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Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ Diagnosis and troubleshooting atomotive electronic system TÀI LIỆU CHẨN ĐOÁN Ô TÔ

DIAGNOSIS AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC, AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS S I X T H E D I T I O N James D Halderman Editorial Director: Vernon Anthony Acquisitions Editor: Wyatt Morris Editorial Assistant: Yvette Schlarman Director of Marketing: David Gesell Marketing Manager: Harper Coles Senior Marketing Coordinator: Alicia Wozniak Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Senior Managing Editor: JoEllen Gohr Project Manager: Jessica H Sykes Senior Operations Supervisor: Pat Tonneman Operations Specialist: Deidra Skahill Senior Art Director: Diane Ernsberger Text and Cover Designer: Anne DeMarinis Cover Art: Shutterstock Media Editor: Michelle Churma Lead Media Project Manager: Karen Bretz Full-Service Project Management: Kelli Jauron Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: R.R Donnelley/Willard Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: Helvetica Neue Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Education, Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps 10 ISBN 10: 0-13-255155-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-255155-7 PREFACE PROFESSIONAL TECHNICIAN SERIES Part of Pearson Automotive’s Professional Technician Series, the sixth edition of Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Systems represents the future of automotive textbooks The series is a full-color, media-integrated solution for today’s students and instructors The series includes textbooks that cover all areas of ASE certification, plus additional titles covering common courses Current revisions are written by a team of very experienced writers and teachers The series is also peer reviewed for technical accuracy UPDATES TO THE SIXTH EDITION { All content is correlated to the latest NATEF tasks { A dramatic, new full-color design enhances the subject material { One entirely new chapter Electronic Throttle Control Systems (chapter 36) { Greatly expanded coverage on circuit testers (chapter 6), lighting and signalling (chapter 21) and oxygen sensors (chapter 32) { Over 40 new color photos and line drawings have been added to this edition { Content has been streamlined for easier reading and comprehension { This text is fully integrated with MyAutomotiveKit, an online supplement for homework, quizzing, testing, multimedia activities, and videos { Unlike other textbooks, this book is written so that the theory, construction, diagnosis, and service of a particular component or system is presented in one location There is no need to search through the entire book for other references to the same topic NATEF CORRELATED NATEF certified programs need to demonstrate that they use course material that covers NATEF tasks All Professional Technician textbooks have been correlated to the appropriate NATEF task lists These correlations can be found in an appendix to each book A COMPLETE INSTRUCTOR AND STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS PACKAGE All Professional Technician textbooks are accompanied by a full set of instructor and student supplements Please see page vi for a detailed list of supplements A FOCUS ON DIAGNOSIS AND PROBLEM SOLVING The Professional Technician Series has been developed to satisfy the need for a greater emphasis on problem diagnosis Automotive instructors and service managers agree that students and beginning technicians need more training in diagnostic procedures and skill development To meet this need and demonstrate how real-world problems are solved, “Real World Fix” features are included throughout and highlight how real-life problems are diagnosed and repaired The following pages highlight the unique core features that set the Professional Technician Series book apart from other automotive textbooks P REF A C E iii IN-TEXT FEATURES chapter SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY SAFETY TIP Shop Cloth Disposal OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 1, the reader will be able to: • Understand the ASE knowledge content for vehicle identification and the proper use of tools and shop equipment • Retrieve vehicle service information • Identify the strength ratings of threaded fasteners • Describe how to safely hoist a vehicle • Discuss how to safely use hand tools • Identify the personal protective equipment (PPE) that all service technicians should wear • Describe what tool is the best to use for each job • Explain the difference between the brand name (trade name) and the proper name for tools • Explain how to maintain hand tools • Discuss how to safely use power tools • Identify the precautions that should be followed when working on hybrid electric vehicles KEY TERMS: Adjustable wrench • Bench grinders 21 • Bolts • Box-end wrench • Breaker bar • Bump cap 21 • Calibration codes • Campaign • Casting number • Cheater bar 11 • Chisels 16 • Combination wrench • Drive sizes • Extensions • Eye wash station 29 • Files 15 • Fire blanket 28 • Fire extinguisher classes 28 • GAWR • Grade • GVWR • Hacksaws 16 • Hammers 12 • Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) 30 • Light-emitting diode (LED) 19 • Line wrench • Metric bolts • Nuts • Open-end wrench • personal protective equipment (PPE) 21 • Pinch weld seam 24 • Pitch • Pliers 13 • Punches 15 • Ratchet • Recall • Screwdrivers 11 • Snips 15 • Socket • Socket adapter 11 • Spontaneous combustion 23 • SST 19 • Stud • Tensile strength • Trouble light 19 • TSB • UNC • UNF • Universal joint • VECI • VIN • Washers • Wrenches VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION MAKE, MODEL, AND YEAR All service work requires that the vehicle and its components be properly identified The most common identification is the make, model, and year of the vehicle { The sixth character is the body style { The seventh character is the restraint system { The eighth character is often the engine code (Some engines cannot be determined by the VIN.) { The tenth character represents the year on all vehicles b SEE CHART 1–2 Always dispose of oily shop cloths in an enclosed container to prevent a fire b SEE FIGURE 1-69 Whenever oily cloths are thrown together on the floor or workbench, a chemical reaction can occur, which can ignite the cloth even without an open flame This process of ignition without an open flame is called spontaneous combustion Make: e.g., Chevrolet Model: e.g., Impala Year: e.g., 2008 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER The model year of the vehicle is often difficult to determine exactly A model may be introduced as the next year’s model as soon as January of the previous year Typically, a new model year starts in September or October of the year prior to the actual new year, but not always This is why the vehicle identification number, usually abbreviated VIN, is so important b SEE FIGURE 1–1 Since 1981, all vehicle manufacturers have used a VIN that is 17 characters long Although every vehicle manufacturer assigns various letters or numbers within these 17 characters, there are some constants, including: { The first number or letter designates the country of origin b SEE CHART 1–1 { The fourth and fifth character is the vehicle line/series SAFETY TIPS alert students to possible hazards on the job and how to avoid them FIGURE 1–1 Typical vehicle identification number (VIN) as viewed through the windshield SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY REAL WORLD FIX Lightning Damage OBJECTIVES AND KEY TERMS appear at the beginning of each chapter to help students and instructors focus on the most important material in each chapter The chapter objectives are based on specific ASE and NATEF tasks TECH TIP Hide Those from the Boss An apprentice technician started working for a dealership and put his top tool box on a workbench Another technician observed that, along with a complete set of good-quality tools, the box contained several adjustable wrenches The more experienced technician said, “Hide those from the boss.” The boss does not want any service technician to use adjustable wrenches If any adjustable wrench is used on a bolt or nut, the movable jaw often moves or loosens and starts to round the head of the fastener If the head of the bolt or nut becomes rounded, it becomes that much more difficult to remove TECH TIPS feature real-world advice and “tricks of the trade” from ASE-certified master technicians iv IN- TEXT FEATUR ES A radio failed to work in a vehicle that was outside during a thunderstorm The technician checked the fuses and verified that power was reaching the radio Then the technician noticed the antenna It had been struck by lightning Obviously, the high voltage from the lightning strike traveled to the radio receiver and damaged the circuits Both the radio and the antenna were replaced to correct the problem b SEE FIGURE 26–26 REAL WORLD FIXES present students with actual automotive service scenarios and show how these common (and sometimes uncommon) problems were diagnosed and repaired ? FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in Automotive Applications? There are many, including Torx, hex (also called Allen), plus many others used in custom vans and motor homes b SEE FIGURE 1–9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS are based on the author’s own experience and provide answers to many of the most common questions asked by students and beginning service technicians NOTE: Before applying Ohm’s law, be sure that each unit of electricity is converted into base units For example, 10 KΩ should be converted to 10,000 ohms and 10 mA should be converted into 0.010 A SUMMARY NOTES provide students with additional technical information to give them a greater understanding of a task or procedure Bolts, studs, and nuts are commonly used as fasteners in the chassis The sizes for fractional and metric threads are different and are not interchangeable The grade is the rating of the strength of a fastener Whenever a vehicle is raised above the ground, it must be supported at a substantial section of the body or frame CAUTION: Do not use a screwdriver as a pry tool or chisel Screwdrivers use hardened steel only at the tip and are not designed to be pounded on or used for prying because they could bend easily Always use the proper tool for each application Torque wrenches measure the amount of torque applied to a fastener Screwdriver types include straight blade (flat tip), Phillips, and Torx Hammers and mallets come in a variety of sizes and weights Wrenches are available in open end, box end, and combination open and box end 10 Pliers are a useful tool and are available in many different types, including slip-joint, multigroove, linesman’s, diagonal, needle-nose, and locking pliers An adjustable wrench should only be used where the proper size is not available 11 Other common hand tools include snap-ring pliers, files, cutters, punches, chisels, and hacksaws Line wrenches are also called flare-nut wrenches, fitting wrenches, or tube-nut wrenches and are used to remove fuel or refrigerant lines 12 Hybrid electric vehicles should be de-powered if any of the high-voltage components are going to be serviced Sockets are rotated by a ratchet or breaker bar, also called a flex handle REVIEW QUESTIONS List three precautions that must be taken whenever hoisting (lifting) a vehicle Describe how to determine the grade of a fastener, including how the markings differ between fractional and metric bolts List four items that are personal protective equipment (PPE) List the types of fire extinguishers and their usage What are the other names for a line wrench? What are the standard automotive drive sizes for sockets? Which type of screwdriver requires the use of a hammer or mallet? What is inside a dead-blow hammer? 