in state and local government 331 Supreme Court and 337–339 Terrell, Mary Church, and 341 under Truman 349 in Universal Declaration of Human Rights 359 violations of, by FBI 138 Wells-Barnett and 383 white backlash against 385–386 Civil Rights Act of 1964 68, 68–69 Birmingham demonstrations and 33 bureaucracy under 55 Civil Rights Division under 70 in Civil Rights movement 72 colleges and universities and 174 commerce clause and 84 in Congress 89 conservative coalition and 95 desegregation and 116 discrimination under 117 filibuster and 144 Freedom Rides and 151 gays and 158 Goldwater and 161 in Heart of Atlanta Motel v United States 172 Humphrey, Hubert, and 177 individual racism under 181–182 under Johnson, Lyndon B 7, 68, 191 Kennedy, Edward, and 195 under Kennedy, John F 196 King and 198 liberalism in 207 March on Washington and 218 Meredith, James, and 224 Mitchell, Clarence, and 228 political system and 268 protest and 279 segregation and 310, 313 Southern Christian Leadership Conference and 327 Wallace, George, and 372 War on Poverty and 375 women and 158 civil rights cases of 1883 69, 148, 170, 319, 352 Civil Rights Commission, U.S 56, 68, 69 Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice 56, 70, 194 See also Civil Rights Commission, U.S.; Shaw v Reno Civil Rights movement 70–73, 72 agenda of 36 anthem of 383–384 Baker, Ella, in 25–26 in Birmingham 33 black church and 241 Black Power movement and 43–44 black public opinion in 280 churches in 38 civil disobedience during 67 coalitions and 79 cold war and 196, 364 at colleges and universities 174 Communist Party and 86 education in 306 federalism and 138 feminist movement and 71, 139 Freedom Rides in 150 Freedom Songs in 150 ghettos in 164, 186 Hamer, Fannie Lou, in 167 Hamilton, Charles V., in 168 in Harlem 169 Height, Dorothy, in 172–173 Highlander Folk School in 173 at Howard University 51, 176 “I Have a Dream” in 179 immigration laws and 231 individual racism in 43, 182 internal inferiorization and 185 Jackson, Jesse, in 186 Jones, Mack H., in 192 Kennedy, John F., and 196 King in 198–199 Ku Klux Klan during 200 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 206 leadership establishment in 204 Legal Defense Fund in 206 Lewis, John, in 207 Malcolm X on 215 March on Washington in 217 Marshall in 218–219 Martin, Louis, in 219 Mayfield, Curtis, in 220 McCarthyism in 220 media and 221, 223 mixed race in 83 Montgomery bus boycott in 229 music in 232, 384 NAACP and 71, 236 National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs in 240 Nation of Islam on 230 Niagara movement in 251 Nixon and 251 Parks, Rosa, in 257–258 Pierce, Samuel, in 258 political incorporation in 263 political participation and 263 political repression of 79, 137–138, 265 political socialization during 267 political system challenged by 268 Poor People’s Campaign in 268 protest in 71, 277–278 Randolph in 290 religiosity in 296 Robeson, Paul, in 303 Rowan, Carl, and 304 Rustin in 305 segregation after 329 Selma demonstrations in 312 SNCC in 334 The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois) in 326 Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 327 state and local government and 331 Supreme Court and 337–338 Trotter, William Monroe, in 348 Twenty-fourth Amendment and 354 United Nations and 358 Urban League in 359–360 in urban politics 361 Wallace, George, and 370 Walters, Ronald, in 373 War on Poverty and 164, 375 Watts riot and 380 welfare rights and 246 white backlash against 386 whites in 204 White, Walter, in 385 Wilkins, Roy, in 389 women in 314 Young, Andrew, in 392 Young, Whitney, in 393 Civil War 73, 111, 145, 158, 225, 267, 300, 351 Clark, Kenneth 21, 52–53, 73–74, 184, 192, 238 Clark-Atlanta University See Atlanta University class stratification 4, 39, 74–75, 106 Clay, Cassius Marcellus See Ali, Muhammad Clinton, Bill 6, 12, 28, 50, 56, 60, 65, 70, 75, 76–78, 77, 146, 166, 169, 193–194, 247, 382, 390 coalition(s) 2, 78–79, 139, 171, 181, 270 Coalition of Black Trade Unionists 78 COINTELPRO 42, 79–80, 175, 195, 199, 265, 301, 310 See also FBI cold war 30, 80–81, 85, 196, 291, 349, 364 Colfax massacre 81–82, 294, 337 college and universities 11, 27–28, 173–174 colonialism 25, 30, 48, 54, 80–81, 82–83, 134–135, 156, 184, 208, 256, 343, 358, 364, 366, 386–387 See also internal colonialism colonialization 2, 129 See also American Colonialization Society Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 412 Index color stratification 83–84, 166 commerce clause 84–85, 152–153, 170, 172, 345, 376 communism 59, 80–81, 85, 99, 179, 220, 265, 291, 305, 343, 364 Communist Party 17, 85–86, 108, 122, 169, 220, 244, 326 community control 86–87, 91 Compromise of 1877 87, 126, 172, 200, 288, 294, 298, 367, 386 Congress 87–90 on affirmative action 12 African Americans in 49, 64, 87–90, 108–109, 116–117, 202, 207, 272, 300, 360, 384, 393 black leadership in 203 See also Congressional Black Caucus District of Columbia and 117–118 petitions submitted to 15 power of 96 representation in 53, 89–90, 112, 125, 162, 171, 229, 298, 360 in two-party system 355 West Indians in 384 Congressional Black Caucus 36, 77, 90–91, 99, 102, 116, 146, 152, 162, 166, 177–178, 204, 242–243, 252, 347, 368, 373, 379 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 44, 86, 91, 92, 136, 140, 150, 151, 204, 258, 305 Connerly, Ward 10, 92–93, 277 conservatism 46, 93–94, 161, 179, 197, 249, 291, 330, 338, 344, 356–357, 379, 389 conservative coalition 87, 94–95 Constitution xi, 2, 9, 16, 48, 87, 95–97, 97–98, 120–121, 155, 181, 207, 211, 275–276, 313–314, 324, 337, 344, 367 See also Bill of Rights; commerce clause; due process clause; equal protection clause; fugitive slave clause; three-fifths clause; specific amendments constitutionalism 97–98, 207, 236, 325, 376 contracts 11, 152–153 See also Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena; City of Richmond v J A Croson; Office of Federal Contract Compliance convention movements 98, 203, 244 Conyers, John 100, 102, 297 