ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 VOLUME III edited by Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E Ackermann, Michael J Schroeder, Janice J Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E Ackermann . . . [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk paper) World history—Encyclopedias I Ackermann, Marsha E D21.E5775 2007 903—dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd President and Editor Design Director Author Manager Layout Editor Indexer J Geoffrey Golson Mary Jo Scibetta Sue Moskowitz Sherry Collins J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume III CONTENTS About the Editors Foreword Historical Atlas List of Articles List of Contributors Chronology Major Themes Articles A to Z Resource Guide Index vi vii viii ix xiii xv xxiii 1–418 419 423 About the Editors Marsha E Ackermann received a Ph.D in American culture from the University of Michigan She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning and has taught U.S history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University Michael J Schroeder received a Ph.D in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history Janice J Terry received a Ph.D from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University Her latest book is U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Mark F Whitters received a Ph.D in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University His publications include The Epistle of Second Baruch: A Study in Form and Message vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most important events, themes, and personalities in world history The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with content that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts This encyclopedia is one of the first to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place The encyclopedia was edited by a team of five accomplished historians chosen because they are specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the classroom They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship Additionally each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological reference to major events in the given era In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geographic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii List of Articles A Abahai Khan Abbas the Great of Persia absolutism, European Africa, Portuguese in Akan states of West Africa Akbar Alawi dynasty in Morocco Albuquerque, Afonso de Almagro, Diego de Altan Khan Alvarado, Pedro de Anabaptism Andean religion Anne Araucanian Indians (southwestern South America) art and architecture Ashanti kingdom in Africa Atahualpa Atlantic islands of Spain and Portugal Augsburg, Peace of Augsburg Confession Aurangzeb Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748) Aztecs (Mexica) Aztecs, human sacrifice and the B Babur Bacon, Sir Francis Bacon’s Rebellion bandeirantes in Brazil baroque tradition in Europe Bible traditions Bible translations Boabdil (Muhammad XI) Book of Common Prayer, the Borgia family Bourbon dynasty in Latin America Boyne, Battle of the Braganza, House of the Brazil, conquest and colonization of Brest, Council of British North America Bull of Demarcation Bushido, Tokugawa period in Japan C Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez Cabot, John (c 1451–c.1498) and Sebastian (c 1483–1557) Cabral, Pedro Álvares cacao caciques in Latin America Cajamarca, Peru Calvin, John Caribbean, conquest of the Central America, conquest of Charles I Charles II Charles V Chilam Balam, books of (Latin America) Christian century in Japan Christina Vasa Church of England Clement VII Clive, Robert coca Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Columbian exchange Columbus, Christopher ix List of Articles Copernicus, Nicolaus Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de Cortés, Hernán Cossacks Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) in Europe Cromwell, Oliver Cuautemoc Cuzco (Peru) D De Soto, Hernando Delhi and Agra Descartes, René Dias, Bartolomeu Díaz del Castillo, Bernal Diet of Worms dissenters in England divine faith in Europe Dominicans in the Americas Dorgon Drake, Francis Dutch East India Company (Indonesia/Batavia) Dutch in Latin America Dutch in South Africa E Eck, Johann Maier von Edo period in Japan Edward VI Elizabeth I encomienda in Spanish America epidemics in the Americas Erasmus of Rotterdam Ewuare the Great exclusion laws in Japan expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492) and Portugal (1497) F Fộnelon, Franỗois de Salignac de la MotheFerdinand V and Isabella I of Spain Francis de Sales, St Franciscans in the Americas French East India Company Fronde, the G Galileo Galilei Gama, Vasco da Geneva Genroku period in Japan George I George II Glorious Revolution Goa, colonization of Godunov, Boris Great Wall of China, the Guicciardini, Francesco H Habsburg dynasty hacienda in Spanish America Harvard College Henry IV Henry VII Henry VIII Hobbes, Thomas Hohenzollern dynasty in Brandenburg and Prussia Holy Roman Empire honor ideology in Latin America Hudson’s Bay Company Huguenots humanism in Europe Humayun Hutchinson, Anne I Ibn Ghazi, Ahmed indentured servitude in colonial America indigo in the Americas Inquisitions, Spanish and Roman Isfahan (Persia) Ivan III the Great Ivan IV the Terrible J Jahangir James I James II Jamestown Janissaries Jesuits in Asia Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo João III the Pious John III Julius II justification by faith K Kaikhta, Treaty of Kangxi (K’ang-hsi) Kepler, Johannes King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War (1675–1676) Knox, John Kongo kingdom of Africa Koprülü family Korea, Japanese invasion of L Landa, Diego de Las Casas, Bartolomé