ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY The Expanding World 600 c.e to 1450 VOLUME II edited by Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E Ackermann, Michael J Schroeder, Janice J Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E Ackermann [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk paper) World history—Encyclopedias I Ackermann, Marsha E D21.E5775 2007 903–dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd President and Editor Design Director Author Manager Layout Editor Indexer J Geoffrey Golson Mary Jo Scibetta Sue Moskowitz Kenneth W Heller J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume II CONTENTS About the Editors vi Foreword vii Historical Atlas viii List of Articles ix List of Contributors xiii Chronology xvii Major Themes xxix Articles A to Z 1–446 Resource Guide 447–450 Index 451–469 About the Editors Marsha E Ackermann received a Ph.D in American culture from the University of Michigan She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning and has taught U.S history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University Michael J Schroeder received a Ph.D in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history Janice J Terry received a Ph.D from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University Her latest book is U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Mark F Whitters received a Ph.D in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University His publications include The Epistle of Second Baruch: A Study in Form and Message vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most important events, themes, and personalities in world history The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with content that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts This encyclopedia is one of the first to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place The encyclopedia was edited by a team of five accomplished historians chosen for being specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as for having taught world history in the classroom They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship Additionally, each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological reference to major events in the given era In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geographic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps Viking Trade, Settlements, and Raids, c 1000 China during the Tang Dynasty, 626–783 The Islamic World, c 600–750 Europe in c 800 Africa and the Mediterranean Region—Major Empires and Kingdoms, 400–1450 The Islamic World, c 800–1200 Holy Roman Empire, 1000 Byzantine Empire under Basil II, 1025 Norman Conquests, 1066–1087 The Crusades, 1095–1221 China during the Song Dynasty, 1038–1279 Norman Kingdom of Sicily, 1059–1154 Religion and Scholarship in Medieval Europe, 1100–1300 Holy Roman Empire, 1215–1250 Mongol Invasions of Russia, 12th–13th Centuries The Delhi Sultanate, 1236–1398 Byzantine Empire, 1265 The Hanseatic League and the Union of Kalmar, 14th Century Voyages of the Polos in Asia, 1260–1295 Trade in Europe, c 1300 The Black Death in Europe, 1347–1352 Yuan Dynasty, 1330 Major Battles in Medieval and Early Modern Japan Voyages of Ibn Battuta, 1325–1354 Ottoman Empire, 1359–1520 Battles and Campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 The Great Schism, 1378–1417 Zheng He’s Voyage along Coastal Asia and Africa, 1431–1433 The Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Lands, c 1400 China during the Ming Dynasty, c 1415–1624 Poland and Lithuania, 1386–1470 Pre-Columbian Civilizations in Central and South America, 1200 b.c.e.–1542 c.e viii M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 List of Articles A Abbasid dynasty Abelard, Peter and Heloise A’isha Albigensian Crusade Alcuin Alfred the Great Ali ibn Abu Talib Almoravid Empire Andes: pre-Inca civilizations Anglo-Norman culture Anglo-Saxon culture Anglo-Saxon kingdoms An Lushan (An Lu-Shan) Rebellion Anselm anti-Jewish pogroms Aquinas, Thomas Aquitaine, Eleanor of Ashikaga Shogunate Athos, Mount Averroës Avignonese papacy al-Azhar B Bacon, Roger Baghdad Bantu Bayezid I Becket, Thomas Bede Benin Berbers Bernard of Clairvaux bhakti movements (devotional Hinduism) Black Death Blanche of Castile Boccaccio, Giovanni Bohemia Boniface Borobudur Brahma Brunelleschi, Filippo Bruni, Leonardo Bulgarian Empire Bulgar invasions Burma Byzantine Empire: architecture, culture, and the arts Byzantine Empire: political history C Caesaropapism Caliphs, first four Canute Capet, Hugh Carolingian dynasty Carolingian Renaissance Celtic Christianity Chagatai Khanate Champa kingdom Charlemagne Chaucer, Geoffrey Chenla Chinese poetry, golden age of chivalry Chola kingdom Christian states of Spain Chrysoloras, Manuel Cluny Columban of Leinster Constance, Council of ix List of Articles Constantinople, massacre of Crusades Cyril and Methodios D Damascene, John Danelaw Dante Alighieri Delhi Sultanate Dhimmi Divine Caliphate and the Ummah Donatello Dvaravati E East African city-states Edward I and II El Cid English common law Ericson, Leif Ethiopian Empire F fairs of Champagne Fatimid dynasty feudalism: Europe feudalism: Japan Ficino, Marsilio Firdawsi Five Dynasties of China Five, or Six, Pillars of Islam Florence, Council of Florentine Neoplatonism Frankish tribe Frederick I Fujiwara clan G Gempei War Genghis Khan Genoa Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Ghaznavids