Cook, Samuel Du Bois 24, 98 co-optation 4, 45, 98–99, 162, 168, 181, 206, 326, 356 CORE See Congress of Racial Equality Council on African Affairs 80–81, 99, 146, 303, 347 Council of Negro Women See National Council of Negro Women CPUSA See Communist Party criminal justice system 99–102, 182, 194, 200, 315, 366, 376 See also judicial process Crisis magazine 28–29, 121–122, 169–170, 221–223, 236, 293, 385, 389 Croson, J A., City of Richmond v 9, 102–103, 153 Crummell, Alexander 25, 65, 103, 145, 256, 340 Cruse, Harold 36, 104 cultural nationalism 18, 30, 36, 45, 105, 201 culture 19, 40, 104–105, 142, 149–150, 159, 296, 314 See also African-American politics; civic culture; culture of poverty culture of poverty 105–106, 356–357 Cummings v Board of Education 106–107, 308, 337 D Davis, Angela 85–86, 108, 158 Dawson, William L 108–109 death penalty 49, 101, 206–207 Declaration of Independence xi, 16, 109–111, 120, 130–145, 180–181, 188, 207, 248, 297, 314, 324, 387 Delany, Martin R 16, 25, 39, 65, 111–112, 145, 203, 225, 244, 256, 294 Dellums, Ronald 85, 112 democracy xi, 112–113, 144, 181, 236, 260, 263–264, 280, 297, 367, 384 Democracy in America (Tocqueville) 113–114, 337 Democratic Party 28, 41, 76, 114–115, 187, 193, 219, 228, 245, 298–299, 329, 349, 354–355, 373, 384 Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 176, 258, 381 Department of Justice See Justice Department deracialization 115–116, 168, 389–390 desegregation 49, 53, 56, 68, 81, 116, 133, 182, 196–197, 336, 339 See also busing Diggs, Charles 90, 116–117, 118, 242, 303, 347, 358 diplomacy, citizen 65, 111, 187 discrimination 117 See also racism; sexism in American racism 287 Civil Rights Act and 68 in criminal justice system 100–102 in employment 374 executive orders on 132–133 ghettos and 159 in military 225 National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs and 240 in New Deal 250 Niagara movement and 251 in northern U.S cities 164 oppression and 254 in presidency 276 reparations for 297 sexual preference-based 158 Supreme Court on 338 Thirteenth Amendment and 344 United Nations and 358 violence in 366 under Wallace, George 371 welfare state and 381 disparate impact 8–9, 49, 70, 117, 164–165, 181–182, 338, 368 disparate treatment 9, 70, 117, 164, 181 District of Columbia 52, 116–117, 117–118, 123, 354 Douglass, Frederick 118–120, 119 in abolitionist movement 1, 119 in African-American thought 16 agenda of 36 black nationalism and 39 on Constitution, racism of 121 Delany, Martin R., and 111 diplomacy of 65 feminism of 119–120, 139 in foreign policy 145 Garnett, Henry Highland, and 154–155 Garrison, William, Lloyd, and 119, 155 on Grant, Ulysses S 161 Hayes, Rutherford B., and 294 leadership of 154, 203, 205 in National Negro Convention 244 as public intellectual 279 on Republican Party 355 on sexism 314 on Sumner, Charles 336 on trust among African Americans 105 Tubman and 351 Wells-Barnett and 382 Dred Scott v Sanford 65–67, 95, 110–111, 120–121, 148, 337 Drugs, War on 101–102 Du Bois, W E B 121–122, 122 See also Souls of Black Folk, The African-American studies and 14 Aptheker, Herbert, and 23 at Atlanta University 24 in back-to-Africa movement 25 on balance of power 28–29 Bandung Conference and 30 on black church 37 black nationalism and 39 citizen diplomacy of 145–146 Civil Rights movement and 71 cold war position of 80–81 communism and 85 in Council on African Affairs 99 Crummell, Alexander, and 103 diplomacy of 65 on education, integration vs segregation in 308 FBI and 138, 175 Garvey, Marcus, and 83, 157 www.Ebook777.com leadership of 205 media used by 221 in NAACP 235–236, 238 names used by 239 in Niagara movement 36, 251 Pan-Africanism and 256 on Reconstruction 292–293 self-help and 312 Talented Tenth and 340 United Nations and 177 Washington, Booker T., and 174, 327, 379 v White, Walter 385 on whiteness 386 on white women, opposition of 140 Wilson, Woodrow, and 390 due process clause 123, 130, 148, 172, 337 Duke Power Co., Griggs v 9, 164–165 Dyer antilynching bill 35, 71, 123–124, 190–191, 213 E education See schools and education elected officials 125, 192 electoral college 126–127, 354–355, 372, 384 Elementary and Secondary Education Act 47, 127, 161, 164, 191, 309 El-Shabazz, El-Hajj Malik See Malcolm X Emancipation Proclamation 73, 127–129, 128, 132, 156, 180, 235, 288, 322, 336 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 8, 56, 129–130, 252 equality 130 in African-American politics xi–xii, 15 assimilation vs integration in 199 coalitions in 79 cold war and 81 in criminal justice system 194 in Declaration of Independence 110–111, 120, 130, 188, 387 in democracy 113 in due process clause 130 in education 51–53, 127, 306 vs freedom in Gettysburg address 158–159 ghetto and 330 in “I Have a Dream” 179–180 integration and 182 interest groups and 183 Lincoln and 209 natural rights in 248 in political culture 262 in post–civil rights era 271 public opinion on 281 public policy and 282–283 in Reconstruction 292 in representation 297 riots and 302 Index 413 segregation and 51–53, 57 self-help and 311 in separate but equal 106–107 slavery and 323–324 in socialism 325 in state and local government 331 Supreme Court on 337 underclass and 330 United Nations and 357 Washington, Booker T., and 377 white backlash against 385 equal protection clause 6, 9, 52, 84, 117, 123, 130–131, 148, 172, 227, 313, 376 Ethiopian Manifesto Issued in Defense of the Black Man’s Right in the Scale of Universal Freedom, The (Young) 16, 149, 249 ethnicity 131, 231, 261, 269 Evers, Medgar 132, 201 executive orders 132–133, 196, 216 executive power See presidency F Fanon, Frantz 19, 42–43, 134–135, 184, 250, 366 Farmer, James 64, 91, 136, 150, 218 Farrakhan, Louis 22, 25, 38–39, 65, 136–137, 137, 204, 215, 225, 230–231, 248 See also Million Man march; Nation of Islam FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 137–138, 157, 174–175, 220, 230, 243, 253, 258, 265, 289, 300–301, 315 See also COINTELPRO Federal Contract Compliance, Office of 253 