Encyclopedia of african american business

Encyclopedia of African American Business, Volumes & Edited by Jessie Carney Smith Greenwood Press www.ebook3000.com Encyclopedia of African American Business www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com Encyclopedia of African American Business Volume A–J EDITED BY JESSIE CARNEY SMITH Millicent Lownes Jackson, Consultant Linda T Wynn, Consultant Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut  London www.ebook3000.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of African American business / edited by Jessie Carney Smith ; consultants : Millicent Lownes Jackson, Linda T Wynn p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0–313–33109–X (set : alk paper)—ISBN 0–313–33110–3 (v : alk paper)— ISBN 0–313–33111–1 (v : alk paper) African American business enterprises—United States—Encyclopedias African American businesspeople— United States—Encyclopedias I Smith, Jessie Carney II Jackson, Millicent Lownes III Wynn, Linda T HD2358.5.U6E53 2006 338.7092'396073—dc22 2006002866 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright # 2006 by Jessie Carney Smith All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher This book is included in the African American Experience database from Greenwood Electronic Media For more information, visit www.africanamericanexperience.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006002866 ISBN: 0–313–33109–X (set) 0–313–33110–3 (vol 1) 0–313–33111–1 (vol 2) First published in 2006 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984) 10 www.ebook3000.com In recognition of African American entrepreneurs for their vision, endurance, and notable contributions to the world of business; and to my father, James A Carney, an early entrepreneur and my inspiration for this book www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com Contents Entry List ix Topical Entry List xiii African American Business Leaders by Occupation xvii Preface xxiii Introduction xxvii The Encyclopedia Selected Bibliography 855 Index 861 About the Contributors 879 www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com Entry List Henry ‘‘Hank’’ Aaron Robert Sengstacke Abbott Advertising Agencies Advertising and Marketing Archie Alphonso Alexander Clifford Leopold Alexander Jr Paget Alves American Savings and Loan League Wally ‘‘Famous Amos’’ Amos Jr Association of Black Women Entrepreneurs Barbecue Establishments Don H Barden Edwin C Berry Jesse Binga Black Banks: Their Beginning Black Business Development and the Federal Government Black Business Development in Missouri Black Businesses in Large Cities: A History Black Corporate Directors Conference Black Fund Managers Black Press: Newspapers in Major Cities Black Retail Action Group Blacks in Agriculture Booker T Washington Business Association Ruth Jean Bowen Richard Henry Boyd Sheila Bridges Andrew Felton Brimmer Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Todd C Brown Dorothy E Brunson Thomas J Burrell Roland W Burris John Edward Bush Business Ownership in Select Academic Institutions Cardozo Sisters Albert Irvin Cassell Catering Industry Centers for Entrepreneurship in Academic Institutions Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade in the 1920s and 1930s Debra Martin Chase Leah Chase Kenneth Irvine Chenault Robert Reed Church Sr Citizens’ League for Fair Play Alexander G Clark Coalition of Black Trade Unionists www.ebook3000.com Daniel C Cochran Marie Therese Coincoin Virgis William Colbert Donald Alvin Coleman Kenneth L Coleman Colored Merchants’ Association Sean ‘‘Diddy’’ Combs Conferences and Studies on the Negro in Business: The Early Years Conferences on African American Businesses Ward Connerly Consumer Cooperatives Nathan G Conyers Edith W Cooper Corporation of Caterers Credit Unions Calvin Darden Edward Davis Erroll B Davis Jr Thomas Day Suzanne de Passe Charles Diggs Jr Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work Movement Frederick Douglass’s Business Enterprises Dr Dre (Andre Young) Joe L Dudley Sr Index labor force participation rate, 610 labor unions See unions Lacy, William, 171, 173 Ladies Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters See Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters LaFace Records, 680 Lafon, Thomy, 447–449 Lancaster, Emmer M., 194, 297–298 Lane, Lunsford, xxxiv, 449–451 Langston, Ronald N., 451–453 Lankford, John Anderson, 453–455, 831 Larry C McCrae, Inc., 532 Lars, Byron, 294 LaVan Hawkins Food & Entertainment Group LLC, 531 Lay, Mark D., 77 Leavell, Dorothy R., 456–458 Lee, Debra Louise, 421, 458–460 Lee, Joseph, 144 Lee, Spike, 9, 460–464 Legacy Automotive Group, 534 Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDEF), 465–466 LESCO, 534 Lewis, Aylwin, 686 Lewis, Byron Eugene, 466–470 Lewis, Catherine Cardozo, 135–139 Lewis, Delano Eugene, 470–473 Lewis, Loida, 476 Lewis, Reginald F., 71, 311, 473–477, 684 Lewis, William M., 478–481 libraries, 539, 541 Ligon, Alfred M., 481–483 Lincoln Hospital, 541 Lindsey, D L., 33 Lindsey’s, 33 Llewellyn, James Bruce, 70–71, 483–486, 686 Logan, Adele, 21 Logan, Rayford W., xxxv Loop Capital Markets, 530 Los Angeles, 536 870 Los Angeles Eagle (newspaper), 68 Louis, Joe, 543 Lowe, Ann, 291–292 Lundy Enterprises, 534 LYNK Capital Corporation, 499 Lyon, Abro, 714 Madison, Paula, 487–489 Madison