10 What type of cutter is available in left and right cutters? Why are wrenches offset 15 degrees? CAUTIONS alert students about potential to the vehicle that can occur during a specific task or service procedure CHAPTER QUIZ The correct location for the pads when hoisting or jacking the vehicle can often be found in the a Service manual c Owner’s manual b Shop manual d All of the above For the best working position, the work should be a At neck or head level c Overhead by about foot b At knee or ankle level d At chest or elbow level A high-strength bolt is identified by a A UNC symbol c Strength letter codes b Lines on the head d The coarse threads A fastener that uses threads on both ends is called a a Cap screw c Machine screw b Stud d Crest fastener WARNING When working with hand tools, always a Push the wrench—don’t pull it toward you b Pull a wrench—don’t push it away from you The proper term for Channel Locks is a Vise-Grip b Crescent wrench c Locking pliers d Multigroove adjustable pliers Always use impact sockets with impact wrenches, and always wear eye protection in case the socket or fastener shatters Input sockets are thicker walled and constructed with premium alloy steel They are hardened with a black oxide finish to help prevent corrosion and distinguish them from regular sockets b SEE FIGURE 1–57 34 The proper term for Vise-Grip is a Locking pliers c Side cuts b Slip-joint pliers d Multigroove adjustable pliers Two technicians are discussing torque wrenches Technician A says that a torque wrench is capable of tightening a fastener with more torque than a conventional breaker bar or ratchet Technician B says that a torque wrench should be calibrated regularly for the most accurate results Which technician is correct? a Technician A only b Technician B only c Both Technicians A and B d Neither Technician A nor B What type of screwdriver should be used if there is very limited space above the head of the fastener? a Offset screwdriver c Impact screwdriver b Stubby screwdriver d Robertson screwdriver 10 What type of hammer is plastic coated, has a metal casing inside, and is filled with small lead balls? a Dead-blow hammer b Soft-blow hammer c Sledge hammer d Plastic hammer CHAPTER THE SUMMARY, REVIEW QUESTIONS, AND CHAPTER QUIZ at the end of each chapter help students review the material presented in the chapter and test themselves to see how much they’ve learned WARNINGS alert students to potential dangers to themselves during a specific task or service procedure HOISTING THE VEHICLE 32 STEP BY STEP The first step in hoisting a vehicle is to properly align the vehicle in the center of the stall Most vehicles will be correctly positioned when the left front tire is centered on the tire pad The arms can be moved in and out and most pads can be rotated to allow for many different types of vehicle construction Most lifts are equipped with short pad extensions that are often necessary to use to allow the pad to contact the frame of a vehicle without causing the arm of the lift to hit and damage parts of the body Tall pad extensions can also be used to gain access to the frame of a vehicle This position is needed to safely hoist many pickup trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles An additional extension may be necessary to hoist a truck or van equipped with running boards to give the necessary clearance CHAPT E R Position the pads under the vehicle at the recommended locations With the vehicle raised one foot (30 cm) off the ground, push down on the vehicle to check to see if it is stable on the pads If the vehicle rocks, lower the vehicle and reset the pads The vehicle can be raised to any desired working level Be sure the safety is engaged before working on or under the vehicle 10 If raising a vehicle without a frame, place the flat pads under the pinch weld seam to spread the load If additional clearance is necessary, the pads can be raised as shown 12 After lowering the vehicle, be sure all arms of the lift are moved out of the way before driving the vehicle out of the work stall 11 When the service work is completed, the hoist should be raised slightly and the safety released before using the hydraulic lever to lower the vehicle After being sure all pads are correctly positioned, use the electromechanical controls to raise the vehicle SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY 33 STEP-BY-STEP photo sequences show in detail the steps involved in performing a specific task or service procedure I N -T E X T F EA T U RES v SUPPLEMENTS INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS The instructor supplement package has been completely revamped to reflect the needs of today’s instructors The all new Online Instructor’s Manual (ISBN: 0-13-255156-X) is the cornerstone of the package To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor access code Go to www pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an instructor access code Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail, including an instructor access code Once you have received your code, go to the site and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use Here you will find: { PowerPoint presentations* { Image Library containing every image in the book for use in class or customized PowerPoints* { My Test* { Chapter Quizzes { Chapter Review Questions { English and Spanish Glossary* { NATEF Correlated task Sheets* (also available as a printed supplement [ISBN: 0-13-255220-5]) { NATEF/ASE Correlation Charts * All of these are available for download from www.pearson highered.com vi SUPPLEMENTS STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS As a result of extensive student input, Pearson is no longer binding CDs into automotive students’ textbooks Today’s student has more access to the Internet than ever, so all supplemental materials are downloadable at the following site for no additional charge: www.pearsoned.com/autostudent On the site, students will find: { PowerPoint presentations { Chapter review questions and quizzes { English and Spanish Glossary { A full Spanish translation of the text ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A large number of people and organizations have cooperated in providing the reference material and technical information used in this text The author wishes to express sincere thanks to the following organizations and persons for their special contributions: ASE Automotion, Inc Bill Fulton, Ohio Automotive Technology Dan Marinucci, Communique’ Dave Scaler, Mechanic’s Education Association Dr Norman Nall Jim Linder, Linder Technical Services, Inc John Thornton, Autotrain Mark Warren Randy Dillman Rick Escalambre, Skyline College Jim Morton, Automotive Tranining center (ATC) Scot Manna TECHNICAL AND CONTENT REVIEWERS The following people reviewed the manuscript before production and checked it for technical accuracy and clarity of presentation Their suggestions and recommendations were included in the final draft of the manuscript Their input helped make this textbook clear and technically accurate while maintaining the easy-to-read style that has made other books from the same author so popular Oldrick Hajzler Red River College Betsy Hoffman Vermont Technical College Jeff Rehkopf Florida State College Steven T Lee Lincoln Technical Institute Richard Krieger Michigan Institute of Technology Carlton H Mabe, Sr Virginia Western Community College Roy Marks Owens Community College Tony Martin University of Alaska Southeast Kerry Meier San Juan College Fritz Peacock Indiana Vocational Technical College Dennis Peter NAIT (Canada) Kenneth Redick Hudson Valley Community College Omar Trinidad Southern Illinois University Jim Anderson Greenville High School Mitchell Walker St Louis Community College at Forest Park Victor Bridges Umpqua Community College Jennifer Wise Sinclair Community College Matt Dixon Southern Illinois University Special thanks to instructional designer Alexis I Skriloff James Dr Roger Donovan Illinois Central College A C Durdin Moraine Park Technical College Herbert Ellinger Western Michigan University Al Engledahl College of Dupage Larry Hagelberger Upper Valley Joint Vocational School PHOTO SEQUENCES The author wishes to thank Blaine Heeter, Mike Garblik, and Chuck Taylor of Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio, and James (Mike) Watson who helped with many of the photos A special thanks to Dick Krieger for his detailed and thorough reviews of the manuscript before publication Most of all, I wish to thank Michelle Halderman for her assistance in all phases of manuscript preparation —James D Halderman AC K N O W L E D GM EN T S vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR JIM HALDERMAN brings a world of experience, knowledge, and talent to his work His automotive service experience includes working as a flat-rate technician, a business owner, and a professor of automotive technology at a leading U.S community college for more than 20 years He has a Bachelor of Science Degree from Ohio Northern University and a Masters Degree in Education from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio Jim also holds a U.S Patent for an electronic transmission control device He is an ASE certified Master Automotive Technician and Advanced Engine Performance (L1) ASE certified Jim is the author of many automotive textbooks all published by Prentice Hall Jim has presented numerous technical seminars to national audiences including the California Automotive Teachers (CAT) and the Illinois College Automotive Instructor Association (ICAIA) He is also a member and presenter at the North American Council of Automotive Teachers (NACAT) Jim was also named Regional Teacher of the Year by General Motors Corporation and an outstanding alumnus of Ohio Northern University Jim and his wife, Michelle, live in Dayton, Ohio They have two children You can reach Jim at jim@jameshalderman.com viii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Impurities, 152 I/M test programs, 547 Incandescent lights, 19 Inches-of-water manometer (gauge), 564 gauge shown, 565 Independent switches, 343 Induced voltage described, 146 reducing, 123–124 ways to increase, 146 Inductive ammeters, 82–84 battery electrical drain test, 211 best location, 260 minimum electrical load requirements, 260 Inductive charging, 627 Inductive coupling, 149 Inert, 556 Inertia, definition, 224 Inertia switch, 485 cutaway view, 486 schematic, 492 Infection control precautions, 30 Infiniti, remote keyless programming, 356 Infinity battery sizes, 200 lane departure prevention (LDP) system, 316 meaning in digital meter, 80 Infrared (IR) or optical cameras, 340 Infrared thermometer (pyrometer), 571, 572 Injector pulse, testing for, 527–528 Injector pulse width (PW), formula for, 503 Injector voltage-drop tests, 531–532 Inline-type engines, exhaust gas control, 556 Input, 169 Input conditioning, 170 Input functions, computer, 169–170 Inside lighted mirrors, checking for common power source/ground, 125 Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) testing, 548 age of vehicle and, 550 evaporative emission system, 578 Instrument panel (IP) electronic control units, 303 instrument cluster removed, 308 serial data lines, 303 Instrument panel (IP) electrical center bulb trade numbers, 277 E & C (entertainment and comfort) communication, 180 excessive battery drain, 212 Insulated brushes, 222 Insulated tools, 608 Insulated wire, jumper wire, 76 Insulation tester, 603–604 Insulators, 49 Intake air temperature (IAT), resistance