federalism 32, 93, 107, 117, 123, 138–139, 147, 159, 194, 208, 213, 264, 309, 318, 331, 345, 361, 367, 387 feminism 139–142 See also women in abolitionist movement 2, 139–140 in African-American politics 139–142, 277 in African-American studies 14 black church and 38 Black Power movement and 43, 46 Black Radical Congress and 47 of Chisholm, Shirley 64–65 Civil Rights movement and 71, 139 of Davis, Angela 108 of Douglass 119–120, 139 of Garrison, William Lloyd 155 Kennedy, Edward, and 195 National Council of Negro Women and 244 National Political Congress of Black Women and 245 protest and 279 rap music and 290 of Stewart, Maria W 332 of Terrell, Mary Church 341 of Truth, Sojourner 350 of Wells-Barnett 383 Ferguson, Plessy v See Plessy v Ferguson Fifteenth Amendment 2, 67, 120, 140, 142–144, 143, 288, 350, 367–368 See also voting rights filibuster 144, 313 Fletcher, Arthur, Jr 8, 144–145, 258 foreign policy 55, 145–146, 216, 273, 298, 304, 347, 373 forty acres and a mule 147, 297, 333, 336 Fourteenth Amendment 2, 33, 66–67, 85, 138–140, 147–148, 190, 194, 288, 299, 318, 345–346 See also due process clause Franklin, John Hope 148–149, 150 Freedmen’s Bureau 55, 149, 174, 176, 189, 202, 288, 327 freedom 149–150 in African-American politics xi–xii, 15, 149–150 in black culture 105 coalitions in 79 in Declaration of Independence 109–110 in Dred Scott v Sanford 120–121 education in 306 Emancipation Proclamation and 127 vs equality of free Negroes 151 in Gettysburg Address 158–159, 210 in “I Have a Dream” 179–180 interest groups and 183 Lincoln and 209 natural rights in 248 oppression and 254 in post–civil rights era 271 power and 274 radicalism and 288 in Reconstruction 292 self-help and 311 slavery and 323–324 in social-contract theory 324 in state and local government 331 Supreme Court on 337 United Nations and 357 Washington, Booker T., and 377 white backlash against 385 Freedom Rides 91, 136, 150–151, 151, 305 “Freedom Songs” 150, 232 free Negroes 15, 59, 65, 143, 151–152, 203, 306 fugitive slave clause 97, 151, 152, 322 full employment 115, 152, 168, 171, 178, 198, 269 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 See Humphrey-Hawkins Act Fullilove v Klutznick 6, 103, 152–153 G gag rule 3, 5, 89, 154, 211, 265 Garnett, Henry Highland 1, 119, 145, 154–155, 203, 244, 370 Garrison, William Lloyd 1–2, 119, 121, 155–156, 235 Garvey, Marcus M 17, 24–25, 83, 138, 145, 156–157, 157, 175, 205, 214, 239 See also Universal Negro Improvement Association gay rights movement 43, 46–47, 71, 108, 141–142, 157–158, 195, 279, 305 See also homosexuality Gettysburg Address 73, 158–159, 210 ghetto 159–160 See also Harlem in African-American studies 168 black businesses in 60 black community in 39 black nationalism in 267 city government and 361–363 in Civil Rights movement 186, 380 Congressional elections and 88 Department of Housing and Urban Development and 176 education in 308–309 equality and 330 Great Migration and 164 institutional racism in 380 NAACP and 238 in political socialization 266–267 poverty in 160, 269, 374, 380 rap music and 290 riots in 196–197, 300–302, 366 self-help and 283 SNCC and 334 underclass in 356 unemployment in 178 Urban League in 359–360, 393 welfare rights and 246 work in 335 globalization 160–161, 177, 231, 336, 343, 356 Goldwater, Barry 161, 291, 299, 329 government, state and local 331–332 Grant, Ulysses S 28, 161–162, 200, 294 Gray, William H 90, 162 Great Migration 28, 159, 162–164, 163, 169, 200, 301, 361, 382 Great Society 127, 138, 161, 164, 191, 246, 291, 330, 361, 374, 381 Griggs v Duke Power Co 9, 117, 164–165, 182, 206 H Haiti 166–167, 347 Hamer, Fannie Lou 140, 167, 205, 228–229 Hamilton, Charles V 115, 152, 167–168 See also Black Power movement Hare, Nathan 14, 168 Harlem 168–169, 193, 384 Harlem Renaissance 105, 169–170, 191, 249 Harris, Patricia Roberts 170 Harrison, Benjamin 126, 170–171, 298 Hatcher, Richard 171, 242, 288, 331 Hawkins, Augustus 90, 171 Hayes, Rutherford B 28, 87, 126, 171–172, 294, 329 Heart of Atlanta Motel v United States 69, 84, 172 Height, Dorothy 141, 172–173, 218, 243 Highlander Folk School 173, 383 hip-hop 290–291 historically black colleges and universities 173–174 See also Atlanta University; schools and education HIV-AIDS 18, 68, 282 Holden, Matthew, Jr 104, 131, 174–175, 192, 262, 299 Holiday, Billie 232, 232, 333–334 home rule, for District of Columbia 116–118 homosexuality 18, 68, 158, 254 See also gay rights movement Hoover, J Edgar 42, 79, 137–138, 175–176, 199 House of Representatives See Congress Housing and Urban Development (HUD), U.S Department of 170, 176 Houston, Charles 51, 176, 210, 218 Howard University 7, 14, 51, 54, 61, 98, 118, 149, 168, 174, 176–177, 192, 218, 244, 373 human rights 177, 320 Humphrey, Hubert H 177–178 Humphrey-Hawkins Act 49, 62, 115, 152, 178 See also full employment I ideology 41, 179, 182, 236, 242, 244, 254, 264–265, 301, 380 “I Have a Dream” speech 10, 16, 105, 179–181, 180 See also March on Washington of 1963 incorporation, political 45, 263, 326 individualism 9, 27–28, 104, 130, 181, 182, 207–208, 247, 281, 284, 291, 325, 330 individual racism 9, 43, 46, 70, 117, 164, 181–182, 210, 374 inferiorization, internal 184–185 institutional racism 8–9, 19, 43, 46, 70, 102, 117, 164–165, 181, 182, 198, 210, 238, 304, 327, 338, 355, 380, 382 integration 182–183 vs assimilation 199 black businesses and 60 black community and 39 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 414 Index integration (continued) black nationalism and 40 Clark, Kenneth, and 74 vs community control 86 Connerly, Ward, and 93 vs co-optation 99 Cruse, Harold, on 104 in democracy 113 vs desegregation 56, 116 Douglass and 120, 154 Du Bois and 121–122 equality of results in 130 Garrison, William Lloyd, and 155 ghettos and 160 Hawkins, Augustus, and 171 Holden, Matthew, and 175 Jefferson, on 188 Johnson, James Weldon, and 190 King and 199 Lincoln on 209 media and 222 of military 365 Mitchell, Clarence, and 228 music and 233 NAACP and 236 in Nation of