ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present VOLUME VI ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present VOLUME VI edited by Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E Ackermann, Michael J Schroeder, Janice J Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E Ackermann [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk paper) World history—Encyclopedias I Ackermann, Marsha E D21.E5775 2007 903–dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd President and Editor Design Director Author Manager Layout Editor Indexer J Geoffrey Golson Mary Jo Scibetta Sue Moskowitz Susan Honeywell J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume VI CONTENTS About the Editors Foreword Historical Atlas List of Articles List of Contributors Chronology Major Themes Articles A to Z Resource Guide Index vi vii viii ix xv xix xxxi 1–476 477 481 About the Editors Marsha E Ackermann received a Ph.D in American culture from the University of Michigan She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning and has taught U.S history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University Michael J Schroeder received a Ph.D in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history Janice J Terry received a Ph.D from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University Her latest book is U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Mark F Whitters received a Ph.D in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University His publications include The Epistle of Second Baruch: A Study in Form and Message vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most important events, themes, and personalities in world history The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with content that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts This encyclopedia is one of the first to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place The encyclopedia was edited by a team of five accomplished historians chosen because they are specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the classroom They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship Additionally each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological reference to major events in the given era In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geographic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps The Cold War, 1946–1991 China—Border Disputes and the Cultural Revolution, 1948–1983 Indochina War, 1946–1954 The Korean War, 1950–1953 Suez Canal Crisis, 1956 African Independence The U.S and Latin America, 1954–2000 Israel following the 1967 War Racial Unrest and Segregation in America, 1965–1968 South Africa under Apartheid The Vietnam War Return of the Sinai to Egypt, 1975–1982 Governments of the Middle East and North Africa The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, 1989–1991 Persian Gulf War, 1991 The United Nations and the World Asia: Wars, Political Unrest, and Territorial Disputes, 1945–Present International Organizations Major Regional Trading Groups The Kyoto Protocol and CO2 Emissions Yugoslavia, 1945–2006 Oil Supply and Demand Transportation and Infrastructure in the Modern World Natural and Man-Made Environmental Disasters Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007 Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia, 1947–2000 Religion in the Modern World Major Terrorist Attacks since 1979 The Spread of Democracy and Women’s Suffrage Air Campaign in Kosovo, March 25–June 20, 1999 viii M161 M162 M163 M164 M165 M166 M167 M168 M169 M170 M171 M172 M173 M174 M175 M176–177 M178 M179 M180 M181 M182 M183 M184 M185 M186 M187 M188 M189 M190–191 M192 List of Articles A Afghanistan African National Congress (ANC) African Union AIDS crisis Akihito Algerian revolution Allende, Salvador Alliance for Progress American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) American Indian Movement (AIM) Angola, Republic of ANZUS Treaty appropriate technology Arab-Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations Arab-Israeli War (1956) Arab-Israeli War (1967) Arab-Israeli War (1973) Arab-Israeli War (1982) Arafat, Yasir Arévalo, Juan José Argentina, Madres de Plaza de Mayo Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Armenia and Azerbaijan arms race/atomic weapons art and architecture Asian Development Bank Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Assad, Hafez alAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Aswa¯n Dam Aung San Suu Kyi Awami League Ayub Khan, Muhammad B Ba’ath Party baby boom, U.S Baghdad Pact/CENTO Balkans (1991–present) Baltic States (1991–present) Banda, Hastings Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference) Bangladesh, People’s Republic of Bay of Pigs Beat movement Berlin blockade/airlift Betancourt, Rómulo Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) Bhutto, Benazir ix List of Articles Bhutto, Zulfikar Biafran War (1967–1970) biblical inerrancy Black Power movement Bolivian revolution (1952–1964) Bosch, Juan Bourguiba, Habib Bracero Program (1942–1964) Brazil, military dictatorship in (1964–1985) Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich Brown v Board of Education Bush, George H.W Bush, George W C Canada after 1950 Caribbean Basin Initiative Carter, Jimmy Castro, Fidel Central Asia after 1991 Chávez, Hugo Chiang Ching-kuo “Chicago Boys” (Chilean economists, 1973–1980s) China, human rights and dissidents in China, People’s Republic of Chinese-Vietnamese conflict Civil Rights movement, U.S Clinton, Bill (1946– ) and Hillary Rodham (1947– ) cold war Colombia, La Violencia in (1946–1966) Comecon Commonwealth of Nations contra war (Nicaragua, 1980s) counterculture in the United States and Europe Cuban migration to the United States Cuban missile crisis (October 1962) Cuban revolution (1959– ) Cyprus, independence of Cyprus, Turkish invasion of D Dalai Lama, 14th (Tenzin Gyatso) Darfur Day, Dorothy Democratic Progressive Party and Chen Shui-bian (Chen Shui-pien) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaïre) Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p’ing) disarmament, nuclear drug wars, international Dutch New Guinea/West Irian Duvalier dictatorship (Haiti, 1957–1986) E Eastern bloc, collapse of the East Timor Ebadi, Shirin Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) ecumenical movement Egyptian revolution (1952) El Salvador, revolution and civil war in (1970s– 1990s) environmental disasters (anthropogenic) environmental problems Equal Rights Amendment Eritrea Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of European Economic Community/Common Market European Union F Falklands War (1982) Falun Gong Fanon, Frantz feminism, worldwide Fonseca Amador, Carlos Ford, Gerald Free Speech Movement FRELIMO G Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv, and Sonia S Gang of Four and Jiang Qing (Chiang Ch’ing) Gaulle, Charles de gay liberation movements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Germany (post–World War II) Ghana globalization Gorbachev, Mikhail Graham, Billy Great Leap Forward in China (1958–1961) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China (1966–1976) Great Society (U.S.) Greek Junta Green Revolution Grenada, U.S invasion of (1983) Guatemala, civil war in (1960–1996) M178 Asia: Wars, Political Unrest, and Territorial Disputes, 1945–Present International Organizations M179 ... Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD. .. Westernization with tradition and religion promised to continue in the Islamic world, other leaders in these nations expressed their desires for the preservation of the best of their own traditional... of their own In conjunction with the young nations of Asia that had achieved national liberation they saw themselves as providing a third option beyond the ones of the superpowers While the