and voltage drop versus, 416 Intake air temperature (IAT) sensor GM V-6 location, 415 in intake manifold, 415 location, 416 performance and driveability, 415 pulse width, 504 purpose and function, 414 testing, 416 Intake air temperature (IAT) sensor testing, 416 676 INDEX Intake manifold pressure, how altitude affects, 431–432 Intake manifolds, clogged EGR passages, 561 Intake manifold vacuum calculating, 427 fuel pressure related (chart), 507 Intake regulator, DDS, 509 Integral sensor, 374 Integrated antenna, 386, 387 Integrated circuit (IT), 162 computer memory, 171 construction, 162 heat sink, 162 purpose and function, 162 Interior lights brightness and starter problems, 232 courtesy lights, 290 headlight switch, 274 illuminated entry, 290 not working, 125 Interior protection, 23 Intermittent malfunctions, diagnosing, 597 Internal combustion engine, air pressure related, 426 International Automotive Technicians Network, 440 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 88 voltage standards, 603 Internet, Interval wipers, 329 Inverters, 167 fuel-cell hybrid vehicle, 622 IOD test, 211 Ions, 47 Ion-sensing ignition, 470 applied voltage for ion-sensing, 470 IP (instrument panel), 303 “IR” drop See Voltage drop Iridium spark plugs, 477 ISC (idle speed control) motor, 513 ISO (International Standards Organization), relay identification, 122 Isolating decoupler pulley (IDP), 243 IT (integrated circuit), 162 computer memory, 171 construction, 162 heat sink, 162 purpose and function, 162 J J2534 reprogramming, 598–599 setup, 599 view of typical, 599 Jacks, 25–26 Japanese vehicles battery locations, 209 battery sizes, 200 vane airflow sensor, 435 Jeep immobilizer or vehicle theft deterrent key learn procedures, 361 remote keyless programming, 356 Jumper cables, 104–105 constructing, 104–105 Jumper wire, definition, 76 Jump starting, 27, 606 battery access point, 213 cable usage guide, 210 digital meter usage, 89 electronic component failure associated, 165 frozen battery, precautions, 197, 207 ground for, 213 jump box, 210 Junction, 154 heat damage, 162 K KAM (keep-alive memory), 170 Karman Vortex air flow sensor basic designs, 437 schematic, 437 Keep-alive memory (KAM), 170 Kelvin (K) temperature, 285 Key fob, 352 Key fob remote adjustable pedals in memory, 350 with cover removed, 352 Keyless entry diagram of location of components, 352 keyless entry diagnosis, 353 programming a new remote, 353 programming steps for popular vehicles, 354–359 rolling code reset procedure, 352–353 Keyless entry key fob, memory seat position, 346 Key-on—engine off (KOEO) test, 291, 592 Key-on—engine-running (KOER) test, 592–593 Keyword 81, 82, and 2000 serial data, 180 Kilo (K), 84 Kilohms conversion to ohms, 85 reading DMM displays, 84 Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 74 Kirchhoff’s current (first) law, 67 Kirchhoff’s second voltage law, 65 Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 74 applying, 64–65 Kliest, Ewald Christian von, 133 Knee airbags, 378 Knee bolsters, 378 Knives, utility, 15 Knock sensor (KS), 52 diagnosing, 471 purpose and function, 470–471 typical waveform, 471 KOEO (ignition key off, engine off), 291 KOEO test, on-demand codes or hard faults, 592 KOER (ignition key off, engine running), self-test, 592–593 Korean Airlines Flight 007, 311 L LAF (lean air-fuel) sensor, 452 Lambda rich and lean exhaust readings, 455 Lane departure prevention (LDP) system, 316 Lane departure warning (LDW), 316 Lane departure warning system (LDWS), 316 Lane monitoring system (LMS), 316 Latency period, 37 Latex surgical gloves, 22 LCD (liquid crystal display), 306–307 LDP (lane departure prevention) system, 316 LDP (leak detection pump), 577 LDW (lane departure warning), 316 LDWS (lane departure warning system), 316 Lead-acid battery chemical reactions, 196, 197 valve regulated, 197–198 Lead-acid battery waste, 41 Lead-calcium batteries, maintenance, 203 Leak detection pump (LDP) system operation, 577 purpose and function, 577 Leak tester, EVAP system, 578 Lean air-fuel (LAF) sensor See Wide-band oxygen sensors (O2S) Lean exhaust, 454 lambda higher than 1.00, 455 positive current, 454 Lean indicator, 551 LED (light-emitting diode), 19 brake lights, 279 definition, 157–158 headlights, 286 how it emits light, 158 need for current limiting, 157–158 operation, 157 seven-segment, 306 LED brake lights, 279 LED digital displays, 306 LED headlights, 286 LED test lights, 77 Left-hand rule, 142 Left-side courtesy light, 125 Legs, 67 calculating total current, 68 Lenz’s law, 146 LEV (low emission vehicle), 544 Lexus battery locations, 209 battery sizes, 200 cruise control, 337 immobilizer or vehicle theft deterrent key learn procedures, 364 lane monitoring system (LMS), 316 LED headlights, 286 precollision system, 340 radar cruise control, 339 remote keyless programming, 359 Leyden jar, 133 License plate light, 276 Light, as source of electricity, 52 Light bulbs blown (open), 125 bulb numbers, 275–277 dash bulb test, 297 digital multimeter to read ohms, 80 electrical problems, 278 halogen, 284 one-filament stop/turn bulbs, turn signals, 280 schematic symbol, 120 testing, 278–279 two-filament stop/turn bulbs, 281 visual inspection, 278 wattage and square of voltage, 61 Light-emitting diode (LED), 19, 157 See also LED aftermarket replacement LED bulbs, 280 brake lights, 279 dash displays, 306 seven-segment LED display, 306 symbols and line drawing, 306 Lighter plug trick, 258 Lighting See also Dome light; Interior lights adaptive front lighting system, 286–288 adding additional, 126 automatic dimming mirrors, 290–291 brake lights, 279–280 bulb numbers, 275–277 computer-controlled, 274–275 courtesy lights, 290 daytime running lights, 288 diagnosis, 292 dimmer switches, 288 exterior, 274 feedback, 291–292 fiber optics, 290 ground connection faults, 291 headlights, 282–286 illuminated entry, 290 optical headlight aiming, 294–295 symptom guide, 292 taillight bulb replacement, 293 turn signals, 280–282 Lightning damage, 397 Light-off converters (LOCs), 569 Light-off temperature, 569 Light-off time (LOT), 452 Light sensors for automatic headlight, 283 Light shield installation, 465 Limp home mode, 519 LIN (local interconnect network), 188 Lincoln immobilizer or vehicle theft deterrent key learn procedures, 361 precollision system, 340 remote keyless programming, 356 Town Car speedometer, 309, 505 Linear EGR, 558 General Motors, 559 Linesman’s gloves, 603 for work on circuits, 114 Linesman’s pliers, 13 Lines of force, 140 alternator, 246 Line wrenches, Liquid crystal display (LCD), 306–307 cleaning precautions, 307 Liquid hydrogen, 624 refueling with, 624 solid state of hydrogen, 624 Load, 56 Load detection, MAP sensor signals, 431 Loaded mode test, 547 Load test, battery, 205 Local interconnect network (LIN), 188 Location of connections, 118 Lock box for ignition keys, 607 Locking nuts for starters, 234 Locking pliers, 14 Lockout switch, 343 Lock tang, 110 LOCs (light-off converters), 569 Lodestone, 139 Logic circuit, 170, 175 Logic high, 163 Logic low, 163 Logic probe, 78 Long-range radar (LRR), 340 Loosening fasteners, 10 LOT (light-off time), 452 Loudspeakers, 388–390 Low-authority sensors, 438 Low emission vehicle (LEV), 544 Low fuel warning light, 299–300 Low-grade heat, in fuel-cell cooling systems, 620 Low-pass filter, 391 Low-side drivers (LSDs), 173 Low traction detected warning light, 300 Low-water-loss batteries, 194 Lumbar, 346 Lung cancer, 37 M MAF (mass airflow) sensors analog versus digital, 436 burn-off circuit, 437 checking hose, 439 contamination, 439–440 definition, 436 dirty MAF sensor story, 438 DTCs, 440 false air, 439 five-wire unit shown, 436 high-authority sensors, 438 rationality testing, 421 testing, 438 types, 435–437 unplug it test, 439 MAF sensor contamination, 439–440 Magic circle for calculating electricity-related units, 61 Magnetic crankshaft position sensors, 462 AC coupling, 96 variable field strength, 463 Magnetic crankshaft sensors, AC coupling position, 96 Magnetic fields alternator, 248 rotors, 244–245 soldering gun, 310 starter motor, 218, 219 strength, measuring, 218 Magnetic flux, 140 Magnetic induction, 140 Magnetic pulse alternator, 462 operational diagram, 462 Magnetic sensor, 462 testing, 473–474 Magnetic-type camshaft position (CMP), permeability characteristic, 141 Magnetic vehicle speed sensors, AC coupling, 96 Magnetic wheel speed sensors, AC coupling, 96 Magnetism attracting or repelling, 140–141 definition, 139 electricity and, 142 fundamentals, 139–141 IN D EX 677 lines of force, 140 magnetic induction, 140 magnetizing a steel needle, 140 permeability, 141 reluctance, 141 residual magnetism, 140 as source of electricity, 53 Magnetite, 139 Magnets, cracked or broken, 139 Maintenance-free battery definition, 194 electrolytes, 196 Maintenance reminder lamps, 317 Maintenance required warning light, 298 Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL), 400 code 12, 591 DTCs, 587 light, 298, 400 Mallets, 12 Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, 173, 426 altitude impact, 430 barometric pressure changes with altitude, 431 ceramic disk MAP sensor, 429 construction, 426–427 defective vacuum hose, 432 definition, 426 DTCs, 433 fuel delivery, 502 high vacuum, applying, 432 PCM uses, 429–431 rationality testing, 421 showing three wires, 428 voltage chart showing altitude, 431 Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor testing using a DMM or scope, 432 using scan tool, 432 Manufacturer’s diagnostic routines, 599 MAP (manifold absolute pressure) sensor altitude impact, 430 capacitor-capsule MAP sensor, 428–429 ceramic disk MAP sensor, 429 construction, 426–427 defective vacuum hose, 432 definition, 426 DTCs, 433 fuel delivery, 502 high vacuum, applying, 432 PCM uses, 429–431 rationality testing, 421 showing three wires, 428 silicon diaphragm strain gauge map sensor, 428 for training purposes, 427 as vacuum gauge, 430 voltage chart showing altitude, 431 MAP (manifold absolute pressure) sensor testing types of test instruments, 432 using a DMM or scope, 432 using a scan tool, 432 Marine cranking amperes (MCA), 199 “Married” type ignition coils, 147 Mass, 436 678 INDEX Mass airflow (MAF) sensors, 436 burn-off circuit, 437 checking hose, 439 computer input, 173 contamination, 439–440 definition, 436 dirty MAF sensor story, 438 DTCs, 440 false air, 439 five-wire unit shown, 436 frequency measurements, 84 high-authority sensors, 438 rationality testing, 421 types, 435–437 hot film sensor, 435–436 hot wire sensor, 436–437 unplug it test, 439 Mass airflow (MAF) sensor testing digital meter test, 438 output test, 438 tap test, 438 visual inspection, 438 Mass airflow fuel-injection system, 503 formula, 503 Master control switch, 343 Material safety data sheets (MSDS), 36 Maxi fuses, 106 amperage and colors, 107 Maximum duty cycle, fuel injector, 510 Mazda remote keyless programming, 356 MCA (marine cranking amperes), 199 MEA (Membrane Electrolyte Assembly), 618 Mechanical returnless fuel system (MRFS), 508 diagram, 508 Mechanic’s gloves, 22 Media oriented system transport (MOST) BUS communication, 187 Mega (M), 84 Mega fuses, 109 cause of failure, 109 checking, 109 Megohms digital meter usage, 91 reading DMM displays, 84 Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), 618 Memory after battery electrical drain test, 212 digital computers, 171 NVRAM (nonvolatile access memory), 310 Memory saver, 213 Memory seat, 346 module showing three-wire potentiometer, 348 Memory seats, easy exit seat programming, 347 Mercedes-Benz B-Class fuel-cell car, 617 ECT sensor, 413 precollision system, 340 radar cruise control, 339 Mercury, battery sizes, 200 Mercury (element), safety, 42 Mercury immobilizer or vehicle