Islam 136 pluralism and 260 Randolph and 290 Rustin and 305 of schools 308 Urban League and 359 White, Walter, and 385 interest groups 45–46, 183, 211, 254, 260 internal colonialism 46, 83, 175, 184, 250 internal inferiorization 35, 53, 73–74, 134, 183, 184–185, 249, 254, 282, 345, 366 Islam See Nation of Islam J Jackson, Jesse 12, 38–39, 50, 65, 137, 146, 171, 186–187, 187, 205, 241–242, 245, 254, 269, 277, 314–315, 327, 373 See also Rainbow Coalition J A Croson, Inc See City of Richmond v J A Croson Jefferson, Thomas 16, 32, 109–111, 114, 166, 188 Jim Crow 189 See also segregation Johnson, Andrew 149, 189–190, 282, 293, 333, 336 Johnson, James Weldon 190–191, 236, 249, 327 Johnson, Lyndon B 7, 55, 68, 68, 127, 176, 191, 199, 219, 365 See also Great Society Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies 12–13, 36, 74, 125, 192, 219 Jones, Leroi See Baraka, Imamu Akiri Jones, Mack H 13–15, 24, 192–193, 274 Jones, Raymond, J 193 Jordan, Vernon 77, 193–194, 360 judicial process 99–100, 194, 200 See also criminal justice system Justice Department, United States 99–100, 194, 200, 368 See also Civil Rights Division K Karenga, Ron 18, 30, 105, 195 Kennedy, Edward M 50, 195 Kennedy, John F 6–7, 28, 55, 68, 72, 176, 196, 215, 219 Kerner Report 21, 100, 196–197, 223, 301 Keyes, Alan 197, 277 Keyes v School District No 1, Denver, Colorado 56, 197, 339 King, Martin Luther, Jr 180, 198–199, 199, 328 See also “I Have a Dream” speech; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) An American Dilemma (Myrdal) and 21–22 assassination of 175 in Birmingham demonstrations 33 on black power 44 civil disobedience of 67 communism and 85 CORE and 92 at Highlander Folk School 173 integration used by 182 Jackson, Jesse, and 186 vs Jackson, J H 241 leadership of 72, 205 in March on Washington 218 media used by 221–222 Meredith, James, and 224 militancy of 224, 380 in Montgomery bus boycott 229, 257–258 on music 232 music used by 384 Nation of Islam on 230 Pierce, Samuel, and 258 political repression of 79, 138, 175, 220, 265 in Poor People’s Campaign 268 protest strategy of 278 on riots 380 Rowan, Carl, and 304 SNCC and 334 Vietnam War opposed by 146, 365, 375 Young, Andrew, and 392 King, Rodney 100, 200, 242 Klutznick, Fullilove v 6, 152–153 knowledge power base xii, 3, 23, 35–36, 47, 51, 55, 106–107, 173 See also schools and education Ku Klux Klan 61, 79, 157, 175, 200–201, 212, 294, 366 Kwanza 30, 105, 195, 201, 257 L labor unions 49, 78, 183, 250 Langston, John Mercer 202–203, 294 leadership 77–78, 94, 154, 203–206, 236, 242, 255, 273, 292, 340, 364, 373, 377 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 177, 206 Legal Defense Fund 51, 170, 206–207, 210, 218, 308, 337–338, 385 Lewis, John 44, 207, 218, 312, 334 liberalism 41, 76, 179, 181, 187, 195, 207–208, 218, 238, 247, 250, 281, 291, 304, 325, 349, 351, 359, 376, 385 Liberia 21, 25, 48, 103, 208–209 “Lift Every Voice and Sing” 249 Lincoln, Abraham 2–3, 73, 119, 127–129, 128, 149, 209, 209–210, 235, 249, 293 litigation 51, 71, 120, 206, 210–211, 218, 229, 236, 308, 313, 326, 336, 368 lobbying 3, 50–51, 71, 206, 210, 211–212, 213, 228, 236, 244, 246, 289, 313, 326, 328, 336, 347, 381 local government See state and local government Locke, John 323–325 lynching 35, 37, 61, 123, 139, 194, 200, 210–211, 212, 212–213, 221, 236, 240, 294, 304, 333, 366, 379, 382, 384–385 See also Dyer antilynching bill M Madison, James 32, 89, 96–97, 248, 313, 346 Malcolm X 214–216 Ali, Muhammad, and 19 in back-to-Africa movement 25 “Ballot or the Bullet” speech of 29–30, 215 black nationalism and 39 Black Panthers and 42, 216 Black Power movement and 14, 43, 216 community control and 86 diplomacy of 65, 215 Farrakhan and 136 FBI and 138, 175, 215 on integration 182–183 leadership of 205 on March on Washington 218 militancy of 224 Muhammad, Elijah, and 214–215, 230–231 in Nation of Islam 214–215, 248 “Negro” and 35, 239 Obadele, Imari, and 253 Rowan, Carl, and 304 Rustin and 305 Vietnam War opposed by 146, 365 Walker’s Appeal and 370 Marable, Manning 47, 216, 225 March on Washington of 1963 158, 290, 305, 360, 389, 393 March on Washington movement 37, 49, 71, 129, 216–217, 290, 305 See also Million Man march March on Washington of 1963 173, 178, 216–217, 217–218 Marshall, Thurgood 10, 27, 51, 57, 103, 176, 205–206, 210, 218–219, 219, 227, 236, 308, 374, 392 Martin, Louis 37, 219 www.Ebook777.com Marx, Karl xii, 85, 131, 160 Mayfield, Curtis 36, 220, 232 McCarthyism 81, 86, 220–221, 364 media 3, 18, 33, 90, 163–164, 211, 214, 219, 221–223, 266–267, 278, 385 See also music melting pot 46, 223–224 See also assimilation Meredith, James 132, 224 Meredith march 43–44, 198, 224 militancy 224–225 in abolitionist movement 50, 353 vs accommodationism “black” and 35 in Black Arts movement 36–37 black power and 44–45 of Dellums, Ronald 112 of Garnett, Henry Highland 154 of Hare, Nathan 168 in “I Have a Dream” speech 181 of King 198–199, 380 of Lewis, John 207 of Malcolm X 214, 224 in music 220 of Nation of Islam 225, 230, 248 political socialization and 267 of Powell, Adam Clayton 272 of Randolph 289 of rap music 290 riots and 302 of sit-ins 318 of SNCC 228, 334 of Southern Christian Leadership Conference 327 of Thomas, Clarence 345 of Trotter, William Monroe 348 of Universal Negro Improvement Association 157 of Wells-Barnett 383 of West Indians 384 of Wilder, Douglas 389 military 55, 225–226, 226, 273, 298, 365, 390 Milliken v Bradley 57, 227, 308, 339 Million Man march 136, 220, 227, 373 minority group 227, 270, 368 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 25–26, 43, 47, 140, 147, 167, 228, 305, 334 Mitchell, Clarence 228 money power base xii, 211–212 Montgomery bus boycott 198, 229, 257–258, 305 Montgomery, Isaiah T 228–229, 356 morality power base xii, 1, 3, 155, 196 Moseley-Braun, Carol 49, 88, 116, 229 Moses, Robert 228, 229–230, 334 See also Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Index 415 Muhammad, Elijah 136, 138, 146, 175, 214–215, 230–231, 247 See also Nation