Reseach Corporation, 534 magazines, xxxiv Abbott’s Monthly, Black Enterprise, 198, 346–347, 350, 439, 526 Black World, 416–417 Blaze, 433 Ebony, 412, 414, 416–417, 689–690 Essence, 761–764 Half-Century, 625–626 Jet, 689–690 Negro Digest, 415–416 Vibe, 433 Magic Johnson See Johnson, Earvin ‘‘Magic,’’ Jr Magill, Nathan K., Majestic Star (riverboat), 35 Majors, Monroe A., xxxv Malcolm X, 283 Malcolm X (film), 462 Mallet, Laurie, 293 Malone, Aaron Eugene, 492 Malone, Annie Turnbo, 61, 69, 489–493, 793, 839 Malone, Maurice, 294 Malveaux, Julianne, 493–494, 580 Manley, Effa, 168, 169 Manna, Emanuel, 306 Manna, Inc., 531 Manufacturers Industrial Group, 534 Marable, Manning, 69 marketing See advertising and marketing Marshall, Thurgood, 433, 434, 465 Martell’s, 32–33 Martin Automotive Group, 531 Maryland, minority businesses in, 532–533 Mason, Bridget ‘‘Biddy,’’ 494–496, 836 Massachusetts minority businesses in, 531–532 Maxwell, Henry C., 696 Mayfair Mansions, 524–525 Mays, William G., 496–500 Mays Chemical Company, 496–500 McAlpine, William H., 411 McCabe, Jewell Jackson, 500–502 McCall, H Carl, 502–504 McCann, Renetta, 504–507 McCarty, Cecee, 836 Mccrae, Jack, 145 McFeely, William S., 44 McKee, John, 143 McKenzie, Fayette Avery, 151–152 McKenzie, Vashti Murphy, 285–286 McKissack, Calvin, 508, 509, 510–514 McKissack, Leatrice Buchanan, 509 McKissack, Moses, 507, 507–509, 510–514 McKissack, Perri (Pebbles), 680–681 McKissack, William DeBerry, 509 McKissack and McKissack Architects and Engineers, Inc., 507–510, 510–514 McKissak, Eric, 77 McNeil Technologies, 533 Meachum, John Berry, 58, 62 Mechanics and Farmer Bank of Durham, 521 media See black press; broadcasting industry; newspapers megachurches, 284–286, 405–408 Melrose Plantation, 175 Memphis, Tennessee, 164–165 Index Men of Mark (Simmons), xxxv Mercardo-Valdes, Frank, 514–517 merchant mariners See sailors and merchant mariners Merck, 661, 663 Mercury Records, 429–430 mergers, 8–10, 14 Merrick, John, 517–522, 538, 539, 742 Merrill Lynch, 173–174, 604 Michaeux, Lightfoot Solomon, 299, 523–526 Michigan, minority businesses in, 530 midwestern businesses, 526–531 Midwest Stamping, 531 Millennium Digital Media, 530 Miller Brewing Company, 178 Mingo-Jones Advertising, 423 Minority Angel Investor Network (MAIN), 576–577 Minority Business Development Agency (MDBA), 198, 578 minority business in major cities, 526–536 Minority Business Resource Center, 385 Minority Enterprise Development Week, 198, 536–538 minority enterprise small business investment companies (MESBICs), 575–576 Minton, Henry, 307 ‘‘Miss Collegiate Black American’’ Pageant, 515–516 Mississippi Association of Cooperatives (MAC), 217 Missouri black business development in, 58–62 minority businesses in, 530 Mobley, Sybil Collins, 75, 844 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 257, 260, 261 Moore, Aaron McDuffe, 519, 742, 744 Moore, Aaron McDuffie, 538–542 Morgan, Rose, 542–544, 840–841 Morgan Stanley Group, 478–480 Morgan v Virginia, 260 Morrill Act, 92 Moss, Elizabeth Murphy, 82 Motown Records, 69–70, 230, 346–348, 687, 688, 842 Moultrie, Francis J., 144–145 Mowatt, Cecilia Antonietta, 544–547 MPS Group, 531 MTS Technologies, 533 MTV, 420 Mugabe, Robert, 173 Muhammad, Elijah, 282–283 Mulzac, Hugh, 717–718 Murphy, Carl, 81–82 Murphy, Eddie, 547–550, 825 Murphy, Frances L., II, 82 Murphy, John H., 81 Muse, J Melving, 10 music industry, 69–70 Sean ‘‘Diddy’’ Combs, 190–192 Dr Dre (Andre Young), 244–246 Kenneth and Tracey Edmonds, 265–268 Berry Gordy Jr., 346–348 Galdys Hampton, 841 O’Shea ‘‘Ice Cube’’ Jackson, 403–405 Quincy Jones, 426–432 Harry, H Pace, 629–633 Antonio Reid, 679–682 Sylvia Rhones, 687–689 Russell Simmons, 727–730 Gloria Toote, 771–772 MUSIC program, 721–722 Mutual Bank and Trust Company of Chattanooga, 48 MV Transportation, Inc., 535 Mxchange.com, 701 Myers, Isaac, 551–553 Myers, Woodrow Augustus, Jr., 553–556 NAACP Reginald F Lewis Youth Entrepreneurial Institute, 441–442 Nail, John E ‘‘Jack,’’ 557–559 Nail and Parker Real Estate, 558–559 Nannie Helen Burroughs School, 840 Napier, James Carroll, 151, 281, 354, 559–564 Nashville, Tennessee, 261–262 Nashville Digital Magazine, 255 Nashville Globe, 108–109, 281 Nashville Negro Board of Trade, 150–152 National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women’s Clubs, 579–581 National Afro-American League, 564–566 National Alliance of Market Developers (NAMD), 566–569 National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), xxxiii, 296 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 4, 197, 259, 284, 433, 434 Legal Defense and Education Fund and, 465 National Association of Black Accountants (NABA), 569–571 National Association of Black Owned Broadcaster (NABOB), 571–573 National Association of Black Women Entrepreneurs (NABWE), 29, 573–575 National Association of Investment Companies (NAIC), 575–577 National Association of Minority Automobile Dealers (NAMAD), 781 871 Index National Association of Minority Contractors (NAMC), 577–579 National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women’s Clubs, 197, 500 National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB), 677 National Association of Realtors (NAR), 677 National Association of Urban Bankers (NAUB), 779 National Baptist Publishing Board (NBPB), 105–106, 110, 280–281 National Benefit Life Insurance Company, 68 