theft deterrent key learn procedures, 361 remote keyless programming, 356 Mercury Mariner, 30 Mesh spring, 224 Mesothelioma, 37 Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) materials (MOSFETs), 161 Metals, relative conductivity chart, 102 Meter accuracy, 87–88 Meter lead connections, 85 Meter resolution, 86 Methanol as “carbon-neutral,” 620 direct methanol fuel cells, 619 energy density, 619 Metric bolts, 4–5, Metric wire gauge, 103 conversion chart, 103 MI (Motorola interconnect) BUS protocol, 187 Midbass speaker, 390 Midrange speakers, 390 MIL (malfunction indicator lamp), 400 code 12, 591 DTCs, 587 off, on steady, flashing, 403 MIL (malfunction indicator) light, 298 shown, 400 Milli (m), 84 Milliseconds, 95 Millivolts, digital meter usage, 91 Mini converter, 569 Mini Cooper, radar cruise control, 339 Mini fuses, 106 amperage rating and colors, 106 Minimum required alternator output, 260–261 procedure, 260–261 purpose, 260 test results, 261 MIN/MAX oxygen sensor test chart, 449 Mirrors, heated, 342 Misfire monitor, 401–402 Misfire Type A, 402 Misfire Type B, 402 Missing Ford story, 447 Mode six, 408 Modular fuel sender assembly, 489–490, 490 spring loaded, 490 typical assembly, 491 Modulation, 385 Module communications advantages, 177 configuration, 178 need for network, 177 network fundamentals, 177–178 Modules, communication with other computers, 171 Module status test, 188–189 Momentary switch, 122 Monitors continuous, 401–402 comprehensive component monitor (CCM), 401 fuel trim monitor, 402 misfire monitor, 401–402 noncontinuous, 402 MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) materials), 161 Most (media oriented system transport) BUS communication, 187 Motorola interconnect (MI) BUS protocol, 187 Moveable pole shoe, 224 starter, 224 Moving a hybrid vehicle in the shop, 607 MSDS (material safety data sheets), 36 Multigroove adjustable pliers, 13 Multimeters, CAT III-rated digital multimeter, 603 Multipath audio system, 386 Multiplexing, 177 advantages, 177–178 Multiport fuel injector, 510 Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 133 Mutual induction, 146 ignition coils, 146–148 N Narrow band oxygen sensor, 442 NASTF website, 599 National Automotive Service Task Force (NASTF) website, 599 National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA), 628 Navigation enhanced climate control, 313 Navigation system background, 311 backup camera view, 315 diagnosis and service, 312–313 GPS, 311 parts and operation, 312 screen display, 313 touch screen, 313 troubleshooting, 312–313 typical display, 313 N.C (normally closed output), 122 definition, 121 NEDRA (National Electric Drag Racing Association), 628 Needle nose pliers, 13–14 Negative backpressure, 557 Negative slope, 98 Negative temperature coefficient (NTC), 409 Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensor, 416 Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, 159, 416 Nernst cell, 453 See also Oxygen sensor (O2S) Nernst, Walter, 453 Network, 177 diagnosis, 188–190 fundamentals, 177–178 module communications, 178 types of, 177–178 Neutral charge, 46 Neutral position, 517 Neutral safety switch, 216–217 Neutrons, 46 Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries disposal of, 608 paint oven damage to, 608 storing, 608 Night vision systems camera location, 305 diagnosis and service, 306 parts and operation, 305–306 NiMH (nickel-metal hydride) batteries disposal of, 608 paint oven damage to, 608 storage, 608 Nippondenso fuel injectors, 509 Nissan battery sizes, 200 ECT sensor, 413 lane departure prevention (LDP) system, 316 remote keyless programming, 357 Nitrile gloves, 22 Nitrogen gas pressurization, 579 emission tester, 579 NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon), 549 N.O (normally open output), 122 definition, 121 Node, 177, 178 Noid, 528 Noid light, 527–528 precautions with, 528 Noise audio noise summary, 396 audio noise symptom chart, 397 capacitors for filtering, 136 radio-frequency interference, 385–386 signal-to-noise ratio, 393 sniffer construction, 397 Nonchecking, 507 Noncontinuous monitors, 402 Nonenhanced evaporative (EVAP) control systems, 576 Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 549 Nonpowered test lights, 77 Nonsynchronized throttle-body fuel-injection, 503 Nonvolatile access memory (NVRAM), 310 Nonvolatile RAM, 170 No-spark (intermittent spark) condition causes, 472 spark tester, 473 symptom guide, 481 No-start condition electronic fuel-injection systems, 527 ignition system diagnosis, 472 inoperative electric fuel pump, 495 radio shorted-to-ground, 191 tachometer trick, 463 Notched wheel, permeability characteristic, 141 NOx See Oxides of nitrogen (Nox) NPN transistor, 160 NTC (negative temperature coefficient), 409 NTC (negative temperature coefficient) thermistor, 159, 416 N-type material, 152 diodes, 154 transistor symbol arrow, 161 Nuts, 6–7 NVRAM (nonvolatile access memory), 310 O OAD (overrunning alternator dampener), 243–244 exploded view, 244 failure, causes of, 244 purpose, 244 special installation equipment, 244 special tool, 244 OAP (alternator overrunning pulleys), 242–244 failure, causes of, 244 purpose, 244 special installation equipment, 244 OBD-I data link connector (Ford), 183–184 Ford vehicles, 183 General Motors vehicles, 591 requirements, 400 self-test connector (Ford), 592 OBD-II (onboard diagnosis second generation), 170 16 pin DLC, 191 active tests, 596–597 background, 400 catalytic converter monitor, 570 catalytic converter performance, 569–570 diagnosis, 593–596 DLC (data link connector), 191 DTC numbering explanation, 404–405 enhanced evaporative control systems, 576 freeze-frame, 405, 596–597 global scan tool, 407 location of terminals, 188 monitor information, 402–403 objectives, 400–401 testing, 548 OBD-II data link connector, view of typical, 593 OBD-II EGR monitoring strategies delta pressure feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor, 559 MAP sensor as EGR monitor, 559 OBD-II active test, 560 oxygen in exhaust, 559 purpose and function, 559 OBD-II scan tool DTC numbering designation, 404–405 dual cell diagnosis, 455 global, 407 Occupant detection system (ODS) diagnosis, 381 purpose and function, 380 test weight, 381 type of seat sensor, 380 Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), 35, 37 safety gloves, 602–603 Odometer electronic, 309–311 mechanical, 311 memory chip, 170 purpose and function, 309–310 service, 311–312 speedometer/odometer service, 311–312 ODS (occupant detection system), 380–381 Off-board programming, 598 connecting cables and computer, 598 Off/on and dimming switch on dash, 306 Offset left aviation snips, 15 Offset right aviation snips, 15 Offset screwdrivers, 11–12 Ohm, George Simon, 51, 59 Ohmmeter, 51 antenna testing, 387 coil shorted to ground, 473–474 definition, 79–80 ignition coil testing, 472–473 light bulbs, 278–279 measuring pickup coil resistance, 473 measuring resistance, 79–80 reading digital meter displays, 86 IN D EX 679 setup for testing ignition coil, 473 solenoid check, 233 stator winding readings, 263 testing alternator rotor, 262 testing diodes and transistors, 165 voltage applied by, 81 zero ohms, 80 Ohmmeter method (short circuits), 128 Ohms definition, 51 digital meter usage, 90 reading DMM displays, 84 Ohm’s law, 59 applied to simple circuits, 60 examples, 66–67 formulas, 59–60 “magic circle” of most formulas, 61 relationship with three units of electricity, 60 series circuits, 63–64 Oil change, procedures, 609 Oil condition, diagnostic process, 584, 586 Oil fouling, 478 Oil leaks, checking with engine off, 563 Oil pressure, low oil pressure story, 301 Oil pressure lamp, diagnosis, 300–301 Oil pressure warning devices, 300–301 Oil service reminder light, resetting, 317 Oil, used, 38–39 Oil/vapor separator, 562 Oil/water separator, 562 OL (over limit or overload) digital meter displays, 80 reading display, 83 On-board diagnosis (OBD), 400 Onboard diagnosis second generation See OBD-II Onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR), 484, 577 reduced-size fill tube, 484 Once per trip monitors, 402–403 One-filament stop/turn bulbs turn signals, 280 See also Single-filament bulb One-speed and two-speed idle test, 547 One-wire oxygen sensor, 444 OnStar aggressive driving, 381 diagnosis and service, 314 location of three-button control, 314 monitoring location, 312 parts and operation, 313–314 Op-amps (operational amplifiers), 164 Open circuit battery voltage test, 204 Open circuits, 57 common causes, 57 current flow behavior, 57 definition, 125 procedure to locate, 125 schematic, 57 series circuit, 63 Open circuit voltage, 203 Open-end wrenches, 7–8 Open loop operation, 446 Operational amplifiers (op-amps), 164 Optical distributors, 463 cutaway view, 465 light shield installation, 465 one-degree slits, 465 680 INDEX Optical headlight aiming, 294–295 Optical sensors, 463 testing, 474 visual inspection, 474 Orange-colored cables, 602 Orange conduit, 114 Orifice-controlled PCV systems, 562–563 Original equipment, 584 ORVR (onboard refueling vapor recovery), 484, 577 reduced-size fill tube, 484 OSC (oxygen storage capacity), 569 Oscilloscopes See also Digital oscilloscope; Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) definition, 94 display grid, 94 fuel injector testing, 532–533 MAP sensor testing, 432 number of channels, 97–98 setup and adjustments, 95–96 TP sensor testing, 422 triggers, 98 types of, 94 using, 99–100 OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration), 35, 37 safety gloves, 602 OTC scan tools, 589 “Ought” gauge, 104 Output drivers, 174 Output test, MAF sensor, 438 Outside folding mirrors, 351 electric mirror control, 351 in folded position, 351 haunted mirror story, 351 Overcharging batteries, 199, 208 Overheating, diagnostic process, 586 Overrunning alternator dampener (OAD) exploded view, 244 low or no alternator output, 257 special tool, 244 Overrunning clutch, 224 operational diagram, 224 Overvoltage protection for hybrid electric vehicles, 88 Oxides of nitrogen (Nox) burning or watery eyes, 552 catalytic converter role, 571 clogged EGR passages, 561 EGR control of, 556 emission control, 555 excessive, causes of, 552 exhaust analysis, 549 high, causes and correction, 553 specifications, 552 testing for, 552 Oxygen (O2) exhaust analysis, 549 measuring, 551 Oxygen level test, 571 Oxygen sensor (O2S), 442 computer input sensor, 173 construction, 442–443 diagnosis, 446–450 different designs, 444 DTCs, 457 front and rear connector switched, 445 fuel trim, 446 heater circuits, 444 location, 442 with low pulse width, 553 narrow band, 442 numbering and location, 445 operation, 443–444 poor ground connection, 447 pulse width, 504 purpose and function, 442 room temperature vulcanization (RTV) sealers, 451 stoichiometric air-fuel ratio response, 444 volts per division (V/div), 96 wide-band, 452–453 Oxygen sensor (O2S) testing false rich signal, 446 post catalytic converter oxygen sensor, 451 propane oxygen sensor test, 451 using a digital voltmeter, 447–448 using a scan tool, 449–450 using a scope, 450 using MIN/MAX method, 448 Oxygen sensor waveform analysis, good reading, 450 Oxygen storage capacity (OSC), 569 Ozone, 551 locations, 555 P Pacific fuse element, 107–108 Palladium, 569 Paper test, 586 Parallel circuit laws, 67–68 Parallel circuits calculation examples, 70–71 capacitors in, 137 current flow (amperes), 70 definition, 67 determining total resistance, 68–70 electronic calculators, 69–70 total resistance, 70 voltage drop, 70–71 Parameter identification (PID), 407 Parameter identification display (PID), chart, 590 Parasitic load test, 211 Parasitic load tool, 212 Parking brake dash warning lamp, 301–302 testing, 301–302 Parking lamps, bulb trade numbers, 