of Islam Muhammad, W Deen (Wallace) 22, 136, 248 multiculturalism 46, 149, 160, 205–206, 231–232, 303 music 149–150, 169, 199, 220, 232–233, 267, 315, 327, 333, 384 See also media Myrdal, Gunnar 3, 21, 52–53, 233–234, 277, 356 See also American Dilemma, An N NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 235–238, 237 See also Legal Defense Fund Baker, Ella, and 25–26 The Birth of a Nation and 35, 236 vs black nationalism 331 Brown v Board of Education and 236 budget of 212 Bunche, Ralph, in 54 Civil Rights movement and 71, 236 cold war position of 80–81 Congressional Black Caucus and 91 Du Bois in 235–236 Dyer, Leonidas, and 123 in education 308 Evers, Medgar, with 132 formation of 300 full employment and 152 ghettos and 267 Harris, Patricia Roberts, with 170 homosexuality and 158 Houston, Charles, and 176 Johnson, James Weldon, in 190 Jordan, Vernon, in 193 King, Rodney, and 100 in leadership establishment 204 leadership of 236 litigation by 51, 210, 236 See also Legal Defense Fund lobbying by 51, 210–211, 213, 236, 250 Marshall in 218 McCarthyism and 175 media of 222 militancy of 224 Mitchell, Clarence, with 228 Niagara movement and 251 on Nixon 252 organization of 235–236 Parks, Rosa, in 258 political repression of 175, 265 in post–civil rights era 238 v radicalism 331 on riots 380 self-help and 312 SNCC and 334 Socialist Party and 326 on Social Security Act 381 Southern Christian Leadership Conference and 327 Spingarn, Joel, in 330 Terrell, Mary Church, in 341 Trotter, William Monroe, in 348 Vietnam War opposed by 364 Wells-Barnett in 383 whites in 45, 235–236, 330 White, Walter, in 385 Wilkins, Roy, in 389 women in 140 names controversy 239–240 See also “African American”; “black” National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 196–197 National Afro-American League 71, 203 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People See NAACP National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs 32, 141, 204, 240, 341, 351, 383 National Baptist Convention 240–241 National Black Election Study 241–242 National Black Leadership Roundtable (NBLR) 242 National Black Political Convention 20, 30, 36, 57, 64, 91, 98, 116, 141, 171, 216, 242–243, 288, 342, 373 National Conference of Black Political Scientists 193, 243 National Council of Negro Women 32, 80–81, 141, 172, 204, 243–244 National Negro Congress 80–81, 98, 177, 244, 290, 358 National Negro Convention 2, 20, 36, 98, 119, 152, 154–155, 202, 244–245 National Political Congress of Black Women 141–142, 245 National Urban League See Urban League National Welfare Rights Organization 245–247, 259, 271 Nation of Islam 19, 22, 60, 79, 136–137, 156–158, 175, 204, 214–215, 223, 225, 230, 247–248, 297, 306, 365 See also Farrakhan, Louis; Muhammad, Elijah natural rights 15, 32, 67, 95, 109, 130, 150, 177, 180, 207, 248–249, 254, 320, 323–324, 337, 359 negritude 48, 103, 170, 249 “Negro” 35–36, 63, 239 Negro national anthem 190, 249 New Deal 32, 37, 79, 84, 94, 138, 159, 249–250, 284, 337, 381 See also Roosevelt, Franklin D Newton, Huey 41, 134, 175, 216, 250, 250–251 Niagara movement 36, 71, 122, 140, 204, 235, 251, 277, 348 Nineteenth Amendment 140, 368 Nixon, E D 229, 257 Nixon, Richard 8, 35–37, 46, 56–57, 60, 90, 101, 246, 251–252, 329, 360, 365 Northern states 1, 4, 73, 110, 114, 143, 151, 159, 252, 372, 386 See also Great Migration O Obadele, Imari A 253, 297 O’Connor, Sandra Day 28, 39, 103, 316 Office of Federal Contract Compliance 56, 252, 253 Operation Breadbasket 186, 254, 315, 327, 335 Operation PUSH 186–187, 254, 289 Opportunity magazine 169–170, 222, 359 oppression 40, 59, 105, 132, 134–135, 183, 212, 239, 254, 256, 265, 383 organization 254–255 Organization of Afro-American Unity 35, 136, 215, 231, 255 P Pan-Africanism 25, 40, 45, 48, 62, 83, 103, 121–122, 156–157, 239, 249, 356–357, 359, 370, 373 Paris Peace Conference 348, 358, 390–391 Parks, Rosa 229, 257, 257–258 Parris, Robert See Moses, Robert party, as power base xii Pena, Adarand Constructors Inc v 6, 9, 153 Philadelphia Plan 8, 144, 252–253, 258 Pierce, Samuel 258–259 Piven, Frances Fox 246, 259, 375 Plessy v Ferguson 51, 148, 174, 210, 259–260, 307–308, 310, 319, 337 See also Cummings v Board of Education; separate but equal pluralism 45–46, 168, 183, 260–261, 275, 375 plural society 104, 231, 261–262, 378 political culture 262, 263, 266, 296, 387 political incorporation 4, 99, 193, 260, 263 political machines 109, 360–361 political participation 263–264 in black church 38, 241 in democracy 113 federalism and 139 after Great Society reforms 164 importance of 366–367 media and 267 by Nation of Islam 247–248 organization in 254 in political incorporation 263 protection of 81–82 protest as 263, 279 during Reconstruction 294 religiosity in 296 in state and local government 331 studies of 373 in urban politics 360–363 of West Indians 384 political parties 264 See also Democratic Party; Republican Party; third parties political repression 264–265 See also COINTELPRO; FBI; Hoover, J Edgar of abolitionist movement 154 at colleges and universities 174 of Council on African Affairs 347 in Haiti 166 of Highlander Folk School 173 of King 199 lynching as 213 during McCarthy era 175 of media 222 post-Reconstruction 87, 172 of radicalism 85 of Randolph 289 of Republic of New Africa 299–300 of Robeson, Paul 303 of Seale, Bobby 310 after slave revolts 353 of SNCC 335 of socialism 325 solidarity and 319 of United States 195 of Walker’s Appeal 370 Warren, Earl, and 376 after Watts riot 380 political science 54, 98, 192–193 See also National Conference of Black Political Scientists political socialization 37–38, 262, 266–267, 290 political system 59, 98, 112, 179, 183, 210, 262, 267–268, 322, 326 Poole, Elijah See Muhammad, Elijah Poor People’s Campaign 152, 178, 186, 198, 246, 268–270, 271, 327, 392 population 270, 298 populist movements 270–271 post–civil rights era 4, 238, 271 poverty 75, 115, 160, 169, 198, 238, 246, 269–270, 271–272, 327, 343, 361–363, 367, 374, 380, 390, 393 See also