de Lebna Dengel Le dynasty of Vietnam Leo X Leo Africanus (Hassan El Wazzan) literature Locke, John Louis XI Louis XIV Louis XV Loyola, Ignatius of, and the Society of Jesus Luba-Lunda Luther, Martin M Macao, Portuguese in Machiavelli, Niccolò Magellan, Ferdinand Malacca, Portuguese and Dutch colonization of Malinche, La (Doña Marina) Mamluk dynasties in Egypt Marie-Thérèse of Austria Maroon societies in the Americas Mary I Mary, Queen of Scots Maryland Mary Tudor Massachusetts Bay Colony Mather, Increase (1639–1723) and Cotton (1663–1728) Medici family Mehmed II Melancthon, Philip mercantilism Mexico, basin of Mexico, conquest of Ming, Southern Ming dynasty, late mita labor in the Andean highlands Moctezuma II Mohács, Battle of Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de la Bréde et de More, Sir Thomas Mughal Empire Münster commune music N Nadir Shah Nagasaki Nahua (Nahuatl) Nantes, Edict of Natives of North America Neo-Confucianism in Japan Nerchinsk, Treaty of Netherlands, revolt against Spanish rule in the New France New Netherland New Spain, colonial administration of New Spain, Viceroyalty of (Mexico) Newton, Isaac northwestern South America, conquest of Nurhaci Nzinga Mbandi O obrajes in colonial Latin America Oda Nubunaga List of Articles Omani empire in East Africa Oñate, Juan de Osaka Ottoman Empire (1450–1750) Ottoman-Safavid wars P Panipat, Battles of Peasants’ War Penn, William Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil) Peru, conquest of Peru, Viceroyalty of Peter I (the Great) Philip II Philippines, Spanish colonization of the piracy in the Atlantic world Pizarro, Francisco Plassey, Battle of Popul Vuh Potosí (silver mines of colonial Peru) Powhatan Confederacy printing press, Europe and the Pueblo Revolt Puritanism in North America Puritans and Puritanism Q Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty, rise and zenith Qing (Ch’ing) tributary system Quietism R race and racism in the Americas Rajputs Raleigh, Sir Walter reducciones (congregaciones) in colonial Spanish America Reformation, the repartimiento in Spanish America Ricci, Matteo Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc and cardinal de rites controversy in China Ronin, 47 Roses, Wars of the S Sa’did dynasty Safavid Empire Savonarola, Girolamo scientific revolution Scottish Reformation Sekigahara, Battle of (1600) Selim II Sengoku Jidai Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de Seville and Cádiz Shah Jahan Shimabara Rebellion, Japan ships and shipping Shivaji Sikhism and Guru Nanak silver in the Americas Sinan, Abdul-Menan slave trade, Africa and the Songhai Empire Spanish Armada Spanish Succession, War of the Stuart, House of (England) sugarcane plantations in the Americas Suleiman I the Magnificent Sunni Ali Swiss Confederacy T Tabin Swehti Taj Mahal Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross Thirty Years’ War tobacco in colonial British America Tokugawa bakuhan system, Japan Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Ieyasu Toledo, Francisco de Tordesillas, Treaty of Toyotomi Hideyoshi Trent, Council of Tudor dynasty V Valdivia, Pedro de Valois dynasty Vasa dynasty xi xii List of Articles Vespucci, Amerigo Virgin of Guadalupe voyages of discovery W Wanli (Wan-Li) William III Williams, Roger Winthrop, John witchcraft Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei) Y Yi dynasty (early) Yongzheng (Yung-Cheng) Yucatán, conquest of the Z Zenger, John Peter Zheng Chenggong (Cheng Ch’eng-kung) Zwingli, Ulrich List of Contributors Marsha E Ackermann Eastern Michigan University Stefany Anne Boyle Northeastern University D Henry Dieterich Independent Scholar Saheed Aderinto University of Texas William E Burns George Washington University Nancy Pippen Eckerman Indiana University Purdue University Mohammed Badrul Alam Miyazaki International College Tony de Castro Loyola School of Theology Melanie A Bailey Centenary College Elizabeth A Barre Florida State University Deborah L Bauer University of Central Florida Justin Corfield Geelong Grammar School Susan Marie Cummins Sacred Heart Major Seminary Christopher Cumo Independent Scholar Theodore W Eversole Ivybridge Community College Bryan R Eyman John Carroll University Stefano Fait University of St Andrews Bruce D Franson Independent Scholar Susan R Boettcher University of Texas Tim Davis Columbus State Community College Louis B Gimelli Eastern Michigan University Ted W Booth University of Tennessee Nicole DeCarlo Waterbury Public Schools Jyoti Grewal Zayed University xiii M82 Trade Routes in Southeast Asia, 1500–1800 Asia in 1700 M83 M84 Europe in 1648 (Treaty of Westphalia) Habsburgs in Central Europe, 1618 –1700 M85 M86 The Swedish Empire, 1560–1721 European Colonial Holdings, c 1700 M87 M88 British, French and Spanish Possesions in North America, 1713 British Colonies in North America, 1607–1763 M89 M90 Native American Population Loss in North America, 1500–1700 lu m b i a R a ke R Ar ka R s s i s i p pi R s Mi a l or R as ns Co Sn St L aw Co re n ce R Lake Winnipeg R io Gr de an Europe, 1721 M91 M92 Expansion of Prussia, 1683–1789 Africa and the Mediterranean Region—Major Empires and Kingdoms, 1500–1850 M93 M94 Habsburg Expansion and Contraction, 1700–1814 The African Slave Trade, 15th–19th Centuries M95 M96 Spain and Portugal in the Americas, 1750 ... presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history... at the Battle of Panipat on November 1558 Elizabethan Age Begins The Elizabethan age in England begins with the death of Queen Mary and the ascension to the throne of Elizabeth, the daughter of. .. leads the Poles to a victory over the forces of Ivan the Terrible at the Battle of Pskov 1581 Tartar Khanate of Siberia The Russians double the size of their country by taking control of the Tartar