CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ Graphics & Visualization ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ Graphics & Visualization Principles & Algorithms T Theoharis G Papaioannou N Platis N Patrikalakis With contributions by P Dutre´ A Nasri, F A Salem, and G Turkiyyah A K Peters, Ltd Wellesley, Massachusetts ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20110714 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6435-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ Contents Preface Introduction 1.1 Brief History 1.2 Applications 1.3 Concepts 1.4 Graphics Pipeline 1.5 Image Buffers 1.6 Graphics Hardware 1.7 Conventions xi Rasterization Algorithms 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mathematical Curves and Finite Differences 2.3 Line Rasterization 2.4 Circle Rasterization 2.5 Point-in-Polygon Tests 2.6 Polygon Rasterization 2.7 Perspective Correction 2.8 Spatial Antialiasing 2.9 Two-Dimensional Clipping Algorithms 2.10 Exercises 1 12 16 25 27 27 29 32 36 38 40 48 49 56 70 v ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ vi Contents 2D and 3D Coordinate Systems and Transformations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Affine Transformations 3.3 2D Affine Transformations 3.4 Composite Transformations 3.5 2D Homogeneous Affine Transformations 3.6 2D Transformation Examples 3.7 3D Homogeneous Affine Transformations 3.8 3D Transformation Examples 3.9 Quaternions 3.10 Geometric Properties 3.11 Exercises 73 73 74 76 80 83 85 94 97 108 113 114 Projections and Viewing Transformations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Projections 4.3 Projection Examples 4.4 Viewing Transformation 4.5 Extended Viewing Transformation 4.6 Frustum Culling and the Viewing Transformation 4.7 The Viewport Transformation 4.8 Exercises 117 117 118 125 129 136 140 141 142 143 143 145 146 151 158 168 173 175 175 176 177 179 Culling and Hidden Surface Elimination Algorithms 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Back-Face Culling 5.3 Frustum Culling 5.4 Occlusion Culling 5.5 Hidden Surface Elimination 5.6 Efficiency Issues 5.7 Exercises Model Representation and Simplification 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of Model Forms 6.3 Properties of Polygonal Models 6.4 Data Structures for Polygonal Models ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ Contents 6.5 6.6 vii Polygonal Model Simplification Exercises Parametric Curves and Surfaces 7.1 Introduction 7.2 B´ezier Curves 7.3 B-Spline Curves 7.4 Rational B´ezier and B-Spline Curves 7.5 Interpolation Curves 7.6 Surfaces 7.7 Exercises 183 189 191 191 192 206 221 226 239 246 Subdivision for Graphics and Visualization 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Notation 8.3 Subdivision Curves 8.4 Subdivision Surfaces 8.5 Manipulation of Subdivision Surfaces 8.6 Analysis of Subdivision Surfaces 8.7 Subdivision Finite Elements 8.8 Exercises 249 249 250 251 255 270 277 283 299 Scene Management 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Scene Graphs 9.3 Distributed Scene Rendering 9.4 Exercises 301 301 303 315 319 321 321 323 325 328 331 335 338 341 10 Visualization Principles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods of Scientific Exploration 10.3 Data Aspects and Transformations 10.4 Time-Tested Principles for Good Visual Plots 10.5 Tone Mapping 10.6 Matters of Perception 10.7 Visualizing Multidimensional Data 10.8 Exercises ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ viii Contents 11 Color in Graphics and Visualization 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Grayscale 11.3 Color Models 11.4 Web Issues 11.5 High Dynamic Range Images 11.6 Exercises 343 343 343 350 361 362 365 12 Illumination Models and Algorithms 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Physics of Light-Object Interaction I 12.3 The Lambert Illumination Model 12.4 The Phong Illumination Model 12.5 Phong Model Vectors 12.6 Illumination Algorithms Based on the Phong Model 12.7 The Cook–Torrance Illumination Model 12.8 The Oren–Nayar Illumination Model 12.9 The Strauss Illumination Model 12.10 Anisotropic Reflectance 12.11 Ambient Occlusion 12.12 Shader Source Code 12.13 Exercises 367 367 368 372 376 383 390 398 405 411 414 417 422 426 13 Shadows 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Shadows and Light Sources 13.3 Shadow Volumes 13.4 Shadow Maps 13.5 Exercises 429 429 431 433 448 461 14 Texturing 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Parametric Texture Mapping 14.3 Texture-Coordinate Generation 14.4 Texture Magnification and Minification 14.5 Procedural Textures 14.6 Texture Transformations 14.7 Relief Representation 463 463 464 470 486 495 503 505 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ CuuDuongThanCong.com ... original U.S Government works Version Date: 20110714 International Standard Book Number-13: 97 8-1 -4 39 8-6 43 5-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded... Intersection Tests C.1 Planar Line-Line Intersection C.2 Line-Plane Intersection C.3 Line-Triangle Intersection C.4 Line-Sphere Intersection C.5 Line-Convex Polyhedron Intersection... [Open07a] OpenDX and AVS enabled non-programmers to combine pre-defined modules for importing, transforming, rendering, and animating data into a re-usable data-flow network Programmers could also