War on Poverty Poverty, War on See War on Poverty Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr 30, 43–44, 65, 88, 109, 138, 175, 193, 205, 272, 272, 284, 314–315 Powell, Colin L 145, 158, 226, 273–274, 274, 358 Powell, Lewis 27–28, 101 power xi–xii, 13, 96, 159, 183, 227, 254, 274–275, 286–287, 306, 319–320, 335–336, 375 power elite 170, 260, 265, 275, 279, 298, 326, 386 presidency 76, 273, 275–276 presidential campaign 56, 64, 187, 276–277, 370, 372–373 See also balance of power Prestage, Jewel L 277 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 416 Index Proposition 209 10, 12, 92, 277 protest 277–279, 278 See also boycotts; civil disobedience vs accommodationism 4, 205, 277, 327 antiwar 145 Bunche, Ralph, in 54 of busing 57 in Civil Rights movement 71, 277–278 Farmer, James, in 136 Freedom Rides as 150 Jackson, Jesse, in 186 Lewis, John, in 207 litigation and 210 in media 222 of Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 228 music of 232 as political participation 263, 279 of Powell, Adam Clayton 272 by Rainbow Coalition 289 in rap music 290 of Sharpton 314–315 by SNCC 334 in social movements 326 by Southern Christian Leadership Conference 327–328 in United Nations 358 under Wilkins, Roy 389 public intellectuals 279–280 public opinion 10–11, 44, 211, 227, 236, 241–242, 246–247, 269, 280–282, 297, 299, 338, 344, 375 public policy 36, 55, 94–95, 152, 159, 260, 276, 279, 282–283, 284, 286–287, 333, 337, 341, 357, 390 Q quotas 7, 9, 27, 56, 284, 368 R race 63, 131, 280–281, 285–286, 342 race riots 300–301, 366 racism 286–287 See also institutional racism; individual racism African-American politics and 13 in Birmingham demonstrations 33 in black nationalism 40 cold war and 364 vs constitutionalism 376 feminism and 142 filibuster in maintaining 144 in Gary, Indiana 171 globalization and 160 in Griggs v Duke Power Co 164 of Hoover, J Edgar 174 individualism and 281 in internal colonialism 184 Jefferson and 188 of Johnson, Andrew 189 in judicial process 194 in New Deal 250 oppression and 254 in pluralism 260 in political machines 360–361 in political system 268 in populist movements 270 poverty and 271 in presidency 276 in public opinion 281 in public policy 276, 282 Reagan and 291 riots caused by 197 in Socialist Party 326 in third parties 342 in Third World 343 in three-fifths clause 346 United Nations and 358 of Wallace, George 370 in welfare state 381 white supremacy in 387 of Wilson, Woodrow 390 radicalism 288 of Black Panthers 42 black power and 45 of Black Radical Congress 47 of Davis, Angela 108 of Dellums, Ronald 112 as ideology 179 integration and 183 of King 198 of Marable, Manning 216 McCarthyism and 175 NAACP and 331 of National Black Political Convention 243 National Conference of Black Political Scientists and 243 in National Negro Congress 244 of Nation of Islam 247 political repression of 85, 265 of Poor People’s Campaign 269 in populist movements 270 of Randolph 289 of Robeson, Paul 303 of Rustin, Bayard 305 of SNCC 334 of Watts riot 380 of West Indians 384 Radical Republicans 189, 288, 294, 313, 332, 336 Rainbow Coalition 79, 187, 254, 288–289 Randolph, A Philip 49, 85, 138, 146, 152, 156, 175, 206, 244, 289, 289–290 See also March on Washington movement rap music 170, 216, 232, 245, 290–291 Reagan, Ronald 46, 56, 69–70, 101, 108, 139, 258, 282, 291–292, 329–330, 346 reapportionment See Baker v Carr; Shaw v Reno Reconstruction 292–296, 295 bureaucracy during 55 color stratification and 83 Delany, Martin R., during 111 education during 306 federalism and 138 Fifteenth Amendment during 143 Hayes, Rutherford B., and 171–172 under Johnson, Andrew 189 Ku Klux Klan during 200 Langston, John Mercer, and 202 lynching during 212 media in 221 military during, African Americans in 225 Montgomery, Isaiah T., on 228 National Negro Convention and 244 overthrow of political repression and 265 Republican Party in 298 schools established during 173 separation of powers during 313 in Southern states 329 under state and local government 331 Stevens, Thaddeus, in 332–333 Sumner, Charles, in 336 Washington, Booker T., and 377–378 white backlash against 385 women vs blacks and Regents of the University of California, Bakke v 9, 27–28, 49, 284 religiosity 296 in abolitionist movement 1, 3, 50, 155 in African-American thought 15 in culture 105 freedom in 149–150 homosexuality and 158 of King 199 in music 220 in political culture 262 as power base xii, 37 of Sharpton 315 in slave revolts 319 in The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois) 327 of Stewart, Maria W 332 of Truth, Sojourner 350 of Tubman 350 of Turner, Nat 353 voting and 367 white supremacy and 387–388 Reno, Shaw v 316–317 reparations 2, 70, 147, 253, 297, 299, 301, 304, 322, 333, 336, 347–348, 352, 358 representation 87–90, 125, 211, 275, 297–298, 316, 346, 360, 384 repression See political repression Republican Party 57, 114, 161, 197, 202, 298–299, 329, 342, 351, 355, 373, 379 See also Radical Republicans Republic of New Africa 79, 253, 297, 299–300 Revels, Hiram R 88, 203, 300 riots 17, 100, 117, 164, 169, 196–197, 223, 300–302, 302, www.Ebook777.com 365–366, 372, 386 See also Watts riot Robeson, Paul 65, 80–81, 85, 99, 138, 146, 303 Robinson, Donald 96–97, 126 Robinson, Randall 303–304, 347 Roosevelt, Franklin D 32, 37, 71, 216, 304 See also New Deal Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 110, 323–324 Rowan, Carl 145, 304–305 Rustin, Bayard 85, 115, 152, 158, 175, 214, 216–218, 269, 305, 365 S Sanford, Dred Scott v See Dred Scott v Sanford Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 169, 306 School District No 1, Denver, Colorado, Keyes v 197 schools and education 11, 27–28, 51–53, 75, 106–107, 127, 266, 294, 306–310, 340, 352 See also historically black colleges and universities SCLC See Southern Christian Leadership Conference Seale, Bobby 41, 216, 310 See also Black Panther Party segregation 310–311, 311 See also Jim Crow in American racism 287 vs apartheid 22 Birmingham demonstrations and 33 