Anh Văn!!!!!!!!

MISS CECILIA I/ PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY a) – ed MISS CECILIA b) Stress patterns MISS CECILIA c) – s II/ GRAMMAR a) Will/won’t – be going to USE “GOING TO” FOR PLANS AND INTENTIONS:       On my next vacation, I”m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris Her current contract ends in December, so she’s going to look for a new job David’s going to meet me at the airport He said he would be there at 8:00 We’re going to get married in July We’re already sending out invitations! They’re going to visit Amy next week They made plans to meet up on Monday Peter and Paul are going to share an apartment when they move to New York     I‘ll send you an e-mail I won’t tell anyone your secret He‘ll pay you back tomorrow We won’t forget your birthday   I‘ll buy you a drink My secretary will help you with the paperwork USE “WILL/WON’T” FOR PROMISES: USE “WILL” FOR OFFERS: MISS CECILIA USE “WILL” FOR ON THE SPOT DECISIONS:   “Would you like potatoes or rice?” “I‘ll have the rice.” “Which shirt you like?” “Well, the red one is cheaper, but I prefer the color blue I‘ll take the blue one.” USE “WILL/WON’T” OR “GOING TO” FOR PREDICTIONS OR STATEMENTS ABOUT THE FUTURE: - Use be going to when making predictions based on what we see or making factual statements according to the situations My company‘s going to move its headquarters overseas next year The economy isn’t going to improve much this year Look out! You’re going to drop those boxes They are going to plant more trees for the park We are going to join the new theater club at school       - Use will/won’t when making predictions based on what we think or believe will happen  - Use I think… will and I don’t think… will to express thoughts about the future  - Don’t use I think… won’t I think you won’t like this movie It’s very violent  => I don’t think you’ll like this movie It’s very violent He won’t pass the test He hasn’t studied at all Your wife will love those flowers – they’re beautiful!        b) Present Continuous  c) Conditionals   Type 1:điều kiện xảy tương lai If clause If + S + V1 / V s(es) (don’t / doesn’t + V1)    Main clause S + will / can/ may + V1 (won’t / can’t + V1)     Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor      Type 2:điều kiện khơng có thật      If clause If + S + V-ed / V2 (didn’t + V1) To be: were / weren’t    Main clause S + would / could / should + V1 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1) Ex: If I were you, I would tell the truth If she knew your address, she would send you a letter      Type 3: điều kiện khơng có thật q khứ If clause If + S + had + P.P (hadn’t + P.P) Main clause   S + would / could / should + have  + P.P  (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P) Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder      Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:  a Unless = If ….not  If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living  = Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living   b Suppose / Supposing (giả sử như), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)  Suppose the news is true, what will you do?  I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer  In case I forget, please remind me of my promise      c Without: khơng có Without water, life wouldn’t exist = If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist             Note: Có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless cách đảo chủ ngữ sau should, were, had (Không làm với động từ khác) Were I rich, I would help you = If I were rich, I would help you Had I known her, I would have made friend with her = If I had known her, I would have made friend with her If you should run into Peter, tell him to call me = Should you run into Peter, tell him to call me Có thể kết hợp điều kiện điều kiện câu  If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now  You wouldn’t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning   Đơi đơn dùng cho hai mệnh đề câu điều kiện để diễn tả thật hiển nhiên; gọi zero conditional    If we don’t water these flowers, they die Mệnh đề câu điều kiện loại câu đề nghị lời mời  If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book  If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me  Đổi từ if sang unless:   IF Khẳng định Phủ định       UNLESS Khẳng định (động từ mệnh đề đổi sang phủ định) Khẳng định (mệnh đề khơng thay đổi)  Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster → Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam → Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam       Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause - If you don’t + V1, Clause  - If you aren’t + …, Clause  Ex: Go away or I will call the police → If you don’t go away, I will call the police  Be careful or you will cut yourself → If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself    d) Relative clause I CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:  WHO:  - làm chủ từ mệnh đề quan hệ  - thay cho danh từ người  … N (person) + WHO + V + O    WHOM:  - làm túc từ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ  - thay cho danh từ người  … N (person) + WHOM + S + V        WHICH: - làm chủ từ túc từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ vật ….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O ….