National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC), 456, 581–583 National Black Farmers Association (NBFA), 96, 583–585 National Black MBA Association, 585–587 National Black United Fund (NBUF), 587–588 National Business League See National Negro Business League (NNBL) National Coalition of 100 Black Women (NCBW), 500 National Doll Company, 105, 106 National Labor Union (NLU), 551 National Maritime Union, 717 National Negro Business League (NNBL), xxix, 40, 76, 104, 150, 354, 455, 588–594, 811, 814–815 conferences held by, 194–195 establishment of, 561–562 purpose of, 196–197 Washington and, 279–280 National Negro Convention Movement (NNCM), 196 National Negro Finance Corporation (NNFC), 76 872 National Negro League, 60, 168 National Negro Publications Association, National Negro Retail Advisory Group (NNRAG), 88 National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), 456 National Order of Mosaic Templars of America, 131 National Public Radio (NPR), 472 National Urban League, xxxi, 197, 284, 433, 434 Nation of Islam (NOI), 282–283 Navy, 715–716 Negro as a Business Man, The (Harmon et al.), xxx, xxxi Negro as Capitalist (Harris), xxxi Negro Business and Business Education (Pierce), xxxi, 658 Negro Digest (magazine), 415–416 Negro Entrepreneur (Oak), xxxi ‘‘Negro in Business, The’’ (conference), xxix Negro in Business, The (Washington), xxix, 38 Negro Industrial Clerical Alliance (NICA), 169 Negro Insurance and Banking (Oak), xxxi Negro League, 4, 60 Negro Newspaper, The (Oak), xxxi Negro’s Adventure in General Business (Oak), xxxi Negro Seamen Acts, 713 Negro Yearbook, The, xxix–xxx New Jersey, minority businesses in, 532 New South, 94 newspapers, xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxiv, 68–69 Afro-American, 81–82 Chicago Crusader, 456–457 Chicago Defender, 6–8, 83–84 by Frederick Douglass, 242–243 Indianapolis Recorder, 498 Kansas City Call, 87 in major cities, 79–88 in Missouri, 61 Nashville Globe, 108–109 Norfolk Journal and Guide, 85–87 Pittsburgh Courier, 84–85 New Ventures, Inc., 374 New York, minority businesses in, 532 Niagra Movement, 566 niche marketing, 126 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 258 Nixon, Richard, 575–576 Norfolk Journal and Guide (newspaper), 85–87 Norris, S H., 840 North, migration of blacks to, 93–94 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 253 North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, xxxi, 68, 517, 519, 521, 538–540, 741–745 Northeastern Life Insurance Company, 632 Notable Black American Men (Smith), xxxv Notable Black American Women (Smith), xxxv Noted Negro Women (Majors), xxxv Oak, Vishnu, xxxi OEM-Erie, Inc., 532 Office of Censorship, 301 Office of Government Reports (OGR), 301 Office of War Information (OWI), 302 Ohio, minority businesses in, 531 O’Kelly, Berry, 595–597 O’Leary, Hazel R., 598–602 O’Leary, John Francis, 599 Omniplex World Services Corporation, 533 Index O’Neal, E Stanley, 602–605 One-Cent Savings Bank and Trust Company, 103, 106–107, 562 100 Black Men of America, 484, 486, 605–607 Onley, Cheryl, 255 online searches, xxxvi OPeck, Fannie B., 206 Opportunities Industrialization Centers of America, 178, 284, 607–610, 749 Opportunity Capital Partners, 535 Oracle Corporation, 656–657 Oregon, 535 Otis, Clarence, Jr., 623–624 Overton, Anthony, 68, 69, 624–627 Owen, Chandler, 118 Ozanne Construction Company, 531 Pace, Harry H., 415, 629–633 Paige, Gina, 255 Paradigm Solutions Corporation, 533 Parks, Henry Green, Jr., 310, 634–635 Parks, Herman, 70 Parks, Lillian Rogers, 292 Parks, Rosa, 261 Park Sausage Company, 70, 310, 634–635 Parsons, Richard Dean, 636–638 Paschal, James, 133, 309, 638–641, 641–645 Paschal, Robert, 309, 638–641, 641–645 Paschal’s family business, 641–645 Paschal’s restaurant, 638–641 Pashcal’s Hotel and Restaurant, 133 Patterson, Frederick Douglas, 645–647 Payne, Charles V., 647–648 Payne Memorial AME Church, 285–286 Payton, Philip A., Jr., 558, 648–652, 676 P Diddy See Combs, Sean ‘‘Diddy’’ Peck, William H., 99–100 Peebles, R Donahue, 72 Peebles Atlantic Development Corporation, 534, 536 Pennington, J.W.C., 703 Pennsylvania, minority businesses in, 532 Perry, Heman Edward, 326, 631, 652–656 Perry, Henry, 60 personal services enterprises, 62 pharmaceutical industry, 661–664 Philadelphia Tribune (newspaper), 68 Phillippe, Gereald, 609 Phillips, Charles E., Jr., 656–658 Pierce, Joseph Alphonso, xxxi, 32, 195, 354–355, 658–660, 723 Pierce Jr., Samuel R., 74 Pittman, Winston, Sr., 660–661 Pittman Enterprises, 660–661 Pittsburg Courier (newspaper), 84–85 Planter (ship), 715 Plessy v Ferguson, 54, 93, 107, 110 policy bankers, 385–388 politicians John Edward Bush, 130–132 Charles Diggs Jr., 233–236, 233–236 Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr., 399–402 John Jones, 424–426 H Carl McCall, 502–504 Percy Ellis Sutton, 752–755 Gloria Toote, 770–772 Augustus Washington, 808–811 Booker T Washington, 811–816 Poro Company, 489, 491–492 Poston, Theodore, 302 post-Reconstruction era, 63 Potter, Myrtle Stephens, 661–664 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 238, 259, 429 Powell, William P., 713–714 press See black press Prestige Automotive, 531 Price, Lisa, 685 primary sources, xxxvi Prince, Mary Gardner, 837 private equity firms, 52 Procope, Ernesta G., 664–667, 841 Proctor, Barbara Gardner, 667–669, 841 Profit, Eugene, 