275–276 Partitions, battery, 196 Passenger presence system (PPS), 380–381 Passenger seat sensor, 377 PASS fire extinguisher procedure, 28 Path of least resistance, 68 PCI (programmable controller interface), 185 PCMs See Powertrain control modules PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) system diagnosis X card test, 564 crankcase vacuum test, 564 DTCs, 565 PCV monitor, 564 rattle test, 564 snap-back test, 564 symptoms, 563 system performance check, 564 PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) systems, 562 checking oil leaks, 563 PCV (pressure control valve), 508 PCV monitor, 564 PCV valve with fastener, 565 PCV system performance check, 564 PCV valves airflows, 562, 563 backfire operation shown, 563 crankcase ventilation, 562 ice blockage prevention, 565 spring-operated plunger, 562 whistling engine noise, 563 wires at, 565 Peak-and-hold injector drive circuit, 532–533 typical waveforms, 533 Peak inverse voltage (PIV), 157 Peak power, 393 Peak reverse voltage (PRV), 157 Pedestal-mounted grinders, 20–21 Peen, 12–13 PEFC (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell), 618 Peltier effect, 52 heated and cooled seats, 349 Peltier, Jean Charles Athanese, 52, 349 PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane), 618 fuel cell, 618–619 PEM fuel cells, 618–619 direct current (DC) electricity from, 618 “five nines” purity, 618 humidifier role in, 619 Pending codes, 587 scan tools, 406 Performance problems EVAP system, 578 Toyota, 471 Peripheral pump, 489 Permanent magnet (PM) motors, 220 power antenna, 387–388 power seat, 346–348 power windows, 343–344, 344 Permanent magnet (PM) sensors, 309, 505 Permanent magnet fields, 222 Permeability, 141 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 21–22, 35 PFE sensor, 558 PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), 626 Phillips screwdrivers, 11 Phosphor, 307 Photochemical smog formation, 551 Photodiodes, 158 construction, 158 purpose and function, 158 schematic symbol, 158 Photoelectricity, 52 Photons, 158 Photoresistors, 158 schematic symbol, 158 Phototransistor, 162 Picket fencing, 386 Picks for releasing terminal from connector, 110 Pickup coil, 462 AC voltage output, 474 magnetic sensor testing, 474 tachometer trick, 463 PID (parameter identification), 407 Piezoelectricity, 52 Piezoresistivity, 428 Pinch weld seams, 24 Ping, knock sensors, 470–471 Ping modules, 188–189 Pinion gears, starter overhaul, 237 Pitch, PIV (peak inverse voltage), 157 Planar design, 452–453 dual cell, 453–454 Planar design zirconia oxygen sensor, schematic, 453 Planetary ring gear, 237–239 Plasma, 470 Plastic optical fiber (POF), 188 Platinum, 569 Platinum electrodes conventional oxygen sensor, 453 zirconia oxygen sensor, 453 Platinum spark plugs, 477 Pliers, 13–15 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), 626 Plunger lever, 224 PM (permanent magnet) generator, soldering gun trick, 309 PM (permanent magnet) motors, 220 power seats, 346–348 power windows, 343–344, 344 PM (permanent magnet) sensors, 309, 505 PM generator, 309 PM starters, 220 P-N junction, 157 PNP transistor, 160 POF (plastic optical fiber), 188 Points, definition, 135 Point-type distributor, 135 Point-type ignition system, 135 Poisoning, chemical, 39 Polarity, direction of induced voltage, 146 Pole magnetism, 140 north (N) and south (S), 140 Poles, 121 Pole shoes, 220 diagram, 219, 221 Police radar frequencies, 340 Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), 618 Polyurethane gloves, 22 Pontiac, remote keyless programming, 354, 358 Pontiac Grand Am, speedometer repair, 310 Porous lead, 195 Portable exhaust analyzer, 552 Port fuel-injection systems, 501, 503–505 advantages, 503–504 checking fuel-injector resistance, 529 diagnosis, 527 diagram, 512 fuel-pressure regulator shown, 506 fuel pump current draw, 498 grouped double-fire, 504 location of various components, 502 manifold runners, 505 nozzle assembly, 505 pressure regulator diagnosis, 524 sequential fuel injection (SFI), 504, 505 simultaneous double-fire, 504 two injectors per cylinder, 505 Position sensor, cruise control, 337 Positive backpressure, 557 Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) systems, 562 Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve checking, 525 clogged, 525 Positive displacement fuel pump, 488–489 detail shown, 489 Positive engagement starters, 224–225 Positive slope, 98 Positive switching of high- and low-beams, 290 Positive temperature coefficient (PTC), 53 Positive terminal batteries, 117 female connector, 119 Post catalytic converter oxygen sensor analysis, 450–451 Potentiometer, 53, 420 described, 420 memory seats, 346, 348 schematic symbol, 170 throttle position signal voltage, 420 TP sensors, 518 typical mount, 420 voltage path, 170 Pounding tools, 13 Power defined, 51 fused jumper wire for, 76 symbol for, 51 Power antenna ground wires, 150 testing and service, 387–388 typical assembly, 388 Power control unit (PCU), fuel-cell hybrid vehicle, 622–623 Power distribution centers, fusible links and mega fuses, 109 Power door locks, 351–352 circuit breakers, 108 Powered mast antenna, 386, 387 Powerline capacitor connected in parallel, 392 definition, 392 installation, 392 precharged procedure, 392 usage guide, 392 wiring diagram, 392 Power path, 56 Power seats circuit breakers, 108 circuit diagram, 347 easy exit seat programming, 347 lumbar, 346 memory seat, 346 motor(s), 346–348 motor layout, 347 parts and operation, 346 service access, 348 symptom guide, 365 troubleshooting, 347–348 what every driver should know, 348 Power source, 56 common, 125 supplemental, capacitor for, 136 IN D EX 681 Powertrain control modules (PCMs) alternator control, 251 analog-to-digital signals, 170 Chevrolet pickup location, 172 Chrysler location, 172 coil-over-plug-type ignition systems, 469–470 computer controls, 173 cruise control, 339 DC to DC converter, 166 determination of faults chart, 405 drive the light out, 600 fuel trim, 446 functionality test, 406 functions, 169 GM trucks, 378 malfunction indicator light (MIL), 298 MAP sensor uses, 429–431 procedures for resetting, 600 push-button start systems, 217 rationality test, 406 retrieving diagnostic information, 589–590 signal from knock sensors, 470–471 spring test, 517 stepper motor, 303 tests, 406–407 TP sensor uses, 421 transmission fluid temperature signal, 417 uses of oxygen sensor, 446 wheel diameter, 378 Power window motors, 343–344 Power windows auto down/up features, 344 circuit using PM motors, 344 power window motors, 343–344 programming auto down, 345 switches and controls, 343 symptom guide, 365 troubleshooting, 345–346 PPE (personal protective equipment), 21–22, 35 PPS (passenger presence system), 380–381 Precollision system operation, 340–341 purpose and function, 340 terminology, 340–341 Preconverter, 569 Pressure control valve (PCV), 508 Pressure differential, 426 Pressure differential switch, 301 location, 301 Pressure-drop balance test, 531 Pressure feedback EGR (PFE) sensor, 558 Pressure gauge, testing backpressure with, 570–571 Pressure regulator diagnosis, 524 gasoline in vacuum hose, 524 Pressure sensors, principles of, 426 Pressure transducer, 525 Pressure-type Karman Vortex sensor, 437 Pressure vacuum filler cap, 484 Pressure vent valve (PVV), 508 Pretensioners, 370 Primary ignition circuit, 461 diagram, 462 operation, 462–463 682 INDEX Primary winding, 146 connections, 460 definition, 460 location, 460 Primary wire, 103 Processing, computer systems, 170 Programmable controller interface (PCI), 185 Programmable read-only memory (PROM), 170 Programming auto down, on power windows, 345 PROM (programmable read-only memory), 170 replacing the computer, 171 Propane oxygen sensor test, 451 Protection, for circuits, 56 Protocol, 180 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), 618 PEM fuel cells, 618–619 Protons, 46 PRV (peak reverse voltage), 157 PTC (positive temperature coefficient), 53 circuit protectors, 108 normal operation, 108 PTC circuit protectors, 108 P-type material, 152, 153 diodes, 154 Pull-in winding, 225 Pulse train, 96–97 definition, 96 frequency, 97 Pulse width definition, 97 described, 84 injector on-time shown, 532 Pulse-width modulated type of injector drive circuit, 533 Pulse-width modulation (PWM), 97 computer controls, 174–175 cooling fan speed control, 175 duty cycle, 174 signal, 517 solenoids, 165 Pulse wipers, 324 Pulse wipe systems, 329 Pulsing circuit breaker, 128 Pump cell, 453 Punches, 15–16, 16 Pup converter, 569 Purge valve, 576 problems after refueling, 576 Push-button start system, 217 PVV (pressure vent valve), 508 PWM, 97 computer controls, 174–175 cooling fan speed control, 175 duty cycle, 174 signal, 517 solenoids, 165 Pyrometer (infrared thermometer), 571, 572 PZEV (partial zero-emission vehicle), 545 Q Quick and easy ECT test, 415 Quick and easy fuel volume test, 497 R Rack-and-pinion steering, steering wheel precautions, 375 Radar cruise control parts and operation, 340 purpose and function, 339 radar detector impact, 340 terminology, 339 Radar detectors, 340 Radar frequencies, 340 Radiator cap, testing ECT sensor, 410 Radio battery access point, 213 battery replacement issues, 213 E & C (entertainment and comfort) communication, 180 lightning damage, 397 “LOC” on display, 398 no-start story, 191 security code to unlock, 212, 213, 398, 591 security lock problem, 398 Radioactive materials, 35 Radio choke, 396 diagram, 396 Radio core support, horn mounts on, 324 Radio frequency (RF), 384 AM waves, 385 FM waves, 385 Radio-frequency interference (RFI), 148, 385–386 capacitors to reduce, 137 noise, 385–386 Radio interference braided ground wire, 396 capacitor usage, 395–396 definition, 395 radio choke, 396 Radios and receivers, 386 Radio security lock problem, 398 Rain sense module (RSM), 331 location, 331 Rain sense wiper system diagnosis and service, 331 diagram, 331 parts and operation, 331 RAM (random-access memory), 170 Ramps, drive-on, 27 Random-access memory (RAM), 170 Random roadside testing, 548 Range on a full battery charge, 627 for digital meters, 79 Ratchets, Rationality, 402 PCM test, 406 Rationality testing, MAP and MAF sensors, 421 Rattle test, 564 RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act), 36 Reactive materials, 35 Read-only memory (ROM), 170 Rear window defogger grid antenna, 387 Rear park assist (RPA), 315 diagnosis, 316 Rearview cameras, 314–315 Rear window defogger grid antenna, 386 Rear window defoggers, 341–342 corrosion or junction faults, 364 symptom guide, 365 Rebuilt alternators, 265 Recalls, Recombinant battery, 198 Rectifier, 245 six diodes, 246 Rectifier bridges, 159–160 alternator, 245, 246 replaceable assembly, 264 Rectifier testing, 263–264 assembly, 264 meter setup, 263 results, 264 testing procedure, 264 Red brake fault warning light, 298 brake fluid levels, 301, 301–302 testing for faults, 301–302 troubleshooting, 310 Red lightning bolt warning lamp, 520 Red meter lead position, 79 reading digital meters, 85 “Reduced power” warning light, 519 Reference, 453 Reference electrode, 453 Reference voltage, 166 Reflashing, 170 Refueling, problems after, 576 Regenerative braking fuel-cell hybrid vehicles, 623 service, 610 Relative motion, 146 Relay accessory installation, 126 armature, 122–123 definition, 122 diagnosing, 124 diodes in, 154 electromagnetic switch, 143–144 four-terminal, 123 ISO identification, 122 operation, 122–123 schematic of wiring, 123, 124 solenoid compared, 124 solenoid compared (chart), 144 on starter, 145 testing, 123 transistor compared, 160 uses of electromagnetism, 143–144 voltage spike control, 123–124 Relay coil, computer controls, 174 Relearn onboard computer, after fuel-injector service, 536 Reluctance, 141 Reluctor wheel, 