Test bank for scientific american psychology 2nd edition by licht

Name: Date: _ Identify and define the four goals of psychology For each goal, use one or more concrete examples to illustrate how psychologists might pursue the goal in their research Describe the contributions of the philosophers Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes to the nature-nurture and mind-body issues Suggest how EITHER the nature-nurture issue OR the mind-body problem is relevant to a psychological phenomenon in which you are especially interested Contrast the aims and the legacy of structuralism on the one hand and functionalism on the other Identify one or two key figures associated with each of these schools Identify two prominent women in psychology's early days Briefly describe the achievements and contributions of the two women you select Is astrology a pseudopsychology? Why or why not? Describe the biopsychosocial perspective in psychology Explain how the perspective integrates or synthesizes at least three other psychological perspectives Describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon in which you are especially interested Discuss how the phenomenon might be approached fromTest at least two of theScientific following perspectives: psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic Bank for American biological, Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Describe a current event or topic of public interest Suggest how at least two of the major perspectives in contemporary psychology might shed light usefully on the topic What is a hypothesis? Provide an original example of a hypothesis a psychologist might test Be sure to operationally define the variables in your hypothesis 10 Select two of the following aphorisms: (1) "Birds of a feather flock together"; (2) "Opposites attract"; (3) "The more the merrier"; (4) "Two heads are better than one"; (5) "Two's company; three's a crowd." Translate each aphorism that you select into a testable hypothesis Provide operational definitions of each of the variables in each hypothesis 11 How statistics help in data analysis? 12 Describe the processes of peer review and replication Explain how these processes contribute to the progress of psychological science 13 Define informed consent and debriefing Explain how informed consent and debriefing contribute to the ethical conduct of research with human participants 14 List and briefly describe three descriptive research methods Provide an original example of each Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the methods you describe 15 Briefly explain the correlational method 16 Review three well-known case studies in psychology's history Outline the advantages and disadvantages of case study research Be sure to illustrate your points with concrete examples 17 Describe survey research, highlighting not only its advantages but also several issues that researchers must consider when designing survey research 18 Suggest (a) two variables that are most likely positively correlated; (b) two variables that are most likely negatively correlated; and (c) two variables that are probably uncorrelated Portray the relationship between each pair of variables graphically 19 A researcher finds a correlation of –.45 between the amount of stress participants report having experienced recently and participants' scores on an index of physical health What does this mean? Provide a one-sentence interpretation of this correlation coefficient Provide three distinct cause-and-effect mechanisms that might explain this correlation 20 How are a correlation's strength and direction identified? Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 21 How is it that the experimental method allows researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Identify the critical elements of the experimental method and explain how each helps enable the development of valid causal conclusions 22 A pharmaceutical company has developed a new antidepressant medication and wishes to test its effectiveness How might extraneous variables, placebo effects, and experimenter bias comprise the results of such a test? How should the company use random assignment, placebos, and a double-blind procedure to maximize the validity of the test? 23 A researcher is testing the notion that viewing a popular children's show is associated with brief cognitive deficits She selects a sample of seventy-five 4-year-old boys Each boy is randomly assigned to one of three groups In group A, the boys watch an 8-minute clip of a television show popular with children In group B, the boys watch minutes of an educational show In group C, the boys draw and color for minutes Each boy takes part alone and is unaware that other children are participating After the 8-minute session, a research assistant assesses each boy's performance on a cognitive task The assistant was not present during the 8-minute session and does not know which group any of the boys is in Identify the elements of this experiment corresponding to each of the following concepts: experimental group; control group; independent variable; dependent variable; placebo; control; and double-blind study 24 Name three of the four recurring themes presented in Table 1.8 in the textbook State a broad psychological phenomenon in which you are especially interested Suggest one or two more specific topics of potential investigation inspired by each of the three broad themes you mentioned 25 Psychology is defined as the: A) study of mental processes and not behavior B) scientific study of behavior and mental processes C) study of mental and Scientific their treatment Testdisorders Bank for American D) science of behavior