77 Progress Investment Associates, 749 protests See economic boycotts and protests public officials Andrew Felton Brimmer, 114–116 Alexis M Herman, 374–378, 374–378 Ronald N Langston, 451–453 Delano Eugene Lewis, 470–473 Norman Blann Rice, 692–695 Joseph Jacob Simmons, 725–727 Barbara Mae Watson, 822–824 Public Waiters Association, 213 publishing industry Robert Sengstacke Abbott, 6–8 Johnson Publishing Company, 412, 414–418, 689–692 Dorothy R Leavell, 456–458 National Baptist Publishing Board (NBPB), 105–106, 110 Susan L Taylor, 761–764 See also newspapers Puff Daddy See Combs, Sean ‘‘Diddy’’ Puffy See Combs, Sean ‘‘Diddy’’ Pulliam, Betty, 100 Pullman Company, 116–117, 119 Purvis, Robert, 316 Putnam, Rod, 255 873 Index Q3 Industries, 531 Quamino, xxxv, 142, 836 Queen Booking Agency, 102, 841 Queen Latifah, 842 raced-based admissions, 201 radio industry, 391–394, 472, 498, 841–842 See also broadcasting industry Radio One, 392–393, 533, 842 Rainbow/PUSH coalition, 585 Raines, Franklin Delano, 671–674 Randle, Curley, 724 Randolph, A Philip, 116, 118–119, 259, 749 Randolph, Lucille Campbell Greene, 119, 239 Ratcliffe, Dolores C., 29, 30 Raven Transport Company, 534 Reagan, Ronald, 376 real estate industry, xxx, 71, 72, 524–525, 545–546, 674–679 Jesse Binga, 40–41 colonial period, 674–675 early national period, 675 H J Russell & Company, 704–707 John E Nail, 557–559 Philip A Payton Jr., 648–652 Reconstruction era, 675–676 Travis Realty, 772 twentieth century, 676–677 Reconstruction era, 63, 675–676, 837–838 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 299 recording industry See music industry Rector, Sarah, 60–61 Reddix, Jacob L., 206 Reginald F Lewis Foundation, 477 Reid, Antonio ‘‘L A.,’’ 266, 679–682 Reid, Arthur, 169 religious organizations, 277–287 See also churches 874 restaurant industry, 308–309, 311, 737 Edwin C Berry, 38 Leah Chase, 156–160 Clarence Otis Jr., 623–624 Paschal’s restaurant, 638–641, 641–645 Regynald G Washington, 816–819 Sylvia P Woods, 846–848 See also food service industry Restoration period, 91–92 retail industry, 88–90, 682–687 Colored Merchants’ Association, 185–190 See also grocery store enterprises Rhones, Sylvia, 687–689 Rice, Linda Johnson, 290, 418, 689–692, 844 Rice, Norman Blann, 692–695 RJL Development, 533 roadside and street vending, 695–698 Roberts, Homer B., 61 Roberts, Roy S., 698–701 Robinson, Cleveland, 171 Robinson, Hilyard R., 831 Robinson, Jackie, 3–4, 71, 485 Rodgers-Rose, LaFrancis, 395 Rogers, John W., Jr., 74, 76 Rogers, Vando, 255 Romar Group, 536 Rooney, James E., 578–579 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 436 Roosevelt, Franklin, 259 Rose Meta House of Beauty, 542–543 Rose Morgan’s House of Beauty, 840–841 RS Information Systems, 533 Ruggles, David, 701–704 Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation, 730 Russell, Herman Jerome, 148, 309, 311, 327, 384, 678, 704–707 Russell-McCloud, Patricia, 707–709 Russwurm, John B., 79 Rutherfors, Samuel W., 68 sailors and merchant mariners, 711–718 Navy, 715–716 origins, 711–712 post–Civil War, 717–718 through Civil War, 712–714 whaling industry, 716–717 Sanders, Steven, 77 Savage, Frank, 718–720 Savage Holdings, LLC, 718, 719 savings and loan associations, 23–25, xxx Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain, 45–46 SBK Brooks Investment Corporation, 531 School Daze (film), 462 Scottsboro case, 86 seamstresses, 290–292 Seattle, Washington, 64 Second Morrill Act, 93 Secretary of Agriculture, 299 Seder, John, xxxi segregation, xxviii–xxix, xxx affect of end of, on black businesses, 355 benefits of, to black businesses, 64, 70 boycotts in protest of, 257–267 in education, 93 See also Jim Crow laws Sengstacke, John H H., 7–8, 83–84, 85 SENTEL Corporation, 533 ‘‘separate but equal’’ doctrine, 107–108, 110 SET Enterprises, 530 755 Restaurant Corporation, share croppers, 91 Sharpton, Al, 578 Shaw, Alan, 721–723 Shaw, Earl, 721 Shepherd, Sam, 58 She’s Gotta Have It (film), 461–462 Index shipbuilding industry, 316–319 shoe shine establishments, 723–725 ShopRite, 531 Short, Haywood Douglass, 724 Siebert Bradford Shank & Company, 535 Silicon Graphics Inc (SG), 360–361 Simeus Foods International, 535 Simmons, Joseph Jacob III, 725–727 Simmons, Russell, 295, 727–730 Simmons, William J., xxxv, 171 Simons, Kimora Lee, 295 Sims, Allen, 33 Sims, Naomi R., 731–732 Sim’s Barbecue, 33 sit-ins, 261 Sklarek, Norma Merrick, 733–735 slave culture, 31 slave narratives, xxxiv, 241–242 slave preachers, 277–278 slavery, 90–91 slavery-induced psychosis, 169 slaves, xxvii businesses of, 62 in fashion industry, 291 women, 835–837 See also specific individuals slave society, xxviii Small Business Administration (SBA) programs, 55–56, 536 Smiley, Charles H., 145 Smiley, Tavis, 421 Smith, Alphia Minor, 58 Smith, Barbara ‘‘B,’’ 309–310, 736–738 Smith, Willie Donnell, 292–293 Smokestack Lightning (Elie), 31 Smokey Bones, 623–624 Sneed, Paula A., 738–741 Snoop Doggy Dogg, 245 Snowden, Gail, 779 Soft Sheen Products, 329–332, 844 Solvent Savings Bank and Trust Company, 166–167, 629, 630 soul food, 308, 311 Souls of Black Folks, The (Du Bois), 92 South economic boycotts in, 261–262 minority businesses in, 532–535 Restoration period in, 91–92 segregated economy of, xxviii–xxix Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 259, 263, 284 Spaulding, Asa T., 74–75 Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 519, 538, 540, 741–745 Specialized Packaging Group, 531 Specialized Services, Inc., 530 Spencer, Sarah Washington, 69 Spike DDB, Spinelli, Nick, 32 Spiral, Inc., 533, 535 stall-ins, 263 Standard Life Insurance Company, xxxi, 629, 631, 652–653 Starcom MediaVest, 504–507 Steele, Lawrence Dion, 294–295 Steward, David L., 61–62, 745–748 St Louis, Missouri, 59–60 St Louis Argus (newspaper), 61 St Luke Penny Savings Bank, 796, 798–799, 839–840 Stokes, Carl, 677 Strategies In Site, Inc (SIS), 546 Street Hotel, 59 street vending See roadside and street vending strikes, 264 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 216, 259 studies See conferences and studies Sullivan, Leon Howard, 75, 284, 607–608, 610, 748–752 Sullivan Principles, 749, 751 Sun State International Trucks, 534 Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company, 632–633 Sutton, Percy Ellis, 70, 752–755 Switzer, Lucious (Lou), 755–758 Switzer Group, 755–758 S Woods Enterprises, 534 Symantec, 768–770 SYNCOM, 533 TAG Holdings, 530 Tandy, Vertner W., Sr., 677, 759–761 Taylor, Susan L., 761–765 technology industry Marc R Hannah, 360–362 Charles E Philips Jr., 656–658 Alan Shaw, 721–723 David L Steward, 745–748 John W Thompson, 768–770 Alfred W Zollar, 851–853 teen entrepreneurs, 439–443 Teenpreneur Resource Guide, 441 Telecommunication Systems, Inc., 533 television commercials, 463–464, 468 television industry, 35 Robert L Johnson, 419–421 Debra Louise Lee, 458–459 James Bruce Llewellyn, 485–486 Paula Madison, 487–489 William G Mays, 498 Frank Mercado-Valdes, 514–517 Oprah Winfrey, 832–835 Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University, 566 Tennessee State University, 149 Terry, Clark, 427 Terry, Jesse A., 292 Texas, minority businesses in, 535 theater owners, 59–60, 340–343 875 Index Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA), 340, 765–768 Thomas, Kermit, 582 Thompson, Anna, 307 Thompson, John W., 768–770 Thompson Hospitality, 533 thrift organizations See savings and loan associations Thriller (film), 432 Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, 178 Tidal Basin Bridge, 17 Time Warner, 637 TLC Beatrice International, 71, 474, 476, 684 TLC Group, 474, 475 Toote, Frederick Augustus, 771 Toote, Gloria E A., 770–772 Total Premier Services, 535 Totten, Ashley, 118 Town Sound Studios, 771 trade unions See unions Trans-Bay Federal, 24 Travis, Dempsey Jerome, 772–774 Travis Realty, 772 Tribbett, Charles A., III, 74 Trotter, Lloyd G., 775–777 Trower, John S., 143 True Reformers’ Bank of Richmond, xxx, 44, 48, 65, 68 Trumka, Richard, 172 Truth, Sojourner, 257, 704 Ture, Kwame See Carmichael, Stokely Turner, Carmen Elizabeth Pawley, 843 Turner, Nat, 277 Turpin, Charles, 59–60 Turpin, Tom, 59–60 Tuskegee Institute, 92, 93, 133, 148–149, 279, 354, 813, 830 Tyco International Limited, 344 Underground Railroad, 313–314, 424, 425–426, 703 unemployment statistics, 750–751 876 unions, 169 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 116–120 Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 171–173 Colored National Labor Union (CNLU), 551 Isaac Myers, 551–553 National Maritime Union, 717 Union Transportation Company, 108, 562–563 UNITECH, 533 United Energy, Inc., 535 United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 253, 433, 434 United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 168, 771 United Parcel Service (UPS), 221–223, 272–273 Universal Life Insurance Company, 789–790 Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 197, 282, 332–335, 354 Universal Records, 687, 688 UniWorld Entertainment, 468–469 UniWorld Group, 13, 466–470 Up From Slavery (Washington), 812–813 Urban Financial Services Coalition, 779–780 U.S Census Bureau, 296–298 U.S Department of Agriculture, 96 U.S firms, ownership by race and Hispanic origin, 529 U.S Navy, 715–716 U.S Olympic Committee, 804 U.S Postal Service, 300–301 U.S Treasury, 563 Vaden-William, Sheila, 781–783 V&J Foods, 311 V and J Holding Companies, 526 Van Dyke, Peter, 144 Vanguard Holding, 534 Vann, Robert Lee, 84–85 Vee Jay Records, 841 vending See roadside and street vending Vesey, Denmark, 277 Viacom, 421 Vibe (magazine), 433 Victory Life Insurance Company, 68 Ville district, St Louis, 59 Vine district, Kansas City, 59 Virginia, minority businesses in, 532–533 Voting Rights Act (1965), 263 Wages, of farmworkers, 95 Walker, A’Leila, 197, 785–789, 793 Walker, Antonio Maceo, 789–791 Walker, Eunice See Johnson, Eunice Walker Walker, Juliet E K., xxx, 68 Walker, Leroy, Jr., 606 Walker, Madame C J (Sarah Breedlove), 69, 197–198, 333, 436, 490–491, 558, 677, 785–788, 791–796, 838–839 Walker, Maggie Lena Mitchell, xxxv, 68, 796–799, 839–840 Walker Company, 436 Wall Street Project, 585 Wall Street Strategies Corporation, 647–648 Walt Disney Company, 380, 381–382 Warbasse, James Peter, 204 Ward, Felker W., 384 Ward, John T., 799–800 Ward, Lloyd David, 801–805 Ware, Carl H., 805–808 Warren Funeral Chapel, 61 Washington, Augustus, 808–811 Washington, Booker T., xxix, 38, 63, 561, 811–816, 830 Index Afro-American League and, 566 as faith-based entrepreneur, 279–280 as head of NNBL, 197, 354 National Business League and, 589–590, 593 NNBL and, 814–815 philosophy of, 92, 105, 150, 196–197, 257, 561–562 Washington, Oliver III, 696–697 Washington, Oliver IV, 697 Washington, Oliver