142 Remote programming, 597 Remote sensing, 548 Remote starting, 217–218 Remote vehicle start (RVS), 217–218 Repairs completing, 599 previous, as indicator in diagnosis, 584 Replacement parts, failures, 155 Reprogramming, 597–598 first step shown, 598 J2534 reprogramming, 598–599 Reserve capacity, 199 battery drain and, 212 charge time, 208 Residual (rest) pressure, 488 Residual magnetism, 140 Resistance causes of high resistance, 58 conductors and, 53 copper wire and NTC thermistor compared, 159 definition, 51 digital meter usage, 90 ECT sensor measurement, 411 ECT testing with multimeter, 410 examples, 66–67 measuring with ohmmeter, 79–80 multiple use, in electrical circuits, 70 ohm measurement, 51 path of least resistance, 68 reading digital meter displays, 86 as sum (addition) of all resistances, 63 voltage drop test for determining, 66 Resistance suppression, 149–150 Resistors color-code interpretation, 54 fixed, 53 schematic symbol, 120 spike protection, 156–157 spike protection resistors, 156–157 spike reduction method, 124 terminating, 189 typical carbon, 54 variable, 53 Resistor spark plugs, 477 Resistor-type occupant detection sensors, 381 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 36 Rest (residual) pressure, 488 Rest pressure test, 495 Return path (ground), for circuits, 56 Reverse bias, 154 Reversing cameras, 314–315 Revolutions per minute (RPM), frequency, 97 RFI (radio-frequency interference), 148 noise, 385–386 Rheostat, 53 interior dash lights, 282 schematic symbol, 120 Rhodium, 569 Ribbon-type airbag crash sensor, 373 schematic, 374 Rich exhaust, 454 lambda less than 1.00, 455 negative current, 454 Rich indicator, 550 Right-hand rule, 142 Right-side courtesy light, 125 Right-to-know laws, 36 Rigid fuel lines, 486 Ring gear to pinion gear ratio, 223 Ring link networks, 178, 179 Ring/star hybrid networks, 179 Ripple voltage, 96 RMS (root mean square), 86, 393 RMS power, 393 RMS power at ohms, 393 Road test, 600 Robertson screwdrivers, 12 Rochester Multec fuel injectors, 509 Roller cell (vane) fuel pump, 488 Rolling code reset procedure, 352–353 Rollover leakage protection, 485 check valve, 485 inertia switch, 485 ROM (read-only memory), 170 Room temperature vulcanization (RTV) sealers, 451 Rosin-core solder, 111 Rotary vane fuel pump, 488–489 action shown, 489 Rotor current, 245 Rotors, 244 construction, 244 definition, 244 how they create magnetic fields, 244–245 induced current, 248 rotor assembly cutaway view, 245 rotor current, 245 RPA (rear park assist), 315–316 RPM (revolutions per minute), frequency, 97 RSM (rain sense module), 331 RTV (room temperature vulcanization) sealers, 451 Rubber coupling, 346 Rubber gloves, for high-voltage safety, 603 Rubber mallet trick, 495 RVS (remote vehicle start), 217–218 S Saab, remote keyless programming, 354, 355, 358 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), 169, 180, 242 OBD-II scan tools, 404 Safety air hose, 27 chisel, 16 cutter, 15 file, 15 hacksaw, 16 hammer, 13 hand, 46 hybrid electric vehicle, 30 infection control precautions, 30 mallet, 13 mercury in components, 42 pliers, 15 precautions, 22 punch, 16 ratchet, 10–11 screwdriver, 12 shop cloth disposal, 23, 24 socket, 10–11 trouble lights, 19 warning lamps, 298–299 wrench, 8–9 Safety belts, 370 belt retractors, 370 how they work (diagram), 371 inertia-type mechanism, 371 lights and chimes, 370 pretensioner, 370 warning light, 371 Safety belt warning lamp, 298 Safety cones, for high-voltage servicing, 604 IN D EX 683 Safety glasses, 21 Safety gloves, 602–603 HV gloves, 612–613 Safety lifting vehicles, 23–25 Safety stands, 24 SAI (secondary air-injection) system air distribution manifolds and nozzles, 566 belt-driven air pumps, 566 diagnosis, 567–568 electric motor-driven air pumps, 566–567 exhaust check valves, 566 operation chart, 567 parts and operation, 565–566 purpose and function, 565 typical components, 565 visual inspection, 567 SAI pump, 565 electric motor-driven, 567 Sampling rates, 94 SAR (supplemental air restraints), 372 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services (SDARS), 394 Satellite radio antenna, 394–395 diagnosis and service, 395 ESNs and subscriptions, 396 parts and operation, 394 reception, 394 Sirius/XM radio, 394 Saturated switch-type injector-driven circuit, 532 Saturation, 532 Saturn battery sizes, 200 remote keyless programming, 354, 355, 358 waste-spark ignition system, 467 Scan testing, charging circuit, 254–255 Scan tool data (PID), 455 Scan tools, 589 for accessories, 330 aftermarket, 589 bidirectional, 330 charging system problems, 255 data link connector (DLC), 588 dual cell diagnosis, 455 ECT sensor testing, 413–414 to erase DTCs, 405 ETC readings, 520 EVAP system, 575 Ford SCP BUS, 184 fuel-system diagnostics, 537 GM Tech scan tool, 189 Honda, 188 Honda/Toyota communications, 187 how to use data, 588 IAC counts, 527 ignition inputs, 308 incorrect vehicle year, 591 MAP sensor testing, 432 OBD-II generic or factory, 407 oxygen sensor testing, 449–450 parameter identification (PID), 590 ping modules, 188–189, 189 power windows, 345 retrieving diagnostic information, 589–590 single cell wide-band oxygen sensor, 456 TP sensor testing, 422, 423 684 INDEX troubleshooting speedometer/odometer, 310 vacuum leak diagnosis, 526 warning lights, 297 Schematics “check oil” dash indicator lamp, 304 Chevrolet Equinox with GMLAN BUS and UART, 192 computer data line circuit schematic, 191 side marker lights, 282 Schematic symbols, 119–1120 battery, 119 boxed components, 120–121 BUS systems, 181 capacitor, 120 color-code as key, 122 electrical components, 120–121 electric heated unit, 121 electric motors, 120 memory saver, 213 momentary switch, 122 operational amplifier, 164 photodiode, 158 photoresistor, 158 phototransistor, 162 resistors, 120 SCR, 159 separable replaceable part, 121 thermistor, 159 transistor, 160, 161 wiring, 119–1120 Schmitt trigger, 463 Schrader valve fuel pressure gauge with, 527 fuel pump pressure, 495 location in GM V-6, 495 SCI (serial communications interface), 185 Scion, remote keyless programming, 358 Scopes See Digital oscilloscope; Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO); Oscilloscopes Scope test leads, 99 SCP (standard corporate protocol), 183 SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier), 159 Screwdrivers, 11–12 Screw heads, Screw jack assembly, 346 SDARS (Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services), 394 satellites and repeater stations, 395 Sealed beam headlights, 283 four-headlight system, 284 Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED) test, 546 Sealed lead-acid (SLA) battery, 197–198 Sealed valve regulated (SVR) battery, 197–198 Seat airbags, 381 Seat belt fastened switch, 377 Seat belt pretensioner assemblies, 370 Seat filter, 349 Seat sensors, airbag, 380–381 Seat track position (STP) sensor, 381 Secondary air-injection (SAI) system air distribution manifolds and nozzles, 566 belt-driven air pumps, 566 diagnosis, 567–568 DTCs, 568 electric motor-driven air pumps, 566–567 exhaust check valves, 566 operation chart, 567 parts and operation, 565–566 purpose and function, 565 typical components, 565 visual inspection, 567 Secondary battery, in fuel-cell hybrid vehicle, 621 Secondary ignition circuit, 461 Secondary winding, 146 definition, 460 Security code to unlock radio, 591 Sediment chamber, 194 Seebeck, Thomas Johann, 52 Selection availability (SA), 311 Self-induced voltage, 146 Self-test automatic readout (STAR) tester, 592 Semiconductors, 49, 152 construction, 152 examples, 152 N-type material, 152 P-type material, 152 summary of fundamentals, 153 Sensing and diagnostic module (SDM), 374 interior view, 374 Sensors See also individual sensors computer input, 173 Separate battery trick, 396 Separator pulse, 592 Separators, battery, 195 Separator systems, 563 Sequential fuel injection (SFI), 504, 505 color of wires, 505 Serial communications interface (SCI), 185 Serial data BUS communication, 177 radios and receivers, 386 Series circuit laws, 66 Series circuits, 63 capacitors in, 137 examples, 66–67 Ohm’s law, 63–64 path of least resistance, 68 resistance calculation, 63 total resistance, 63 Series-parallel circuits, 71–72 definition, 71 faults, 72 solving calculation problems, 72 types of, 71 Series starter motors, 218–220 counter electromotive force (CEMF), 219 wiring diagram, 220 Series-wound field, 324 Service, caution with READY indicator, 605 Service engine soon (SES) light, 298 Service/flash programming, 597–599 Service information (SI), 3–4 BUS circuit faults, 190 computer data line circuit schematic, 191 network communication protocol to use, 188 Service manuals, 3–4 Service plug in HV system, 606 Service procedures, routine, 608–611 air-conditioning service, 610 air filter service, 609–610 auxiliary battery testing and service, 611 Service procedures, routine (cont.) braking system service, 610 cooling system service, 609 diagnosis, 608–609 oil change, 609 steering system service, 610 tires, 610 Servomotor, 517 SES (service engine soon) light, 298 Seven-segment LED display, 306 SHED test, 546 Shielding, for EMI suppression, 150 Shift solenoids, computer controls, 173 Shims, 234 Shock sensor, 360 Shoes, disposal, 37 Shop cloth disposal, 23, 24 Short circuit common causes summarized, 129 definition, 127 locating, 127–129 Shorted (circuit), 57–58 Shorting bars, 379 Short-range radar (SRR), 340 Short-to-ground definition, 58 testing with tone generator, 129, 130 Short-to-voltage blown fuses, 127 case study, 58 definition, 57 Shrink ratios, 112 Shunt field, 324 Shunt motors, 219–220 wiring diagram, 220 Shunts, 67 See also Legs Shut-off tool for batteries, 212 Shutoff valves fuel system procedure, 527 shown, 528 Side airbags, 381 Sideband operation, 385 Side-channel pump, 489 Side curtain airbag deployment, 373, 381 Side cuts, 13 Side marker lights alternate flashing by, 282 bulb trade numbers, 276 headlight switch, 274 schematic, 283 series-parallel circuit, 71 Side post battery adaptors, 210 Side terminal battery adaptors, 210 Signal electrode, 443 Signal-to-noise ratio, 393 Silicon described, 152 forward voltage, 157 Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) construction, 159 symbol and terminal identification, 159 uses, 159 Silicon diaphragm strain gauge map sensor, 428 Silicone sealers, on valve cover gaskets, 451 Silicon spray, precautions with, 451 Sine wave alternator, 247, 248 voltage curve diagram, 247 Single cell wide-band oxygen sensors construction, 455–456 four wires shown, 456 testing with millimeter, 456 testing with scan tool, 456 Single-channel scope, 97 Single cut files, 15 Single-filament bulb digital multimeter testing, 278 electrical problems, 58 Single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switches, 121 Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switches, 121 Single-wire CAN (SWCAN), 181 SIP (State Implementation Plan), 546 SIR (supplemental inflatable restraints), 372 Sirius radio, 394 Six-cylinder engines, maximum amperage draw, 231 “Skateboard concept,” 622 Skewed, 423 Skin effect, 104 speakers, 390 SLA (sealed lead-acid) battery, 197–198 SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition) batteries, 194 Slip-joint pliers, 13 Slip-ring-end (SRE) housing, 242, 243 Slot antenna, 386, 387 Smart airbag systems dual-stage, 375 sensor use, 377 Smog definition, 555 photochemical formation, 551 Smog pump, 565 Smoke machine checking for leaks in exhaust system, 551 testing, vacuum (air) leaks, 586 Smoke machine testing bright light for, 586 leak detection, 579 unit shown, 579 Snake trick, 561 Snap-back test, 564 Snap-on scan tool, 589 Snap-ring pliers, 15 Snap-throttle test, 572 Sniffer construction, 397 Sniff test, alternator, 261 