and not mental processes Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 26 Akira has declared psychology as his major He will be studying: A) only mental processes B) only behavior C) mental disorders and their treatment D) behavior and mental processes 27 Brenda says, "Psychology is the study of behavior." Chase responds, "No, psychologists study emotions." Which statement BEST evaluates these two remarks? A) Brenda's statement is too broad; Chase's is too narrow B) Brenda's statement is too narrow; Chase's is too broad C) Brenda's statement is correct; Chase's is incorrect D) Brenda's statement is too narrow; Chase's is also too narrow 28 Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between psychology and the study of behavior? A) The study of behavior is part of psychology B) Psychology does not include the study of behavior; it focuses on the mind C) The study of behavior is the same thing as psychology D) At one time, psychology was defined as the study of behavior; it is now considered the science of the mind 29 Which statement is a misconception about psychology? A) The human brain does not generate new neurons after birth B) Many people become happier with age C) Individuals use essentially all of their brains D) Excessive sugar intake makes kids attentive 30 According to APA Center for Workforce Studies (2015) and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), which proportion BEST approximates the percentage of psychologists who provide therapy? A) one-quarter B) one-third C) one-half D) three-quarters 31 Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology According to APA Center for Workforce Studies (2015) and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), in which setting is she MOST likely to find employment, all else being equal? A) academia B) a hospital C) the military D) a large corporation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 32 According to APA Center for Workforce Studies (2015) and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), the LARGEST area of specialization in psychology is _ psychology A) developmental B) clinical/counseling C) educational D) social/personality 33 Research focused on changing behaviors or outcomes is called _ research A) basic B) practical C) experimental D) applied 34 Which individual is LEAST likely to be a psychologist? A) Dionne, who holds a PhD degree B) Everett, who has an MD degree C) Fallon, who graduated with a PsyD degree D) Alyssa, who holds an MD and PhD degrees 35 Which professional is MOST likely to have a master's degree as her most advanced credential? A) a psychiatrist B) a counseling psychologist C) a mental health counselor D) a clinical psychologist Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 36 MD is to PhD as _ to _ Fullisfile at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist B) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist C) clinical psychologist; counseling psychologist D) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist 37 Whether a field of study is a science is determined by the: A) credentials of those who specialize in the field B) methods used to collect information in the field C) technological sophistication of the equipment used in the field D) importance of contributions in the field 38 The goals of psychology NOT include: A) explain B) experiment C) predict D) control 39 Organizing and making sense of behavioral observations is central to psychology's goal of: A) description B) prediction C) control D) explanation 40 In the context of psychology's goals, observe is to describe as understand is to: A) analyze B) predict C) control D) explain 41 Shaping and modifying behavior is the essence of psychology's _ goal A) control B) predict C) explain D) describe 42 When psychologists describe behavior, they: A) project future behavior B) shape desirable behavior C) observe behavior systematically D) make sense of behavior Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 43 With respect to the goals of psychology, understanding behavior is to applying research findings as _ is to _ A) describing; controlling B) explaining; controlling C) explaining; describing D) controlling; explaining 44 With respect to the goals of psychology; prediction is to projecting outcomes as _ is to _ A) explanation; making observations B) explanation; applying findings C) description; making observations D) description; applying findings 45 Planning research, making observations, and communicating findings are all part of psychology's _ goal A) describe B) explain C) predict D) control 46 Which activity is NOT part of psychology's goal of explanation? A) shaping behavior B) noticing patterns C) seeking clues in the literature D) identifying causes Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 47 A psychologist is pursuing psychology's _ goal when she observes aggressive behavior among patrons in a bar A) describe Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) predict C) explain D) control 48 A psychologist advises a petroleum company on selecting offshore oil-rig workers likely to comply with safety regulations The psychologist is pursuing psychology's goal of: A) description B) prediction C) explanation D) control 49 Whereas the philosopher _ believed that humans possessed some innate knowledge, the philosopher _ believed that all knowledge is derived from experience A) Plato; Aristotle B) Aristotle; Plato C) Aristotle; Descartes D) Descartes; Plato 50 Which choice CORRECTLY pairs a philosopher with the concept with which he is associated? A) Plato – empiricism B) Aristotle – nativism C) Aristotle – dualism D) Descartes – dualism 51 The Renaissance philosopher