Jr., 696 Washington, Regynald G., 311, 816–819 Washington, Roberta, 71–72 Washington, Sarah Spencer, 819–822, 841 Watkins, John, 59 Watkins, Theron B., 59 Watson, Barbara Mae, 822–824 Wayans, Damon, 825–826 Waycor Development Incorporated, 34–35 W C Handy Blues and Barbecue Festival, 33 ‘‘We Are the World,’’ 431 Weems, Robert, 204 Wells, Ida B., 837–838 whaling industry, 716–717 Wharton, Dolores Duncan, 75, 844 William, V J., 59 Williams, Margo, 100 Williams, Paul Revere, 677, 826–829 Williams, Willie Mae, 353 WillieWear, 293 Williston, David Augustus, 829–832 Wilson, Barbara, 842 Wilson, William J., 43 Wilson Office Interiors, 535 Winans, Ron, 311 Winfrey, Oprah, 71, 432–433, 832–835, 842 Winston, Michael R., xxxv Woman’s Political Council (WPC), 261 women and business, 57, 835–846 in corporate America, 843–845 early twentieth century, 838–841 International Black Women’s Congress (IBWC), 395–397 late twentieth century, 841–843 Reconstruction era, 837–838 See also specific individuals Women’s Industrial Club, 840 Woods, Sylvia P., 309, 817, 846–848 Woodson, Carter G., 297 Workplace Integrators, 530 World Wide Technology, 61–62, 530, 745–748 Wormley, James, 143–144, 307 Wright, Letitia, 29–30 Wyatt, Rasheed, 779 YMCA movement, 109 Young, Andre See Dr Dre (Andre Young) Young, Hiram, 58 Young Sr., P B., 85–86 Zebra Associates, 423 Zion Nonprofit Charitable Trust, 749 Zollar, Alfred W., 851–853 877 About the Contributors Glenda Marie Alvin is assistant director for collection management and administration for Tennessee State University She has published articles in Against the Grain and other professional library journals and was a contributor to Understanding the Business of Library Acquisitions (2nd ed., 1999) Nkechi Amadife is the head of reference and information services at Kentucky State University She also coordinates the Library Instruction program at the institution She has contributed essays to several books, including Notable Black American Men (1999), and has written chapters for Instruction and Training for Enhanced Reference Services: Using Hands-on Active Learning Techniques, Vol 1, Active Learning Series No (1998); and Instruction and Training for Enhanced Reference Service: Using Hands-on Active Learning Techniques, Vol 2, pt 1, Reference Resources for the Disciplines, Active Learning Series No (1998) Virginia D Bailey is a reference librarian at the Margaret and Herman Brown Library, Abilene Christian University, where she is liaison to the Sociology and Psychology Departments She writes book reviews for Lorgnette, a publication of Heart of Texas Literature Center Gabriella R Beckles is the assistant director of academic enrichment for the Office of Residence Life at Morgan State University She holds degrees from Morgan State University and completed a program at the Institute in Education in London, England Kathleen E Bethel is the African studies librarian at Northwestern University She chairs the Bibliography Committee for the Toni Morrison Society, and she is a member of the Advisory Board for the Project on the History of Black Writing She has contributed articles to numerous reference books About the Contributors Rosa Bobia is director of the Program of African and African Diaspora Studies and professor of French at Kennesaw State University She has contributed articles to Notable Black American Women, Book I (1992), and Notable Black American Men, Book I (1999) She is co-contributor to The Critical Reception of African-American Literature: From the Beginning to 1970— An Annotated Bibliography (1995) and author of The Critical Reception of James Baldwin in France (1997, 1998) Orella R Brazile has served as university librarian at Southern University at Shreveport She is now interim vice chancellor for academic affairs at the university She has contributed an article to the Louisiana Library Association Journal Sharon D Brooks is media services librarian at the Frederick Douglass Library, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Linda M Carter, an associate professor of English at Morgan State University, has co-edited four books: James Baldwin: In Memoriam (1992), Images of the Black Male in Literature and Film: Essays in Criticism (1994), Humanities in the Ancient and Pre-Modern World: An Africana Emphasis (1999), and Humanities in the Modern World: An Africana Emphasis (2001) She has published more than fifty articles on African American literature and culture Alma E Dawson is Russell B Long Professor of Library and Information Science at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge She is co-editor of African American Literature: A Guide to Reading Interests (2004) She writes on diversity issues in library and information science and has written articles and chapters on African American libraries Crystal Anne deGregory is a doctoral student in the Department of History at Vanderbilt University Her research as a 2002 fellow of the Washington, D.C.