Snips, 15 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 169 alternator/generator, 242 communication, classes of, 180 Socket adapters, 11 Sockets, 9–10 defined, 9–10 Soft codes, 592 SOH (state of health), 189 Solder, 111 wire repair methods summarized, 113 Soldering guns, 18–19 wire repair, 111–112, 113 Soldering gun trick, 309 Soldering procedure, 111–112 Solenoid checking resistance, 232 as electromagnetic switch, 144 pulse-width modulated, 165 relay compared, 124 relay compared (chart), 144 Solenoid ohmmeter check, 233 Solenoid-operated starters, 225–226 exploded view, 233 operation, 225 solenoid windings, 225 wiring diagram, 225 Solenoid-type cranking circuit, voltmeter hookups, 229 Solid fuel inflators, 372 Solvents, 37, 39–40 Solvent spray, 37 Sound systems See also Audio system; Radio capacitors for, 137 Spare tire, warning light, 299 Spark how it is created, 148 intermittent, 472 Spark knock, 470–471 clogged EGR passages, 561 Spark output (SPOUT), 481 Spark plug boot, 476 Spark plugs carbon fouling, 478 clipped side (ground) electrode, 479 construction, 477 heat range, 477 heat transfer diagram, 477 inspecting for wear, 478 installation, 477, 478 iridium, 477 normal wear shown, 479 overtightening, 478 parts diagram, 477 platinum, 477 polarity, 466 reach, 477 removal procedure, 478 resistor type, 477 seat type, 477 service, 478 typical installation torque (chart), 480 typical wear shown, 479 Spark plug thread chaser, 478 Spark plug wire boot pliers, 476 Spark plug wire pliers, 476 Spark plug wires inspection, 474–475 maximum allowable resistance, 476 precautions with disconnecting, 470 reading digital meter displays, 85 track, 475 visual inspection, 474–475 Spark tester with alligator clip, 472 always use, 473 diagnosis, 472 diagnostic process, 472 recessed center close-up, 472 SPDT (single-pole, double-throw) switches, 121 Speaker outputs, 386 IN D EX 685 Speakers, 388 impedance matching, 389–390 midrange, 390 purpose and function, 388 skin effect, 390 sound levels, 391 speaker frequency response, 390 subwoofer, 390 tweeter, 390 two-terminal, 389 types, 390 wiring, 389, 390 Speaker wire, 390 skin effect, 390 Special service tools (SST), 19 Specific energy, of hydrogen, 616 Specific gravity battery testing, 205 charge indicators, 197 definition, 197 Speed control See Cruise (speed) control Speed density, 435 MAP sensor on, 429 Speed-density fuel-injection system, 501–503 central port injection, 510 demand delivery system, 508 fuel injectors, 509 idle control, 511–512 MAP sensor values, 431 modes of operation, 511 stepper motor operation, 512 Speedometer calibration and tire diameter, 317 electronic, 307–308 Lincoln Town Car, 310 memory chip, 170 operation, 307–308 previous repairs, 311 service, 310–311 Speed sensor, troubleshooting, 310–311 Spike protection, 155–156 Spike protection resistors, 156–157 Spike suppression, capacitors for, 136 Splice pack (SP), 179 Splices how to read symbols, 119 location schematics, 120 schematic symbol, 119 Split-loom tubing, 104 Sponge lead, 195 Spontaneous combustion, 24 SPOUT (spark output), 481 Spring-lock connectors, 487 quick-connect shown, 488 tool for disassembly, 487 “Spring test,” 517 SPST (single-pole, single-throw) switches, 121 “Square wave,” 172 Squib, 372 removal from housing, 373 Squirrel cage blower motor, 331 SRE housing, 242 SRS (supplemental restraint system), 372 SST (special service tools), 19 Staking face wrench, 10–11 Standard corporate protocol (SCP), 183 STAR (self-test automatic readout) tester, 592 Star link networks, 179, 179–180 686 INDEX Starter amperage test, 231–232 excessive current draw, 231 lower amperage draw, 232 reason for, 231 specifications, 231–232 tester diagram, 231 test preparation, 231 Starter armature service, 232 Starter brushes, 221–222 inspection, 234 replacement, 234 Starter drives, 223 cranking circuit, 216 cutaway view, 223 failure mode, 224 gear ratio, 223 operation, 223–224 purpose and function, 223 Starter drive-to-flywheel clearance, 234–235 procedure for proper clearance, 234–235 shims needed, 234 symptoms of clearance problems, 234 Starter motor operation parts involved, 220–222 permanent magnet fields, 222 starter brushes, 221–222 Starter motors avoid hitting, 222 battery condition, 214 brushes, 221–222 compound motors, 220 cranking circuit, 216 cutaway view, 222 field coils, 233–234 gear-reduction starters, 223–224 how they work, 220–222 installation, 234 operation, 218–220 overhaul procedure, 236–239 permanent magnet motors, 220 positive engagement starters, 224–225 principles, 218 series motors, 219 service, 232–234 shunt motors, 219–220 solenoid-operated starters, 225 troubleshooting procedure, 228–229 troubleshooting symptom guide, 235 “whining” noise, 224 Starter motor service, 232–234 disassembly procedure, 232 inspection and testing, 232–234 purpose, 232 Starter removal, 232 Starters removal, 232 small size, 226 Starter solenoid (relay), 225 “clicking” sound, 229 cranking circuit, 216 source of battery drain, 214 Starter solenoid battery terminals, fusible links and mega fuses, 109 Starter, with attached solenoid, 145 Starting systems See also Starter motors computer-controlled, 217–218 overhaul, 236–1287 symptom guide, 235 troubleshooting procedure, 228–229 State Implementation Plan (SIP), 546 State inspection EVAP tests, 577–578 State of charge, battery, 204 State of health (SOH), 189 Static electricity definition, 52 from door handles, 132 Stator, 245 construction, 245 delta-connected, 248 induced current, 247 shorted, 263 “STA” label, 247–248 testing, 263 visual inspection, 267 wye-connected, 247–248 Steering, brake, and overdrive switch test, 593 Steering system service, 610 Steering wheel controls E & C communication, 180 photodiodes, 158 Step/courtesy light, bulb trade numbers, 276 Stepped ECT circuits, transition temperature, 411 Stepper motor, 303 disadvantage for ETC, 517 Stepper motor analog gauges description, 303 diagnosis, 304 four wires, 303 operation, 303 Stepper motor operation, 512 schematic, 512 Step-up transformer, 147 See also Ignition coils Stereo broadcasts, 385 Stereo equipment, potentiometer, 53 Stethoscope fuel-injection test, 526 fuel returning, 526 lack of sound, 526 Stiffening capacitor, 392 Stoichiometric, 454 Stone wheels, 20–21 Stop lamps bulb trade numbers, 275 schematic, 280 two-filament bulbs, 281 Storage, computer, 170 Straight blade screwdrivers, 11 Straight cut aviation snips, 15 Studs, Subaru, remote keyless programming, 359 Subwoofer, 390 SULEV (super ultra low emission vehicle), 544–545 Supercharged engines, MAP sensor calibration, 427 Supplemental air restraints (SAR), 372 Supplemental inflatable restraints (SIR), 372 Supplemental restraint system (SRS), 372 Suppression capacitors, 137 for EMI suppression, 150 Suppression diodes, 155–156 Surface charge, 204 Suspension height, system actuator, 171 SVR (sealed valve regulated) battery, 197–198 SWCAN (single-wire CAN), 181 Switched output, computer controls, 174 Switches independent, 343 lockout, 343 master control, 343 momentary switch, 122 normally open (N.O.)/normally closed (N.C.), 121, 122 normal position in schematics, 122 open, 125 schematic symbol, 121 Switching, ignition system, 461–462 Synchronized throttle-body fuel-injection, 503 T TAC (Throttle Actuator Control) module, 516 Tachometer trick, 463 Taillights bulb replacement procedure, 293 bulb trade numbers, 275 headlight switch, 274 LEDs, 158 schematic, 279 series-parallel circuit, 71 troubleshooting, 126 Tap test, 438 Target idle speed, 421 Task manager, 401 TBT (throttle-body temperature), 415 TCS (traction control system), warning lights, 300 TDMA (time division multiple access) protocol, 188 Tech scan tool battery drain test, 212 bypass mode, 189 factory scan tools, 589 pinging, 188–189 Technical service bulletins (TSBs), 3, 587–588 Technical service information bulletins (TSIB), TED (thermoelectric device), 349 Telltale light, dash warning symbols, 297 Temperature gauge, 301 Temperature lamp diagnosis, 301 Temperature sensors DTCs, 418 electrically heated seats, 348 fuel delivery, 503 Tensile strength, Terminal crimping, 112 definition, 110, 117 removing from a connector, 110 schematic symbol, 118 Terminal 30, 123 Terminal cleaning, batteries, 203 Terminating resistors, 189 Testers, diodes and transistors, 165 Test identification (TID), 407 Testing, basic tests, 584 Test lights, 18, 77 12 volt, 77 continuity, 77 defective fusible link, 255 high-impedance, 77 LED, 77 locating a short circuit, 128 nonpowered, 77 TFT (transmission fluid temperature) sensor, 416–417 THD (total harmonic distortion), 393 Theft deterrent indicator lamp, as fault indicator, 229 Thermactor pump, 565 Thermal blanket for battery, 104 Thermistors, 159, 250 symbols, 159 temperature compensation, 250 uses, 159 Thermocouple, 52 Thermoelectric device (TED), 349 Thermoelectricity, 52 Thermostat, 413 Thimble design for oxygen sensor, 442 Third brake light, 338 Threaded fasteners, 4–6 Threads, X card test, 564 Three-minute charge test, 205 Three-way converters (TWCs), 565 Three-wire oxygen sensor, 444 Threshold voltage, 161 Throttle Actuator Control (TAC) module, 516 Throttle body, removal for cleaning, 536 Throttle body assembly, 516–517 cleaning procedure, 521 electronic throttle body motor, 517 precautions with, 521 throttle plate and spring, 517 Throttle-body injection (TBI) systems, 501 Chevrolet V-6, 502 fuel pressure regulator shown, 503 fuel pump current draw, 498 nonsynchronized, 503 synchronized, 503 Throttle body relearn procedure, 522 Throttle-body temperature (TBT), 415 Throttle control assembly, corrosion shown, 521 Throttle plate motor H-bridge circuit, 517 shown, 518 Throttle plates, 517 cleaning, 536 default position shown, 517 fail safe position, 517 neutral position, 517 normal and abnormal operation, 520 staying where it is moved, 520 Throttle position (TP) sensors, 420, 515, 518–519 5-volt reference, 423 volt V-ref interface, 166 backing up other sensors, 421 computer input functions, 421 computer input sensor, 173 construction, 420 cruise control, 337 DTCs, 424 fuel delivery, 502 Hall-effect, 519 location, 516 open on DTC, 590 opposite voltage signals, 518 PCM uses for, 421 potentiometers, 53, 420 pulse width, 504 skewed, 423 testing, 422–424 three-wire potentiometer, 518 three wires, 420 voltage at idle, 420 waveform, 96 Throttle-position (TP) sensor testing, 422–423 using Min/Max function, 423 using scan tool, 423 Through bolts, 220 installation, 239 removal, 236 Throws, 121 TID (test identification), 407 Tightening fasteners, 10 Time base, 95 Time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol, 188 Time per division, 96–97 Timer circuits, capacitor for, 136 Timer relay, 341 Tin snips, 15 Tire diameter, speedometer calibration related, 317 Tire disposal, 42 Tire pressure, service, 610 Titania, 444 Titania (titanium oxide) oxygen sensor, 444–446 TLEV (transitional low emission vehicle), 544 Tone generator tester, 129 Tool sets and accessories, 17 Torque converter, clutch engagement and release, 421 Torque converter clutch (TCC) solenoid, computer controls, 173 Torque wrenches, 10 calibration checker, 10 Torque wrench reading, 257 Torx, 12 Torx driver, 236 Total circuit resistance (RT), 68 Total harmonic distortion (THD), 393 Total resistance in parallel circuits, 70 series-parallel circuit examples, 72–73 Touch screens on navigation systems, 313 Towing, 607 Toxic materials, 35 Toyota airflow sensors, 440 battery replacement issues, 213 battery sizes, 200 BUS communications, 187 clearing DTCs, 591 combination spark plug system, 469 cruise control, 337 EGR temperature sensor, 417 failed emission test, 440, 552 fuel cap, tightening, 580 hybrid vehicles, 30 immobilizer or vehicle theft deterrent key learn