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V   THAT: - thay cho vị trí who, whom, which mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định  * Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”:  - sau hình thức so sánh  - sau từ: only, the first, the last  - danh từ trước bao gôm người vật  - sau đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none  Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met  It was the first time that I heard of it  These books are all that my sister left me  She talked about the people and places that she had visited    * Các trường hợp không dùng that:  - mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định  - sau giới từ   WHOSE:dùng để sở hữu cho danh từ người vật, thường thay cho từ: her, his, their, hình thức ‘s  … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V …   II CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:     WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason  … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … Ex: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school           WHERE: thay từ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there  ….N (place) + WHERE + S + V …  (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed t that hotel → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean → The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean WHEN: thay từ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then  ….N (time) + WHEN + S + V …  (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day → Do you still remember the day when we first met? → Do you still remember the day on which we first met?     I don’t know the time She will come back then → I don’t know the time when she will come back III CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:   Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định  Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề xác định mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ không xác định không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề  Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful  (Defining relative clause) Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin người, vật việc xác định Mệnh đề không xác định mệnh đề khơng thiết phải có câu, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)  Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful  (Non-defining relative clause)  Note: để biết dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý điểm sau:  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ riêng  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa la danh từ với this , that, these, those                    IV MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ giới từ đặt trước sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom which.) Ex: Mr Brown is a nice teacher We studied with him last year → Mr Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher → Mr Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher Có thể dùng which thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party That makes me sad → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad Ở vị trí túc từ, whom thay who Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend The book you lent me was very interesting     Các cụm từ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … dùng trước whom, which whose Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her V CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:  Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm phân từ:  Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that rút gọn thành cụm phân từ (V-ing) khứ phân từ (V3/ed)  * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề chủ động rút thành cụm phân từ (V-ing)  Ex: a/ The man who is standing over there is my father  → The man standing over there is my father  b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors  → The couple living next door to me are professors  * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề bị động rút thành cụm khứ phân từ (V3/ed)  Ex: a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important  → The instructions given on the front page are very important  b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting  → The book bought by my mother is interesting   Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:  Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) trước đại từ quan hệ có cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hình thức so sánh bậc  Ex: a/ John was the last person that got the news  → John was the last person to get the news  b/ He was the best player that we admire  → He was the best player to be admired  c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way  → He was the second man to be killed in this way    e) Reflexive Pronouns        * CHÚ Ý: CHỦ NGỮ ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG (I, WE, YOU, THEY, HE, SHE, IT) – cấu trúc là:  GIỚI TỪ + ĐỊA ĐIỂM + S + V Vd: - Here we are (Chúng đây) DẠNG 11: ĐẢO NGỮ với CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN (1) Câu điều kiện LOẠI 1: SHOULD + S + V0, S + WILL/ + V0    Vd: - Should she come late, he will leave without her (nếu phủ định cho NOT sau chủ ngữ)    (2) Câu điều kiện LOẠI * Động từ tobe:  WERE + S + , S + WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + V0   * Động từ thường:  WERE + S + TO + V0, S + WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + V0     Vd: - Were I you, I would buy that book - Were I to quit the job, I wouldn't have enough money (nếu phủ định cho NOT sau chủ ngữ)       (3) Câu điều kiện LOẠI * HAD + S + V3/-ed ., S + WOULD / COULD + HAVE + V3/-ed Vd: - Had we known your address, we would have visited you (nếu