–based National Visionary Leadership Project was included in the 2004 publication A Wealth of Wisdom: Legendary African American Elders Speak Rebecca Dixon is an assistant professor in the Department of Languages, Literature, and Philosophy at Tennessee State University She teaches African literature, African American literature, and Caribbean literature Anne K Driscoll is a reference librarian at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore She has contributed articles to Notable Black American Men, Book II (2006) Elizabeth Sandidge Evans is a reference librarian at the William R and Norma B Harvey Library at Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia Marie Garrett is English studies and theater librarian at the John C Hodges Library, University of Tennessee in Knoxville She has written entries for Notable Black American Women, Books I and II (1992, 1996) and for Notable Black American Men, Books I and II (1999, 2006) 880 About the Contributors Delia C Gillis is an associate professor in history and Africana studies coordinator at Central Missouri State University Her publications include Kansas City: A Photographic History of the African American Community (2006) and Henry Ossawa Tanner: An African American Influence in Greater Kansas City (2001) Debra Newman Ham, professor of history at Morgan State University, served as black history specialist at the National Archives from 1972 to 1986 and as specialist in African American history and culture at the Library of Congress from 1986 to 1995 She compiled Black History: A Guide to Civilian Records in the National Archives (1984) and edited African American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Black History and Culture (1993) She has published numerous articles on African American women and men Cheryl Jones Hamberg is assistant librarian for technical services at Fisk University She was previously library director at Meharry Medical College in Nashville Gloria Hamilton is an acquisitions librarian at the University of Chicago and has served on the library staff at Northwestern University Dantrea Hampton is periodicals librarian and instructor at Paul Blazer Library, Kentucky State University Linda Combs Hayden is associate professor and access services/interlibrary loan librarian at Kentucky State University She holds degrees from the College of William and Mary, Spalding University, and the University of Kentucky Alicia Henry is an associate professor in the humanities and fine arts division and chairperson of the Department of Art at Fisk University Henry has received numerous grants and awards from such agencies and institutions as the Ford Foundation, Hillwood Museum, and the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Exhibitions of her work have been shown at numerous galleries, including Cheekwood Museum and the Frist Center for the Visual Arts Helen R Houston is professor of English at Tennessee State University in Nashville She is the author of The Afro-American Novel, 1965–1975 (1977), coauthor of the teacher’s guide to the Norton Anthology of African American Literature (1997), coauthor of the instructor’s resource manual for Call and Response (1998), and contributor to Notable Black American Women (Books I and II, 1992, 1996), Notable Black American Men (1999), and Oxford Companion to African American Literature (1997) Robert L Johns, a retired faculty member, continues to work part-time in Fisk University’s John Hope and Aurelia E Franklin Library He has written extensively for reference works in African American history and culture 881 About the Contributors Edwin T Johnson is director of admissions, adjunct professor in the Department of Communication Studies, and a Ph.D candidate in the Department of History at Morgan State University He is also adjunct professor at Baltimore City Community College Melissa D Johnson is electronic services and serials librarian at Margaret and Herman Brown Library, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas La Loria Konata is policy studies and political science liaison librarian at Georgia State University Library Her writings include essays in Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (2003) and an article in Urban Library Journal (2001) Kevin C Kretschmer is a substitute librarian at the Des Moines Public Library and the West Des Moines Public Library He has contributed to several reference books, among them Notable Black American Women, Book III (1996), Notable Black American Men (1999), The African American Almanac (2000), and Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, Supplement (2001) Millicent Gray Lownes-Jackson is the associate dean of the College of Business at Tennessee State University Her publications include Savvy Leadership (2005), Starting a Child Care Business (2004), Starting a Flower and Gift Shop (2004), and Starting a Craft Business (2005) Thura Mack is training librarian and associate professor at the John C Hodges Library, University of Tennessee in Knoxville She has contributed articles to Notable Black American Women, Books II and III (1996, 2003) and Notable Black American Men (1999) Shannon L Mathis is coordinator of electronic services for the John Hope and Aurelia E Franklin Library and a graduate psychology student at Fisk University Mark L McCallon is associate professor and assistant director of the Margaret and Herman Brown Library at Abilene Christian University His writings include entries in African American National Biography (forthcoming 2008) and Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History Sharon McGee is a university librarian at Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Kentucky Her writings include entries in Notable Black