in Buchanan v Worley 210 of bureaucracy 55 on buses 229 in civil rights cases of 1883 69 colleges and universities and 174 Compromise of 1877 and 87 in District of Columbia 123 end of 52 equality and 51–53, 57 equal protection and 148 Great Migration and 163 Houston, Charles, and 176 human rights and 177 Jackson, Jesse, and 186 Kennedy, John F., and 196 in military 225 in New Deal 250 Niagara movement and 251 Parks, Rosa, and 257–258 as political repression 265 in populist movements 271 Reconstruction and 294 reparations for 297 residential 159 of schools 51–53, 308 SNCC and 334 Southern Christian Leadership Conference and 327 Southern states after 329 Supreme Court on 337 Thirteenth Amendment and 343 violence in 366 Index 417 under Wallace, George 370–372 Wells-Barnett and 383 white flight in 386 whiteness in 386 white supremacy in 52, 376 under Wilson, Woodrow 390 self-help 38, 40, 149, 156, 248, 282–283, 294, 311–312, 330, 335, 341, 359, 377, 379, 383 Selma demonstrations 34, 69, 72, 144, 198, 221, 312, 327, 368, 372, 392 Senate See Congress separate but equal 51, 69, 71, 106–107, 307–308, 312–313 See also Plessy v Ferguson; segregation separation of powers 96, 210, 264, 313, 325, 331 sexism 38, 47, 64, 142, 160, 173, 205, 313–314, 381–382 See also feminism sexual preference See gay rights movement; homosexuality Sharpton, Al 314–316, 315 Shaw v Reno 39, 88, 316–317, 360 See also Voting Rights Act of 1965 sit-ins 71, 317–318, 318, 334 slaughterhouse cases 148, 210, 318–319 slave revolts 3, 25, 50, 155, 166, 265, 277, 319–320, 322, 352–353, 366 slavery 320–322, 321 See also abolitionist movement accommodationism in Adams, John Quincy, and in African-American thought 15 Bill of Rights and 32 black nationalism and 39–40 capitalism and 59 in Civil War, causes of 73 colonialism and 83 color stratification and 83 Constitution and xi, 95–97 Crummell, Alexander, and 103 culture and, effect of 104 in Declaration of Independence xi, 109–110, 188 in District of Columbia 117–118 Douglass in 118 education and 47, 306–307 electoral college and 126 expansion of 120–121 federalism and 138 in foreign policy 145 history of 323 Jefferson and 188 Johnson, Andrew, and 189 Lincoln and 73, 127–129, 209 music in 232 names and 239 vs natural rights 248 Pan-Africanism and 239, 256 petitions on, gag rule on 154 popular election and 126–127 poverty and 271 religiosity and 296 reparations for 147, 297 Republican Party and 298 separation of powers and 313 in social-contract theory 324–325 in Southern states 329 under state and local government 331 in Thirteenth Amendment 343 Tocqueville, Alexis de, on 113–114 Tubman and 350 Turner, Henry, on 351 United Nations and 358 violence in 366 Washington, Booker T., on 379 in Western thought 323–324 whiteness in 386 Smith, Robert C 147, 150 SNCC See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee social-contract theory 15, 67, 95, 99–100, 109, 207, 248, 297, 314, 323, 324–325 socialism 17, 42, 45, 47, 59, 122, 142, 178–179, 198, 216, 235, 265, 268–269, 282, 289, 305, 325 Socialist Party 326 socialization, political 266–267 social movements 43, 46, 71, 259, 326, 342 See also abolitionist movement; Black Power movement; Civil Rights movement solidarity xii, 37, 45, 105, 244, 319 Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois) 71, 103, 122, 185, 256, 312, 326–327 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 25–26, 33, 140, 158, 173, 186, 198, 204, 224, 254, 305, 312, 327–328, 334, 392 Southern states 4, 38–39, 73, 108–109, 114, 151, 252, 270, 328–329, 374, 386 Southern strategy 294, 329, 342, 372 Sowell, Thomas 330 Spingarn, Joel E 147, 236, 330–331 state and local government 26–27, 33, 53, 93, 123, 125, 138, 200, 298, 331–332, 382 See also urban politics Stevens, Thaddeus 147, 288, 332–333, 333 Stewart, Maria W 141, 332 Stokes, Carl 331, 333 “Strange Fruit” 213, 232, 333–334 strategy, Southern 329 stratification 74–75, 83–84 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 334–335 See also Moses, Robert Baker, Ella, and 25–26 in Black Power movement 43, 47 Carmichael, Stokely, in 61–62 Davis, Angela, in 108 Fourteenth Amendment and 147 Freedom Rides of 151 Hamer, Fannie Lou, in 167, 229 at Highlander Folk School 173 in leadership establishment 204 Lewis, John, in 207 Malcolm X and 216 militancy of 228 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and 228 political repression of 79 Rustin and 305 in Selma demonstrations 312 sit-ins and 318 Vietnam War opposed by 146, 365 women in 140 subordinate group 4, 13, 227, 261, 274, 335 See also alienation Sullivan, Leon H 257, 335–336 Sumner, Charles 147, 288, 336 superordinate group 13, 23, 131, 227, 261, 274, 336–337 See also alienation Supreme Court 9, 12, 84–85, 102–103, 218, 294, 337–339, 344, 361 See also specific cases; specific justices Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 56, 197, 308, 339 See also busing T Talented Tenth 25, 71, 103, 117, 121, 159, 174, 176, 205, 251, 256, 279, 327, 340–341, 348, 354, 382 Tennessee, reapportionment of See Baker v Carr Terrell, Mary Church 140, 240, 340–341, 341 think tanks 193, 341–342 See also Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies third parties 1, 127, 276, 342, 354 Third World 80–81, 134, 146, 160, 198, 343, 359 Thirteenth Amendment 67, 73, 147, 156, 288, 322, 343–344 Thomas, Clarence 41, 84, 94, 292, 317, 338, 344–346, 345, 356 three-fifths clause 88, 97, 126, 346–347, 387 Title VII 8, 27, 164 Tocqueville, Alexandre de 113–114, 181 TransAfrica 99, 116, 146, 166, 171, 257, 303, 347–348, 373, 393 Trotter, William Monroe 36, 65, 71, 145–146, 221, 251, 348–349, 379, 390 Truman, Harry S 71, 80, 349–350 Truth, Sojourner 140–141, 203, 350 Tubman, Harriet 203–204, 350–351 Turner, Henry M 25, 69, 145, 294, 297, 351–352 Turner, Nat 203, 277, 296, 319–320, 352–354, 353 Tuskegee Institute 24, 174, 307, 354, 377 Twenty-fourth Amendment 354, 368 Twenty-third Amendment 354 two-party system 62, 126, 161, 264, 325, 354–355 See also Democratic Party; Republican Party