John Locke argued that our knowledge is acquired solely through experience Locke's position reflects the legacy of the Greek philosopher: A) Plato B) Socrates C) Aristotle D) Hippocrates 52 The title of the American jazz classic "Body and Soul" echoes a view known as dualism, a view that the mind and body are separate that is associated MOST prominently with the philosopher: A) Plato B) Descartes C) Aristotle D) Fechner Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 53 The saying "mind over matter" reflects a philosophical view that the mind and body are separate This view is called _, which is associated with _ A) dualism; Descartes B) empiricism; Aristotle C) dualism; Aristotle D) empiricism; Descartes 54 The formal beginning of psychology is associated with: A) James B) Wundt C) Titchener D) Descartes 55 Wundt began operating the first psychology lab in: A) 1829 B) 1839 C) 1859 D) 1879 56 It is the year 2029 At the American Psychological Association's annual conference, a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of an historic event in psychology's early days What event is celebrated in the address? A) Wundt founding the first psychology laboratory B) Calkins becoming the first female president of the APA C) Titchener opening a lab at Cornell Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht D) Watson establishing behaviorism Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 57 Which location is associated with the formal beginning of psychology? A) Vienna, Austria B) Berlin, Germany C) Leipzig, Germany D) Cambridge, England 58 "By constructing introspection experiments, his aim was to understand the most basic elements of the mind He wanted to for psychology what the Periodic Table of the Elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor To whom is the professor MOST likely referring? A) Titchener B) James C) Freud D) Maslow 59 Dr Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience Dr Leleux appears most sympathetic to psychology's school of: A) humanism B) behaviorism C) structuralism D) functionalism 60 _ is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings A) Inner perception B) Subjective perception C) Internal observation D) Introspection 61 Lassandra takes a sip of cola "Sweet cold, wet, tingly slightly bitter," she reports Lassandra is: A) introspecting B) interviewing C) suffering a stroke D) taking an intelligence test 62 Which statement BEST expresses the fate of structuralism in psychology? A) It triumphed over alternative ones B) It was supplanted by other views C) Its importance has waned slightly, but it remains highly influential today D) It continues to coexist with other views in psychology Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 63 _ offered an alternative to structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology A) Humanism B) The cognitive perspective C) Functionalism D) The psychoanalytic perspective 64 Which statement BEST expresses the aim of functionalism? A) It seeks to identify what the mind contains B) It seeks to understand the purpose of the mind C) It seeks to determine how mental experience is organized D) It seeks to understand the influence of the unconscious mind 65 With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be MOST interested in the: A) contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience B) observable behaviors associated with emotion C) way in which emotions aid one's adaptation to the environment D) basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience 66 Which early female psychologist might be considered a developmental psychologist? A) Mary Whiton Calkins B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Mamie Phipps Clark D) Elizabeth Loftus Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 67 Which choice CORRECTLY pairs a pioneering woman in psychology with a "first"? A) Mamie PhippsFull Clarkfile – first of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology at woman https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) Mamie Phipps Clark – first female president of the APA C) Margaret Floy Washburn – first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology D) Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman to earn a PhD in psychology 68 Dr Franklin is examining the association between the experience of discrimination and self-esteem among children and adolescents Her research reflects the pioneering work of _, one of psychology's "founding mothers." A) Elizabeth Loftus B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Margaret Whiton Calkins D) Mamie Phipps Clark 69 _ was an early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the most basic elements of the mind A) Structuralism B) Functionalism C) Behaviorism D) Humanism 70 Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _ perspective in psychology A) psychoanalytic B) cognitive C) humanistic D) biological 71 Penny is a recovering drug addict Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of stimuli and reinforcers in the environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice Her program reflects the _ perspective in psychology A) sociocultural B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic 72 The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the _ and the views A) psychoanalytic; cognitive B) psychoanalytic; behavioral C) behavioral; cognitive D) behavioral; sociocultural 73 At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of: A) free will B) environmental determinism C) natural selection D) unconscious conflict Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 74 Dr Petrovic's goal is to help his clients channel their motivation for