American Men, Book II (2006), African American National Biography (forthcoming 2008), and Encyclopedia of Northern Kentucky (forthcoming 2007) Kevin McGruder is a doctoral candidate in the history program at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Mattie L McHollin is archives assistant at Fisk University She was previously associate library director and director of archives and special collections at Meharry Medical College 882 About the Contributors LaVerne L McLaughlin is library director and associate professor at Albany State University in Albany, Georgia Her writings include ‘‘New Beginnings: Freshman Seminar & Service to Leadership’’; ‘‘New Beginnings: Challenges, Changes & Choices’’; ‘‘Reflections on Albany State University’’; ‘‘What the OCLC Interlibrary Service Means to Me: ‘‘A Collection of Essays’’; and ‘‘What the OCLC Online Union Catalog Means to Me: A Collection of Essays.’’ Uzoma O Miller is archives assistant at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee He is studying toward a Ph.D in public history at Middle Tennessee State University Fletcher F Moon is assistant professor and head reference librarian at Tennessee State University He has also contributed entries to the forthcoming Notable Black American Men, Book II (2006), and remains active in research, editing, music/ministry, and other creative pursuits Baiyina W Muhammad has completed research on the black press and PanAfrican consciousness among African diaspora communities She currently teaches in the Department of History and Geography at Morgan State University in Baltimore Clarissa Myrick-Harris is a history professor at Clark Atlanta University and vice president of OneWorldArchives, a research and education institution Her publications include a Smithsonian Magazine article (2002) on Ida B Wells-Barnett and ‘‘Behind the Scenes: Doris Derby, Denise Nicholas and the Free Southern Theater’’ in Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trail Blazers and Torchbearers, 1941–1965 (2003) Shelhea Owens is adjunct faculty professor at Howard Community College in Columbia, Maryland She also published with the Maryland Historic Society’s online encyclopedia Annie Malessia Payton is director of the library at Mississippi Valley State University in Itta Bena Lois A Peterson is special collections librarian at the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Janette Prescod is government documents coordinator at the John C Hodges Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Marvella Rounds is catalog librarian of the library staff at the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Allison L Sharp is a librarian at the John C Hodges Library and a doctoral student in information science at the University of Tennessee Frederick D Smith is a consultant in digital imaging He was previously electronic services librarian at Fisk University His writings are included in Notable Black American Women, Books I and II (1992, 1996), Notable Black 883 About the Contributors American Men (1999), and Encyclopedia of African-American History and Culture, Supplement (2001) Jessie Carney Smith is university librarian and William and Camille Cosby Professor in the Humanities at Fisk University She is author or editor of numerous publications, including Black Academic Libraries and Research Collections (1977), Ethnic Genealogy (1983), Black Firsts (1994, 2003), Images of Blacks in American Culture (1988), Notable Black American Women, Books I–III (1992, 1996, 2003), and Notable Black American Men, Books I and II (1999, 2006) Sheila A Stuckey is interim director of libraries at Kentucky State University She has written articles for Notable Black American Women, Book III (1996), Notable Black American Men (1999), and the upcoming African American National Biographical Dictionary (forthcoming 2008) Althea Tait is a writer who teaches English and African American literature in Baltimore She is also a doctoral student at Morgan State University Darius L Thieme is an ethnomusicologist and a retired professor of music from Fisk University He has written essays for Notable Black American Women, Books I–III (1992, 1996, 2003), Notable Black American Men (1999), and African-American Culture and History, Supplement (2001) Girija Venkat is the coordinator of government documents and reference librarian at Harvey Library, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia She is also an adjunct professor in the Department of English at Hampton Janet Walsh is assistant librarian for access services at the John Hope and Aurelia E Franklin Library at Fisk University She is completing a series of short stories for children John W Wood III teaches history at McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland He is also a doctoral student at Morgan State University in Baltimore Linda T Wynn is the assistant director for state programs at the Tennessee Historical Commission and visiting lecturer in the Department of History at Fisk University Editor of Journey to Our Past: A Guide to Historical Markers in Tennessee (1999), her work has been included in such publications as the Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Notable Black American Women, Books I–III (1992, 1996, 2003), Notable Black American Men, Books I and II (1999, 2006), and the African American Almanac (2000) 884