ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 VOLUME V ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 VOLUME V edited by Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Encyclopedia of World History Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E Ackermann, Michael J Schroeder, Janice J Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, and Mark F Whitters Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E Ackermann [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk paper) World history—Encyclopedias I Ackermann, Marsha E D21.E5775 2007 903—dc22 2007005158 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Maps by Dale E Williams and Jeremy Eagle Golson Books, Ltd President and Editor Design Director Author Manager Layout Editor Indexer J Geoffrey Golson Mary Jo Scibetta Sue Moskowitz Susan Honeywell J S Editorial Printed in the United States of America VB GB 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume V CONTENTS About the Editors Foreword Historical Atlas List of Articles List of Contributors Chronology Major Themes Articles A to Z Resource Guide Index vi vii viii ix xv xix xxxi 1–442 443 447 About the Editors Marsha E Ackermann received a Ph.D in American culture from the University of Michigan She is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning and has taught U.S history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Eastern Michigan University Michael J Schroeder received a Ph.D in history from the University of Michigan and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history Janice J Terry received a Ph.D from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University Her latest book is U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest Groups She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History Mark F Whitters received a Ph.D in religion and history from The Catholic University of America and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University His publications include The Epistle of Second Baruch: A Study in Form and Message vi Foreword The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most important events, themes, and personalities in world history The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world history This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with content that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and school districts This encyclopedia is one of the first to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly global perspective of the past Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay that covers five themes common to all periods of world history They discuss such important issues as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions, and social and class relationships These major themes allow the reader to follow the development of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place The encyclopedia was edited by a team of five accomplished historians chosen because they are specialists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as having taught world history in the classroom They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed entries based on the latest scholarship Additionally, each article is cross-referenced with relevant other ones in that volume A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological reference to major events in the given era In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geographic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material Each article also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a feature that is especially important for students Each volume also includes its own index, while the seventh volume contains a master index for the set Marsha E Ackermann Michael J Schroeder Janice J Terry Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur Mark F Whitters Eastern Michigan University vii Historical Atlas List of Maps European Overseas Empires, 1900 The British in South Asia, c.1900 The U.S and Latin America, 1900–1935 Partition of China, 1895–1914 Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 The Canadian Confederation, 1905 Growth of Russia, 1904–1955 Urbanization of Europe, 1910 The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913 Colonialism in Africa, 1914 Foreign Possessions in Asia, 1914 Europe before World War I, 1914 Europe at War, 1914–1918 Russian Revolution and Civil War Middle East after World War I, c.1920 Europe after World War I, 1919 Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Following World War I Colonialism in Africa, 1924 British Empire, 1930 America during the Great Depression Communists in China, 1934–1949 Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–41 Expansion of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 Fascist Europe, 1942 Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 World War II in Europe and the Middle East, 1939–1945 World War II—Pacific Theater, 1941–1945 The Holocaust in Europe Partition of India, 1947–1949 Palestine and Israel after 1948–1949 War Post–World War II Occupation Zones of Germany Europe after World War II, 1949 viii M129 M130 M131 M132 M133 M134 M135 M136 M137 M138 M139 M140 M141 M142 M143 M144 M145 M146 M147 M148 M149 M150 M151 M152 M153 M154 M155 M156 M157 M158 M159 M160 List of Articles A Addams, Jane Afrikaners, South Africa Aga Khan Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio Alessandri, Arturo Algeria alliance system All-India Muslim League Ambedkar, Bhim Rao Amin, Qasim Amritsar massacre analytic philosophy anarchist movements in Europe and America Anglo-Japanese treaty anti-Communist encirclement campaigns in China (1930–1934) appeasement era Arab-Israeli War (1948) Arab nationalism Armenians in the Ottoman Empire art and architecture (1900–1950) Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Aung San Australia and New Zealand B Balfour Declaration Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Bao Dai Batista, Fulgencio Batlle, José Ben-Gurion, David Black Dragon and Japanese ultranationalist societies Boer War Bonhoeffer, Dietrich Bonus Army Bose, Subhas Chandra Boxer Rebellion Brandeis, Louis D British mandate in Palestine Bryan, William Jennings C Cairo Conference (1921) Cairo Conference (1943) Calles, Plutarco Cárdenas, Lázaro Carranza, Venustiano Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim Chennault, Claire Lee ix x List of Articles Chiang Kai-shek Chinese Civil War (1946–1949) Chinese Communist Party (1921–1949) Churchill, Winston Clemenceau, Georges Comintern Communist Party, U.S Communist Party of Indochina Cristero revolt Cunha, Euclides da Geneva Conventions Giichi, Tanaka Gold Coast (Ghana) Goldman, Emma Gómez, Juan Vicente Gompers, Samuel Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Great Depression, worldwide Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere great migrations (1900–1950) D D-day Debs, Eugene V Diagne, Blaise dollar diplomacy DuBois, W E B dust bowl H Haganah Haitian massacre (1937) Harlem Renaissance Hashemite dynasty in Iraq Hashemite monarchy in Jordan (1914–1953) Hatta, Muhammad Haya de la Torre, Víctor Rẳl Hirohito Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hitler, Adolf Holocaust, the Hoover, Herbert House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-Min) Hu Shi (Hu Shih) Huerta, Victoriano E Edison, Thomas Egyptian revolution (1919) Einstein, Albert El Alamein El Salvador/La Matanza Ellis Island environmentalism/conserving nature Espionage and Sedition Acts Estrada Cabrera, Manuel Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Italian aggression eugenics existentialism expatriates, U.S F fascism Federal Reserve banking system, U.S Flint sit-down strike (1936–1937) Flores Magón, Ricardo Ford, Henry Franco, Francisco French mandate in Syria and Lebanon French West Africa (Afrique occidentale franỗaise) Freud, Sigmund Freyre, Gilberto G Galveston flood Gandhi, Mohandas K Garvey, Marcus I Ibn Saud, Abd al-Aziz India Act (1935) India Act, Government of (1919) India Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) Indian National Congress (1885–1947) Indian Reorganization Act, U.S Industrial Workers of the World influenza pandemic (1918) International Court of Justice (ICJ) Iran-Soviet relations Iraqi rebellion (1920) Irish independence isolationism, U.S J Japan, U.S occupation of Japanese constitution (1947) Japanese internment Jinnah, Mohammad Ali Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Following World War I M145 M146 Colonialism in Africa, 1924 British Empire, 1930 M147 M148 America during the Great Depression Communists in China, 1934–1949 M149 M150 Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–1941 Expansion of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 M151 M152 Fascist Europe, 1942 Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 M153 M154 World War II in Europe and the Middle East, 1939–1945 M156 The Holocaust in Europe Partition of India, 1947–1949 M157 M158 Palestine and Israel after 1948–1949 War Post–World War II Occupation Zones of Germany M159 M160 Europe after World War II, 1949 ... Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 Volume V Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1950 Volume VI The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present Volume VII Primary Documents Master Index ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD. . .ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY Volume I The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e Volume II The Expanding World 600 c.e to 1450 Volume III The First Global Age 1450 to 1750 Volume IV Age of. .. The seven -volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most important events, themes, and personalities in world history The encyclopedia covers the entire range of human