Ghazzali, Abu Hamid Muhammad, alGhiberti, Lorenzo Giotto di Bondone Godfrey of Bouillon gold and salt, kingdoms of Golden Bull of 1356 Gothic and Romanesque styles Grand Canal Gratian Greenland Gregory Palamas Gutenberg, Johann the golden age Islam: science and technology in the golden age Islamic law Isma’ilis Italian city-states Italian Renaissance H Habsburg dynasty (early) Hafiz Hangzhou (Hangchou) Hanseatic League Harsha Vardhana Harun al-Rashid Hausa city-states Heian Henry II Henry IV Henry V Henry “the Navigator,” Prince heresies, pre-Reformation Hildegard of Bingen Hindu epic literature Hojo clan Holy Roman Empire (early) Honen Shonin (Honen Bo Genku) Horns of Hattin, Battle of the Huaxteca Huizong (Hui-tsung) Hulagu Khan Hundred Years’ War Huss, John J Jin (Chin) dynasty Joachim of Flora Joan of Arc I Ibn Batuta Ibn Khaldun Ibn Sina Ibn Taymiyya iconoclasm Ỵle-de-France Innocent III Inquisition Irene Irish monastic scholarship, golden age of Islam Islam: art and architecture in the golden age Islam: literature and music in K Kaifeng (K’ai-feng) Kamakura Shogunate Kanem Bornu kanji and kana Kemmu Restoration Khmer kingdom Kilkenny, Statutes of Knights Templar, Knights Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights Kojiki and Nihon Shoki Koryo dynasty Kosovo, Battle of (1389) Kubilai Khan L Ladislas Lalibela Lateran Councils, Third and Fourth Latin states of the Crusades Lazar I Le dynasty of Annam Liao dynasty Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lombard, Peter Louis IX M Magna Carta Magyar invasions Mahmud of Ghazni Maimonides Majapahit kingdom medieval Europe: educational system List of Articles medieval Europe: sciences and medicine Mehmed I mendicants Merovingian dynasty Mesoamerica: Postclassic period Mesoamerica: southeastern periphery Ming dynasty Mixtec and Zapotec Mon Mongke Khan Mongol invasions of Japan Mongol rule of Russia Moravia Moscow: Third Rome Muhammad, the prophet Muhammad of Ghur Murasaki Shikibu Muslim Spain N Nalanda Nanjing (Nanking) Naples Nara Neo-Confucianism Nevsky, Alexander Nicaea, Second Council of Nicheren Nicholas I Norman and Plantagenet kings of England Norman Conquest of England Norman kingdoms of Italy and Sicily O Ogotai Khan Olaf I Omar Khayyam Onin War in Japan Ottoman Empire: 1299–1453 P Pallava kingdom Papal States Peasants’ Revolt Pepin, Donation of Petrarch Philip II Augustus Philip IV Pico della Mirandola Pizan, Christine de Poland Polo, Marco Portugal Printing, invention in China Puranas Q Quetzalcoatl Quiché Maya Qur’an R Rajput confederacies Reconquest of Spain Richard I Roland, Song of Rome, medieval Rome, papacy in Renaissance Rus S Saladin (Salah ad din, Yusuf) Salutati, Coluccio Samarkand samurai Schism of 1054 Scholasticism Scotland Sejong Seljuk dynasty Shahnamah Shi’ism Shinran Shiva Shona Shotoku Taishi Siamese invasion of the Khmer kingdom Silla dynasty Sind, Arab conquest of Song (Sung) dynasty Srivijaya kingdom Stephen I Su Shi (Su Shih) Subotai Sufism Sui dynasty Sukhothai Sundiata Sviatoslav Sylvester II T Taiho Code Taika Reforms Taira-Minamoto wars Taizong (T’ang-tsung) Taizu (T’ai-Tsu) Talas River, Battle of Tamil culture Tang (T’ang) dynasty Tarascans Tenchi (Tenji) Tibetan kingdom Timurlane (Tamerlane) Toghon Temur Khan Tours, Battle of (732) Truce and Peace of God Tughlaq dynasty Tului Khan U Uighur Empire Umayyad dynasty universities, European Urban II Urbino V Valla, Lorenzo Venice Verdun, Treaty of Vijayanagara Empire Vikings: Iceland, Icelandic sagas Vikings: North America Vikings: Norway, Sweden, and Denmark Vikings: Russia Vladimir I (Vladimir the Great) W Wales, English conquest of Wang Anshi (Wang An-shih) Wang Yangming (Wang Yang-ming) xi xii List of Articles Worms, Concordat of Wu Zhao (Wu Chao) Wycliffe, John X Xixia (Hsi Hsia) Xuanzang (Hsuan-tsang) Xuanzong (Hsuan-tsung) Y Yarmuk, Battle of Yaroslav the Wise Yelu Chucai Yongle (Yung-lo) Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) Yue Fei (Yueh Fei) Z Zen (or Ch’an) Buddhism Zhao Kuangyin (Chao K’uang-yin) Zheng He (Cheng Ho) Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) Zimbabwe M50 The Hanseatic League and the Union of Kalmar, 14th Century Voyages of the Polos in Asia, 1260–1295 M51 M52 Trade in Europe, c 1300 The Black Death in Europe, 1347–1352 M53 M54 Yuan Dynasty, 1330 Major Battles in Medieval and Early Modern Japan M55 M56 Voyages of Ibn Battuta, 1325–1354 Ottoman Empire, 1359–1520 M57 M58 Battles and Campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 The Great Schism, 1378–1417 M59 M60 Zheng He’s Voyage along Coastal Asia and Africa, 1431–1433 The Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Lands, c 1400 M61 M62 China during the Ming Dynasty, c 1415–1624 Poland and Lithuania, 1386–1470 M63 M64 Pre–Columbian Civilizations in Central and South America, 1200 bce–1542 ce ... HISTORY Volume II CONTENTS About the Editors vi Foreword vii Historical Atlas viii List of Articles ix List of Contributors xiii Chronology xvii Major Themes xxix Articles A to Z 1–446 Resource... many other elements of India’s great civilization to the entire region, which entered the historic era due mainly to the influence of India Outside their xxxviii 600 C.E to 1450 home regions,... all-out war to reclaim the Holy Lands from the Muslims Pope Innocent III conceived of the plan to wipe out the Albigensian heresy in the south of France in the early decades of the 13th century He