positive growth and to realize their potential He is MOST likely a _ therapist A) cognitive B) humanistic C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic 75 Dr Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior Dr Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think and process information Which option CORRECTLY pairs the psychologists with their respective perspectives? A) Dr Greenway – behavioral perspective; Dr Cech – cognitive perspective B) Dr Greenway – cognitive perspective; Dr Cech – behavioral perspective C) Dr Greenway – psychoanalytic perspective; Dr Cech – cognitive perspective D) Dr Greenway – behavioral perspective; Dr Cech – psychoanaytic perspective 76 The cognitive perspective may be said to represent a reaction to the _ view A) humanistic B) behavioral C) biological D) evolutionary 77 Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for the perpetrator This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _ psychologist A) behavioral Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) cognitive Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 78 Which psychologist helped pioneer the cognitive perspective? A) George Miller B) John Watson C) Carl Rogers D) Lev Vygotsky 79 The advent of brain-imaging techniques has been a boon for the biological and the _ perspectives in modern-day psychology A) psychoanalytic B) sociocultural C) cognitive D) humanistic 80 Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective? A) Maslow – humanistic B) Skinner – behavioral C) Vygotsky – biological D) Freud – psychoanalytic 81 Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description? A) psychoanalytic perspective – emphasizes people's motivation to grow and develop B) cognitive perspective – emphasizes underlying conflicts C) behavioral perspective – emphasizes learning through association, reinforcement, and observation D) humanistic perspective – emphasizes the mental processes guiding behavior 82 In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts This finding supports the _ perspective in psychology A) psychoanalytic B) biological C) sociocultural D) cognitive 83 In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied universally This research sparked the _ perspective A) cognitive B) biological C) sociocultural D) evolutionary Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 84 An approach that examines the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influencing behavior is called the _ perspective A) biological B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) biopsychosocial 85 An approach that attempts to explain behavior but is without empirical support is labeled a: A) parapsychology B) pop psychology C) pseudopsychology D) critical psychology 86 _ involves weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining how each contributes to the bigger picture A) Pseudopsychology B) Critical thinking C) Cognitive dissonance D) Numerology 87 Astrology is: A) a critical psychology B) part of psychology C) a pseudopsychology Test Bank D) a parapsychology for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 88 According to the text, astrology cannot tell us what will happen in the future It therefore fails to achieve psychology's goal of: A) describing B) predicting C) explaining D) controlling 89 Astrology is a: A) science because it seeks to identify patterns B) science because its predictions are empirically verified C) pseudopsychology because its predictions are not supported by observation D) pseudopsychology because it does not share psychology's goals of prediction and explanation 90 Madame Oolong claims that she can answer questions about one's career, finances, and relationships by reading tea leaves Madame Oolong practices: A) psychology B) critical thinking C) pseudopsychology D) parapsychology 91 The process of weighing, synthesizing, and evaluating evidence is called _ thinking A) critical B) scientific C) empirical D) experimental 92 Dr Jensen is organizing and evaluating the evidence concerning aggression in children Dr Jensen is engaged in _ thinking A) pseudopsychological B) critical C) empirical D) scientific 93 An advertisement touts the muscle-building benefits of a new herbal supplement Jana investigates the credentials of the individuals testifying to its benefits and performs some research on the company that manufactures the supplement In addition, she searches the scientific literature for any controlled research that might attest to the action of the supplement Jana is engaged in _ thinking A) psychological B) experimental C) high-level D) critical Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 94 What is the relationship among psychology, pseudopsychology, and critical thinking? A) Critical thinking is important in pseudopsychology but absent from psychology B) Critical thinking is important in psychology but absent from pseudopsychology C) Critical thinking is important in both psychology and pseudopsychology D) Psychology, pseudopsychology, and critical thinking are three different ways of understanding behavior 95 Which statement is TRUE about pseudopsychology? A) It can be used to explain behaviors B) It is supported by objective evidence C) It cannot be used in astrology D) It cannot be used to predict behaviors 96 The process psychologists use to conduct research is called: A) critical thinking B) informed speculation C) the scientific method D) educated guessing 97 The FIRST step in the scientific method is: A) developing a hypothesis B) publishing findings C) developing a question D) designing a study Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 98 Andrea is reading a general, comprehensive account