phủ định cho NOT sau chủ ngữ) Had he not come late, she wouldn’t have been angry with him    DẠNG 12: ĐẢO NGỮ KHÁC Dạng : HARDLY HAD + S + V3/-ed + WHEN + S + Vpast simple   => HARDLY thay dạng có BARELY SCARCELY BARELY/  SCARCELY HAD + S + V3/-ed + WHEN + S + Vpast simple (vừa .) Vd: - Barely/ scarcely had we set off when it rained  j) Passive voice       I CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG Ex: Active: S wrote a letter A: He has bought some books Passive:A letter was written by S P: Some books have been bought (by him) II CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI HÌNH THỨC ĐỘNG TỪ CỦA MỘT SỐ THÌ          TENSES Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Simple future Future perfect          ACTIVE FORM V1 / Vs(es) PASSIVE FORM Am / is / are + P.P   Am / is / are + Ving Has / have + P.P  V2 / V-ed Was / were + Ving Had + P.P Will / shall + V1 Will/ shall + have + P.P       Am / is / are + being + P.P Has / have + been + P.P Was / were + P.P Was / were + being + P.P Had + been + P.P Will / shall + be + P.P Will / shall + have + been + P.P                      Ex: People speak English all over the world → English is spoken all over the world They built the museum in 1990 → The museum was built in 1990 Ann is washing the clothes → The clothes are being washed by Ann We have watched this film several times → This film has been watched several times She will give us another chance → We will be given another chance They had made an announcement before I came → An announcement had been made before I came Note: - Nếu tân ngữ câu bị động vật, việc ta dùng giới từ with thay by Ex: Smoke filled the room → The room was filled with smoke - Trạng từ nơi chốn đứng trước by + O; trạng từ thời gian đứng sau by + O III CÁC DẠNG KHÁC TRONG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG Dạng động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) Modal verbs (can / may / should / ought to…) + be + P.P                  Ex: We should encourage her to take that job → She should be encouraged to take that job They ought to send us the application form → The application form ought to be sent to us Dạng động từ nguyên mẫu: to be + P.P Ex: She wishes them to inform the news → She wishes to be informed the news Dạng V-ing: being + P.P Ex: I like being invited to parties Dạng câu có túc từ S + V + Indirect O + Direct O      Cách 1: S + be + P.P + Direct O + by O Ex: My brother has bought me some English books S V In.O D.O → I have been bought some English books by my brother  Cách 2: S + be + P.P + to / for + Indirect O + by O Ex: My brother has bought me some English books  → Some English books have been bought for me by my brother  My friend told me an interesting story  → An interesting story was told to me by my friend  Note:  Các động từ thường với giới từ to là: give, send, show, lend, promise, hand, pay, read, throw, wish, offer, …  Các động từ thường với giới từ for là: buy, get, make, do, leave, save, …              Dạng động từ ý kiến:say, think, report, believe, rumour, … Active: S + say / think + that + S2 + V2 + O2 … Passive: - It + is / was + said / thought … + that + S2 + V2 + O2 … - S2 + is / was/ are … + said / thought … + to-inf … (hành động mệnh đề xảy đồng thời hành động xảy sau) - S2 + is / was/ are … + said / thought … + to have + V3 (hành động xảy trước) - S2 + is / was/ are … + said / thought … + to be + V-ing (hành động dùng tiếp diễn) Ex: People said that he had left → It was said that he had left → He was said to have left Ex: They think he is a good doctor         → It is thought that he is a good doctor → He is thought to be a good doctor Ex: They said that John was living in London → It was said that John was living in London → John was said to be living in London Ex: They expect that the price of oil will go down next month → It is expected that the price of oil will go down next month → The price of oil is expected to go down next month                                       Dạng nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences): It is / was + focus + who / that + be + P.P Who: người That: vật, nơi chốn, thời gian Ex: They gave Mary a lot of presents → It was Mary who was given a lot of presents My friend sends me some flowers → It is some flowers that are sent to me by my friend * Note: - Get + P.P dùng thay cho be + P.P số trường hợp Ex: She got impressed by his sincerity → She was impressed by his sincerity Thể sai khiến, nhờ vả: Active: S + have + O người + V1 + O vật Acitive: S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật Passive: S + have / get + O vật + V3 + (by + O người) Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday → I had my bicycle repaired yesterday I get her to make some coffee → I get some coffee made (by her) Động từ giác quan: see, watch, hear, look, taste,… Active: S + V + O + V1 / V-ing Passive: S + be + V3 + to-inf / V-ing … Ex: They saw her come in → She was seen to come in They saw the lorry running down the hill → The lorry was seen running down the hill Động từ let: Active: S + let + s.o + V1 … Passive: S + be + allowed + to-inf Ex: He let me go → I was allowed to go         10 Động từ make: Active: S + make + s.o + V1 … Passive: S + be + made + to-inf … Ex: My mother made me clean the room → I was made to clean the room 11 Sau “There be” dùng động từ nguyên mẫu dạng chủ động bị động Ex: There is a lot of work to / to be done There are some letters to write / to be written       k) Reported Speech   I Thay đổi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu Tính từ sở hữu) Ngơi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang thứ ba I → He / She We → They        me → him / her us → them my → his / her our → their Ex: He said: “I learned English.” → He said that he had learnt English Ex: She said to me, “My mother gives me a present.” → She told me that her mother gave her a present    Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your) - Xét ý nghĩa câu đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ mệnh đề tường thuật  Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.”  → Mary said that you were late again  Ex: “I will meet you at the airport”, he said to me  → He told me that he would meet me at the airport  Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, khơng   đổi II Thay đổi câu:  DIRECT  INDIRECT         Simple present V1 /Vs(es) Present progressive am / is / are + V-ing Present perfect have / has + P.P Present perfect progressive have / has been +V-         ing          Simple past V2 / -ed Past progressive was / were + V-ing Simple future will + V1 Future progressive will be + V-ing        Simple past V2 / V-ed Past progressive was / were + V-ing Past perfect had + P.P Past perfect progressive had been + V-ing Past perfect had + P.P Past perfect progressive had been + V-ing Future in the past would + V1 Future progressive in the past would be + V-ing    III Thay đổi trạng từ thời gian nơi chốn:             DIREC T Now Here This These Today Yesterd ay Last year Tonight Tomorr ow Next month Ago             INDIRECT Then There That Those That day The day before / the previous day The year before / the previous year That night The following day / the next day The following month / the next month Before   CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP   COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị) - Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:  Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”  Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to-inf + …      Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her to keep silent “Wash your hands before having dinner, Lan.” the mother said → The mother told Lan to wash her hands before having dinner  - Mệnh lệnh phủ định:  Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”  Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to-inf …  Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said  → He reminded me to phone him that afternoon  The teacher said to the students: “Don’t talk in the class.”  → The teacher told the students not to talk in the class  *Tùy theo ngữ cảnh lời nói động từ tường thuật said       said to đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, remind … Ex: The doctor said to his patient: “Do exercise regularly.” → The doctor advised his patient to exercise regularly STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)  Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”  Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause  Note: said to → told  Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”  → Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend  She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”  → She told me (that) she was goingto Dalat the following summer   QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi) a Yes – No question  Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux V + S + V1 + ….?”  Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + …  Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”  → He asked Mary if / whether she had ever been to Japan   “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked → I asked Tan if / whether he had gone out the night before b Wh – question Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux V + S + V1 + …?” Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + … Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me → He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus          DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP  Khi lời nói trực tiếp lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau thường dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói   a Reporting Verb + V-ing + …  Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate  (đánh giá cao, cảm kích)  Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.”  → Peter denied stealing the painting  “Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy  → The boy suggested going out for a walk                    b Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + … thank someone for (cám ơn ….) accuse someone of (buộc tội …) congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ….) warn someone against (cảnh báo ….) dream of (mơ …) object to (chống đối ….) apologize someone for (xin lỗi …) insist on (khăng khăng dòi …) complain about (phàn nàn ….) Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary → Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game Daisy said: “Thank you for helping me” → Daisy thanked me for helping her Note: ... định, ta lưu ý điểm sau:  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ riêng  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)  Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa la danh từ với this , that, these, those... clauses): mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề xác định mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ không xác định không dùng dấu... định Mệnh đề không xác định mệnh đề khơng thiết phải có câu, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)  Ex: Dalat, which