U Uncle Tom 4, 24, 356, 377, 379, 390 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) 3, 356, 357 underclass 75, 94, 106, 160, 198, 301, 330, 356–357, 360, 382 See also Wilson, William J Underground Railroad 152, 350 United Nations 54, 116, 144, 146, 177, 215, 285, 322, 357–359, 393 United States, Heart of Atlanta Motel v 172 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 177, 358, 359 Universal Negro Improvement Association 17, 25, 60, 156–157, 175, 193, 204, 222, 230, 247, 256, 359 See also Garvey, Marcus M University of California See Bakke v Regents of the University of California Urban League 359–360 Bethune, Mary McLeod, in 31–32 Brown, Ronald H., with 50 budget of 212 cold war position of 80–81 Congressional Black Caucus and 91 full employment and 152 in ghetto 359–360, 393 Jordan, Vernon, in 193 in leadership establishment 204 lobbying by 250 media of 222 political repression of 175 poverty and 360, 393 on riots 380 self-help and 312 on Social Security Act 381 Southern Christian Leadership Conference and 327 think tank of 341–342 whites in 45 women in 140 Young, Whitney, in 393 urban politics 109, 139, 171, 193, 360–363, 375 US See Karenga, Ron U.S Census 62–64 U.S Civil Rights Commission 69 U.S Constitution See Constitution Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 418 Index V Vietnam War 19, 146, 177, 191, 198–199, 225, 230, 251, 269, 334–335, 364–366, 372, 375, 389 violence 366 See also lynching; riots in abolitionist movement 1, 3, 49–50 in African-American politics xii, 13, 41 African Blood Brotherhood use of 17 of Black Panther Party 41–43 busing and 57 in Civil Rights movement 72 colonialism and 135 color stratification and 184 culture of poverty and 106 desegregation and 53 against Freedom Rides 150–151, 151 Garnett, Henry Highland, and 154 King on 199 against King, Rodney 200 of Ku Klux Klan 200 in Mississippi 132 in nonviolent principles 33 post-Reconstruction 87 Powell, Colin, on 273 as power base xii, 274 rap music and 290 in Reconstruction 292 after slave revolts 353 against SNCC 334 in social movements 326 in Southern states 329 voting rights and 81–82 of Watts riot 380 voting behavior 125, 263, 366–367 voting rights 70, 102, 113, 118, 147, 211, 228, 240, 251, 263, 334, 367, 367–368, 387 See also Fifteenth Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 69–70, 72, 88–89, 144, 161, 191, 198, 228, 279, 312, 316, 327, 360–361, 368–369, 372, 380 See also Shaw v Reno W Walker, David 1, 16, 155, 370 Wallace, George 34, 46, 56, 196, 329, 370–372, 371 Walters, Ronald 41, 274, 299, 372–373 Walton, Hanes, Jr 147, 150, 373–374 War on Drugs 101–102 Wards Cove v Antonio 165, 338, 374 War on Poverty 86–87, 161, 164, 191, 198, 246, 251, 269, 272, 291, 304, 330, 360–361, 365, 374–376, 380–381 Warren, Earl 22, 26, 52, 74, 86, 89, 123, 218, 338, 376–377 Washington, Booker, T 4, 59, 71, 94, 174, 203, 205, 210, 221, 228, 239, 282, 311, 327, 354, 356, 377–379, 378 Washington, D.C See District of Columbia Watts, J C 90–91, 379 Watts riot 54, 196, 379–380, 380 Weaver, Robert C 176, 380–381 Weber, Max xii, 74, 131 welfare rights See National Welfare Rights Organization welfare state 59, 93, 114, 159, 164, 181, 208, 250, 281, 292, 294, 304, 325, 330, 337, 381–382, 385 Wells-Barnett, Ida B 65, 123, 138, 140, 205, 212–213, 221, 240, 382–383 “We Shall Overcome” 173, 232, 383–384 West Indians 330, 384 white(s) xi–xii, xii, 1, 16, 41, 43–44, 46, 155, 174, 203–204, 235, 244, 247, 296, 300–301, 308, 330 White, George 109, 384–385 white backlash 46, 49, 56, 76, 87, 171–172, 251, 294, 302, 329, 372, 376, 385–386 white flight 57, 302, 308, 386 whiteness 386–387 white primary 71, 210, 387 white supremacy 387–389 in abolitionist movement African-American politics and 13 alienation and 19 An American Dilemma (Myrdal) and 21 in Birmingham demonstrations 33 The Birth of a Nation and 34–35 “black” and 35 in Black Power (Hamilton and Carmichael) 46 cold war and 364 in conservative coalition 94 vs constitutionalism 376 feminism and 140 filibuster in maintaining 144 in Gary, Indiana 171 of Hoover, J Edgar 174 as ideology 179 individualism in 181 in internal colonialism 184 in internal inferiorization 184 Jefferson on 188 of Johnson, Andrew 189 in judicial process 194 of Lincoln 209 Locke and 325 in melting pot 224 in New Deal 250 of Nixon 8, 252 in pluralism 260–261 in political machines 360–361 www.Ebook777.com in political system 268 in populist movements 270 poverty and 271 in presidency 276 in public opinion 281 in public policy 282 race in 285, 287 Reconstruction and 292 religion and morality in riots caused by 197 in segregation 52, 376 in Socialist Party 326 in Southern states 329 in third parties 342 in Third World 343 in three-fifths clause 346, 387 Tocqueville, Alexis de, on 114 Truman and 349 United Nations and 358 of Wallace, George 370 in welfare state 381 whiteness in 386 of Wilson, Woodrow 390 White, Walter 51, 80–81, 146, 177, 190, 236, 355, 364, 385 Wilder, Douglas L 116, 125, 331, 389 Wilkins, Roy 44, 206, 218, 243, 334, 365, 389–390 Wilson, William J 75, 115, 152, 160, 357, 390 Wilson, Woodrow 55, 89, 97, 348, 390–391 women 1–2, 25, 31, 38, 95, 139, 141–142, 204–205, 254, 314 See also feminism Woodson, Carter G 174, 391 Woodson, Lewis 111, 244 Y Young, Andrew 109, 116, 145, 336, 347, 392, 392–393 Young, Robert 16, 149 Young, Whitney 24, 46, 218, 365, 393 ... concern of African- American politics In other words, African- American politics is a politics about freedom and equality Politics is about power The essence of politics lies in the processes of gaining,... Race and Politics: From ‘Black’ to ? ?African American, ’” Politics and Society 24 (1996): 137–52 African- American politics, defined African- American politics is but another manifestation of the universal... Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena affirmative action African American African- American politics, defined African- American studies African- American thought African Blood Brotherhood Afrocentricity AIDS-HIV