of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology AndreaFull is reading file ata(n): https://TestbankDirect.eu/ A) theory B) hypothesis C) operational definition D) explanation 99 A hypothesis is BEST defined as a: A) statement that can be used to test a prediction B) broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest C) specification of the precise manner in which a variable will be measured D) behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values 100 "Opposites attract." "Birds of a feather flock together." These aphorisms are: A) hypotheses B) variables C) theories D) operational definitions 101 Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis? A) A theory is more specific than a hypothesis B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis C) A theory is the same thing as a hypothesis D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis 102 Prediction is to explanation as _ is to _ A) hypothesis; theory B) theory; hypothesis C) experiment; theory D) experiment; hypothesis 103 When asked to define "popularity," Brianna offers, "It's when everyone likes you." Chrissy suggests, "It's basically the number of friends you have." How the two girls' definitions differ? A) They don't, really B) Brianna's is an operational definition; Chrissy's is not C) Brianna's is a procedural definition; Chrissy's is not D) Chrissy's is an operational definition; Brianna's is not 104 Which choice is NOT an operational definition of happiness? A) a feeling of joy or contentment B) the number of times an individual smiles in an hour C) an individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale D) the ratio of positive to negative emotion words a person uses when describing how they feel Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 105 Which sequence CORRECTLY reflects the order of the first three steps in the scientific method? A) develop question > develop hypothesis > design study B) develop hypothesis > collect data > analyze data C) develop question > design study > develop hypothesis D) develop hypothesis > analyze data > publish findings 106 The statement "Bicycle fenders help keep people dry while they ride through puddles" is MOST likely a(n): A) hypothesis B) operational definition C) law D) rule 107 Which statement is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis? A) Unlike a hypothesis, a theory cannot provide explanation for a natural phenomenon B) Unlike a theory, a hypothesis is always supported by scientific evidence C) Unlike a hypothesis, a theory is a well-established body of principles D) Unlike a theory, a hypothesis cannot be used to test predictions 108 Anne conducted research on aggressive behavior in teenagers For the purpose of her research, she described aggression using specific behaviors that illustrate it The number of times each behavior was repeated by a participant constituted the measure of aggression for that participant In this scenario, Anne defined aggression using a(n): A) hypothesis B) theory C) operational definition Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht D) theoretical definition Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 109 Jeremy conducted research on depression among teenagers For the purpose of his research, he described depression using specific behaviors, such as how often a participant experiences a panic attack, a headache, and excessive hunger The number of times each behavior was repeated by a participant constituted the measure of depression for that participant In this scenario, Jeremy defined depression using a(n): A) hypothesis B) theory C) theoretical definition D) operational definition 110 Which question provides an operational definition of cooperative behavior among children in an art class? A) How often did children pass colors to each other? B) How often did children take a new sheet of paper? C) How much time did children spend painting a house? D) How much time did children spend looking at a teacher's painting? 111 Descriptive statistics: A) allow predictions beyond a data set B) show how two or more variables are related C) present a set of data D) indicate the significance of the results 112 Amanda selects a sample of college students She obtains the students' scores on several personality scales, as well as on a test of creativity Amanda wishes to summarize her sample's performance on the creativity test She therefore uses _ statistics to present raw data A) descriptive B) correlational C) empirical D) inferential 113 Tyrell is creating a bar graph to summarize the results of an experiment The graph displays _ statistics A) inferential B) empirical C) descriptive D) critical 114 Steve is conducting research on the reach of mental health care to the youth After gathering data on psychologists, he creates a pie chart to display the percentage of psychologists working in different fields In this scenario, Steve uses _ to display the collected data A) descriptive statistics B) inferential statistics C) fiducial distribution D) probability distribution Page 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 266 Time talking on your cell phone is probably negatively correlated with remaining battery life A) True B) False 267 On a scatterplot, the more dispersed the dots are vertically, the lower the correlation A) True B) False 268 A strong correlation suggests that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables A) True B) False 269 A value close to 0.00 of a correlation coefficient indicates a strong correlation between variables A) True B) False 270 Of the research designs discussed in the textbook, only the correlational method enables cause-and-effect conclusions A) True