procedures, 364 lane monitoring system (LMS), 316 IN D EX 687 low engine power problem, 471 minimum speed with cruise control, 336 precollision system, 340 radar cruise control, 339 remote keyless programming, 359 scan tools, 589 scan tools compared for air-fuel ratio, 455 Toyota Camry high idle, 520 smog emissions label, 546 Toyota FCHV, 617, 620, 622, 623 Toyota HEV, closed loop operation, 452 Toyota Prius, jump starting, 606 Toyota truck, electrical problems, 310 TP (throttle position) sensors backing up other sensors, 421 computer input functions, 421 fuel delivery, 502 PCM uses for, 421 potentiometers, 420 pulse width, 504 testing, 422–424 Track definition, 475 diagram, 475 Traction control system (TCS) low traction detected warning light, 300 traction off warning light, 300 Traction off warning light, 300 Trade number, 275 Trailer icon lights, 339 Trailer tow mode, 339 Transaxles, fuel-cell hybrid vehicles, 622 Transistor, 160, 462 Transistor gates, 163–164 construction, 163 operation, 163–164 purpose and function, 163 Transistors, 160–161 basic operation, 160–161, 161–162 bipolar, 160 blown, 163 construction, 160 Darlington pair, 162 definition, 160 field-effect transistors (FETs), 161–162 with gate circuit, 163 how they amplify, 161 how they work, 160–161 phototransistor, 162 purpose and function, 160 relays compared, 160 symbols, 160, 161 testing, 165 Transmission fluid temperature (TFT) sensor, 416–417 Transmission oil temperature (TOT) sensor, 416–417 Transmission range switch, checking procedure, 315 Transmission shifting, computer controls, 173 Transmission trailer towing mode, 339 Trigger level, 98 Triggers, 98, 462 Trigger slope, 98 Trip, 596 enabling criteria, 403 688 INDEX Trouble codes charging system, 252 storage in RAM, 170 U codes, 184 Trouble lights, 19 Troubleshooting battery testing, 214 blower motor, 334 cruise (speed) control, 310 cruise control, 337–338 electrical, guide for, 129–130 electronic dash instruments, 316–317 heated rear window defogger, 341–342 horn system, 322–323, 334 intermittent electrical problems, 129 keyless entry, 353 navigation system, 312–313 power seats, 347–348 power windows, 345–346 red brake fault warning light, 310 starting system, 235 step-by-step procedure, 130 using DTCs, 590–591 windshield washers, 334 windshield wipers, 329–330, 334 WOW dash display, 316–317 Troxler effect, 291 Troxler fading, 291 Trunk map light, 276 TSBs (technical service bulletins), 3, 587–588 TSIBs (technical service information bulletins), Tube-nut wrenches, Turbine fuel pump, 489 cutaway view, 491 Turbocharged engines fuel pump current draw, 498 MAP sensor calibration, 427 separator systems, 563 Turn lamps, bulb trade numbers, 275 Turn signals, 280–282 combination turn signal and hazard warning flasher, 282 one-filament stop/turn bulbs, 280 operation, 280 schematic, 281 switch cutaway view, 280 Turns ratio, 147, 460 TWC (three-way converters), 565 Tweeter, 390 Twilight Sentinel photo cell, 306 Twisted pair, 104 BUS communication, 177 reducing interference, 183 Two-channel scope, 97 Two-filament stop/turn bulbs, 281 Two-finger trick, 480 Two-stage airbags, 374 Two-wire oxygen sensor, 444 Type A codes, 596 Type B codes, 596 Type C and D codes, 596 U UART (universal asynchronous receive and transmit), 180 UART-based protocol (UBP), 183 UBP module communications, 183 U diagnostic trouble codes, 184 ULEV (ultra low emission vehicle), 544 ULEV II (ultra low emission vehicle), 544 Ultracapacitors, 620–621 Ultrasonic Karman Vortex air flow sensors, 437 Ultrasonic sensors in bumper location, 316 three wires, 316 UNC (unified national coarse), Underground storage tanks (UST), 38 Underhood light bulb trade numbers, 276 checking for common power source/ ground, 125 Under-the-dash courtesy lights, 288 UNF (unified national fine), Unified national coarse (UNC), Unified national fine (UNF), Universal drive cycle, 600 Universal joints, Unplug it test, 439 Up/down switch, night vision HUD system, 306 Used oil, 38–39 UST (underground storage tanks), 38 Utility knives, 15 V V-6 engine burning oil, 563 grouped fuel injectors, 530 waste-spark ignition wiring diagram, 467 Vacuum, 426 diagram of process, 427 MAP sensor DTC, 431 Vacuum-biased fuel-pressure regulator, 507 Vacuum gauge MAP sensor as, 430 testing backpressure with, 571 Vacuum hose checking, 432 pressure levels, 524 Vacuum leaks ETC system, 520 smoke machine testing, 586 Vacuum lock, 574 fuel tanking venting, 485 Vacuum pump hand operated, 432, 433 for pressure regulator diagnosis, 524 Vacuum-referenced fuel-system regulator, 495 Vacuum solenoids, duty cycle, 175 Vacuum tube fluorescent (VTF) dash display, 307 Valence ring, 48 Valve regulated lead-acid battery (VRLA), 197–198 Vane airflow (VAF) sensor, 435 with cover removed, 436 cutaway view, 435 DTCs, 439 Van Karman, Theodore, 437 Vapor lock fuel lines, 485 fuel tank layout, 487–488 prevention, 488 Vapor purging, 574 Vapor vent lines, 486 Variable-delay wipers, 324 Variable resistors, 53 Variable speed fuel pumps, 492–493 VATS security system, 360 VECI (vehicle emissions control information), Vehicle communication interface module (VCIM), 314 Vehicle emissions control information (VECI), 32 Vehicle identification, Vehicle identification number (VIN), Vehicle protection, 23 Vehicle safety certification label, Vehicle speed (VS) sensor computer input sensor, 173 cruise control, 339 smart airbags, 377 Vehicle speed sensor, GPS system, 312 Vehicle stability control (VSC), warning light, 300 VIN (vehicle identification number), 21 Vinyl gloves, 22 Vise Grips, 15 Visual inspection accessory drive belt, 256 backup camera, 315 battery, 202 battery cables, 203 diagnostic process, 584, 586 drive belts, 255 EGR testing, 561 electronic fuel-injection problems, 525 fuses, 125 intermittent “check engine” light, 534 light bulbs, 278 locating an open circuit, 125 mass airflow sensors, 438 optical sensors, 474 SAI systems, 567 spark plug wires, 474–475 starter brushes, 234 starting problems, 228 stator, 267 testing ECT sensor, 410 Visual tampering checks, 547 VOC (volatile organic compound), 488 Voice commands display, 393 icon on Cadillac, 393 Voice recognition, 392–393 Volatile organic compound (VOC), 488 Volta, Alessandro, 50 Voltage abbreviations and measurement, 51 BUS operation checks, 189 charging voltage test, 254 digital system, 173 electromagnetic induction, 146 locating an open circuit, 125 maximum, 146 producing from magnetism, 146 reading digital meter displays, 86 ripple voltage, 96 short-to-voltage, 57 signals to computers, 169 Voltage conditions, color code for circuit patterns, 122 Voltage drop, 64–65, 229 as a testing method, 65 definition, 65, 229 determining, 64–65 diode, 157 ECT measurement with PCM, 410, 411 ECT testing with multimeter, 410 examples, 66–67 high versus low resistance, 228 Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 64–65 parallel circuits, 70–71 proportional to resistance, 65 series-parallel circuit examples, 72–73 used in circuits, 65 Voltage-drop tester, 531 typical, 532 Voltage drop testing, 66, 229–231 battery cable connection, 230 charging system, 258–259 procedure, 258–259 purpose, 229 test procedure, 229–231 voltmeter hookups, 229 Voltage regulator, 249 battery as “true,” 250 cutaway view, 249 Voltage spike control, 123–124 Voltage spikes, electronic component failure, 164–165 Volt, definition, 50 Voltmeters, 51 battery electrical drain test, 212 charging system voltage drop test, 259 described, 79 reading digital meter displays, 86 testing battery voltage, 204 Volts per division (V/div), 96 Volvo, precollision system, 341 VRLA (valve regulated lead-acid battery), 197–198 VSC (vehicle stability control), warning light, 300 VTF (vacuum tube fluorescent) dash display, 307 V-type engines, exhaust gas control, 556 W Warm-up cycle, 403 Warning lights on dash See Dash warning lights Washcoat, 568 Washer pump diagram, 330 installation, 330 service, 330 Washers, Waste chart, 42–43 Waste-spark ignition systems, 460 adjusting ignition timing, 480 compression-sensing, 467–468 corroded terminals, 476 dual trace scope pattern, 475 firing order, 446 odds fire straight, 466 operation, 460 parts involved, 466 schematic, 467 V-6 wiring diagram, 467 Water as conductor, 49 in diesel fuel warning light, 297 Water fire extinguishers, 28 Water pump pliers, 13 Waterwheel analogy, 59 Watt brightness of light bulbs, 61 definition, 60 formula (“pie”), 60, 61 Watt, James, 51, 60 Watt’s law, 60–61 Wavelength, 384 Weak spark condition, ignition system symptom guide, 481 Welding cable, 105 Well-to-wheel emissions, 626 Wheel motors, 622 Wheels stone, 20–21 wire brush, 20–21 Wheel speed sensor, ABS fault light, 299 WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems), 36 Wide-band oxygen sensors (O2S) dual cell, 453–454 dual cell planar, 453–454 planar design, 452–453 purpose and function, 452 single cell, 455–456 terminology, 452 Wide-range air-fuel (WRAF) sensor See Wide-band oxygen sensors (O2S) Wide-range oxygen sensors (O2S), 452 See also Wide-band oxygen sensors (O2S) Wind farms, 628 Window regulator, 344 electric motor assembly with, 345 Window tinting, GPS reception and, 313 Wind power, 628 Windshield washer fluid, 330 Windshield washers components, 324 diagnosis, 330 fluid low warning light, 299 operation, 329 service, 330 troubleshooting, 334 Windshield wipers, 324 circuit diagram, 325 computer controlled, 324 depressed, 324, 326 diagnosis, 326, 328 hidden wipers, 324, 326 interval wiper circuit diagram, 329 motors, 324 park position, 328 pulse wipe systems, 329 purpose and function, 324 rear wipers, 329 service, 328–329 testing, 328 three-speed, wiring diagram, 327 troubleshooting, 329–330, 334 two-speed, wiring diagram, 326 variable-delay (pulse) wipers, 324 wiper components, 324 Wiper motor connector pin chart, 328 cowl panel location, 328 IN D EX 689 interior view, 326 location, 326 operation, 324 Wire brush wheels, 20–21 Wire color schematic symbol, 119 Wire gauge diameter table, 103 Wire movement, as cause of short circuit, 129 Wire repair, 111–112 methods summarized, 113 Wires cut/broken, 125 intermittent electrical problems, 129 loose or broken, 125 Wire size, 116–117 schematic symbols, 116 Wiring American wire gauge (AWG), 102 battery cables, 104 braided grounds straps, 104 center wire, 116 definition and terminology, 102 ground wires, 104 jumper cables, 104–105 metric wire gauge, 103 primary wire, 103 routing direction, 142 twisted pair, 104 wiggling test for, 129 690 INDEX Wiring harness, high-voltage spikes, 164–165 Wiring schematics center wire, 116 circuit information, 116 definition, 116 electrical and electronic symbols, 118 locating an open circuit, 125 meaning of arrows in, 117 symbols, 118–1121 terminology, 116 troubleshooting, where to start, 127 wire colors and abbreviations, 117 wire size, 116–117 Work lights, 19 Work orders, Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS), 36 Worn brake pads warning light, 299 WOW dash display, 307 troubleshooting, 316–317 WRAF (wide-range air-fuel) sensor, 452 Wrenches, 7, 7–9, 10, 19–20 Wrench symbol warning lamp, 519 W-shaped crimp, 112 Wye-connected stators, 247–248 X Xenon headlights, 285 bi-xenon headlights, 285 compared to halogen bulbs, 285 XM radio, 394 aftermarket antenna, 395 shark-fin-type antenna, 395 Y Yaw sensor, 312 Yellow conduit, 114 Z Zener diodes, 155 alternator voltage regulation, 249 construction, 155 despiking, 156 operation, 155 Zero ohms, 80 ZEV (zero emission vehicle), 545 Zirconia oxygen sensors, 442–443 conventional, cup-type design, 442, 443 conventional, reset limits, 452 cross-sectional view, 443 O2S voltage above 450 mV, 446 O2S voltage below 450 mV, 446 platinum electrodes, 453 reset limits, 452 ZrO2 (zirconia oxygen sensor), 442