B) False 271 Researchers use random assignment to ensure that participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups A) True B) False Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full filethat at receives https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 272 In an experiment, the group the treatment is the control group A) True B) False 273 The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher A) True B) False 274 Study time is the dependent variable in an experiment examining the effect of the length of time that a list is studied on list memory A) True B) False 275 When a memory researcher measures recognition accuracy in two groups, recognition accuracy is a dependent variable A) True B) False 276 An extraneous variable is one type of confounding variable A) True B) False 277 To control a variable means to measure it A) True B) False 278 Single-blind studies control for experimenter bias A) True B) False 279 A research assistant does not know whether she is administering a placebo or an anti-anxiety pill to a given participant; she is therefore assisting in a single-blind study A) True B) False 280 In a double-blind experiment, the experimenter does not know which participants are receiving the treatment A) True B) False Page 24 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 281 Research suggests that children viewing television programs like SpongeBob Squarepants may experience a brief dip in cognitive functions A) True B) False 282 No one can ever be forced to take part in a psychology experiment A) True B) False 283 Positive psychology reflects the legacy of the earlier humanistic perspective A) True B) False 284 Psychologists have traditionally emphasized the positive aspects of human nature A) True B) False 285 “Psychology is the science of behavior.” What, if anything, is wrong with this definition? A) Nothing is wrong with this definition B) This definition is incorrect Psychology is the science of mental disorders C) This definition is incorrect Psychology is the science of mental disorders and mental processes D) This definition is too narrow Psychology is also the science of mental processes Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 286 Dr Davis provides therapy to people in distress She is MOST likely a(n) _ psychologist A) experimental Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) clinical C) cognitive D) developmental 287 Focus on research-oriented practice is to focus on professional practice as _ is to _ A) PsyD; MS B) MS; PhD C) PhD; PsyD D) PsyD; PhD 288 Dr Washington is pursuing psychology's _ goal when he prepares a report of his observations for publication A) description B) prediction C) explanation D) control 289 Nature is to nurture as _ is to _ A) Plato; Aristotle B) Aristotle; Plato C) Descartes; Plato D) Aristotle; Descartes 290 Describing the experience of a snowflake melting on one's tongue as “cold wet tingly slightly metallic in taste” echoes _'s method of _ A) James; internal perception B) James; introspection C) Wundt; internal perception D) Wundt; introspection 291 John B.Watson and B F Skinner promoted the _ perspective in psychology A) behavioral B) cognitive C) psychoanalytic D) humanistic 292 Which psychologist is matched with the CORRECT perspective? A) John Watson – psychodynamic B) George Miller – cognitive C) Carl Rogers – behavioral D) Ivan Pavlov – sociocultural Page 25 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 293 A graduate student is reading dozens of studies examining the effect of external rewards on intrinsic motivation For each study, she considers the quality of its methods and the implications of its results for a broad theory of motivation The graduate student is engaged in _ thinking A) abstract B) empirical C) clinical D) critical 294 Macy is considering topics she finds personally interesting and is beginning to read some of the psychological research on some of these topics With respect to the scientific method, Macy is working on the _ step of the method, namely _ A) first; developing a question B) first; developing a hypothesis C) second; developing a question D) second; developing a hypothesis 295 Cory creates a pie chart for a sales meeting The chart MOST likely displays _ statistics A) case study B) descriptive C) inferential D) raw 296 Cindy selects a sample of college students Using the survey technique, Cindy finds a relationship between the students' scores on an impulsivity scale and their scores on a measure of problem drinking Cindy wishes to predict the likelihood that a new sample will show the same relationship She therefore computes _ statistics Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht A) representative B) experimental C) descriptive Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ D) inferential 297 The LAST step in the scientific method is: A) analyzing data B) designing a study C) publication D) developing a question 298 _ is a research technique in which behavior is described in its everyday environment A) The survey method B) Naturalistic observation C) The correlational method D) An experiment 299 A questionnaire tapping respondents' political attitudes would MOST likely be used in: A) an experiment B) a case study C) a survey D) naturalistic observation 300 Low response rates may call a sample's representativeness into question This is MOST often a problem in a(n): A) experiment B) case study C) observational study D) survey 301 The correlational method is aimed at: A) examining a single individual in great detail B) examining relationships among variables C) collecting data through interviews or questionnaires D) verifying cause-and-effect relationships between variables 302 Dr James deliberately varied facial symmetry in a series of photographs and later measured participants' liking for the faces Which type of research method did Dr James use in this scenario? A) correlational B) experimental C) naturalistic D) observational Page 26 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 303 When a researcher arbitrarily places participants in either the experimental or the control group, she is conducting: A) a double-blind study B) random selection C) a single-blind study D) random assignment 304 In an industrial psychology experiment, one group of participants is exposed to heat stress, while another is not All participants' performance on an attentional vigilance task is then examined Which set contains equivalent items? A) { treatment group, experimental group, no heat stress group} B) { treatment group, experimental group, heat stress group} C) { no treatment group, control group, heat stress group} D) { no treatment group, experimental group, no heat stress group} 305 A psychologist is conducting an experiment on the effects of brainstorming instruction on problem-solving creativity Participants are randomly assigned to an instruction or a no-instruction group The creativity of all participants' problem solutions is later assessed In this experiment, the creativity of problem solutions is the _ variable A) experimental B) extraneous C) independent D) dependent 306 Human strengths and virtues are the focus of a new approach called _ psychology A) spiritual B) positive C) behavioral Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition D) cognitive by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 307 The _ perspective is an approach developed by Sigmund Freud that suggests that behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts A) psychoanalytic B) biological C) evolutionary D) sociocultural 308 What is the main idea of the biological perspective of psychology? A) Humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction B) Behavior and mental processes arise from physiological activity C) Behavior is driven by cognitive processes D) Underlying conflicts influence behavior 309 A _ variable is an unaccounted for characteristic of participants or the environment that explains changes in the variables of interest A) control B) random C) third D) nominal 310 The LARGEST percentage of psychologists is employed in: A) government B) hospitals C) higher education D) private practice 311 According to the textbook, psychology is a science because of: A) the technology now used to understand the brain B) its focus on observation and experimentation C) its subject matter D) the advanced degrees required to work as a psychologist 312 With respect to psychology's goals, apply is to control as observe is to: A) analyze B) explain C) describe D) predict Page 27 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 313 Which of psychology's goals is CORRECTLY matched with a keyword? A) control – organization B) explanation – forecasting C) prediction – application D) description – observation 314 Concerning the goals of psychology, control is to applying findings as _ is to _ A) explanation; forecasting outcomes B) explanation; making observations C) prediction; forecasting outcomes D) prediction; making observations 315 The view that the mind and body are separate is known as _; it is MOST closely associated with the philosopher _ A) empiricism; Descartes B) empiricism; Aristotle C) dualism; Descartes D) dualism; Aristotle 316 Psychologists credit _ with founding the discipline by opening the first psychology laboratory in _ A) Edward Titchener; 1859 B) Edward Titchener; 1879 C) Wilhelm Wundt; 1859 D) Wilhelm Wundt; 1879 Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 317 Which statement BEST captures the relationship between the psychoanalytic perspective and the humanistic perspective? A) The psychoanalytic perspective replaced the humanistic perspective Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) The humanistic perspective reacted against the psychoanalytic perspective C) The humanistic perspective expanded on the psychoanalytic perspective D) The psychoanalytic perspective reacted against the humanistic perspective 318 Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with the _ perspective in psychology A) humanistic B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic 319 Which of psychology's pioneering women may be seen as a “founding mother” of the sociocultural perspective? A) Mamie Phipps Clark B) Mary Whiton Calkins C) Catherine Campbell Marsh D) Margaret Floy Washburn 320 Science is to pseudoscience as _ is to _ A) psychology; numerology B) numerology; psychology C) astrology; astronomy D) astrology; numerology 321 A website claims that it can improve concentration, problem solving, and creativity through simple game-like experiences “based on neuroscience.” Before Melanie subscribes to the site, she seeks empirical evidence that the experiences have lasting cognitive benefits She also examines the credentials of the neuroscientists appearing to endorse the site In this example, Melanie is using _ thinking A) logical B) empirical C) psychological D) critical 322 Critical thinking is _ the scientific method A) an alternative to B) the same thing as C) the first step in D) embodied in 323 A(n) _ definition precisely states how a variable is to be measured A) theoretical B) formal C) critical D) operational Page 28 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 324 By definition, a sample is a(n): A) subset of a population of interest B) experimental participant who does not receive the treatment C) entire group that a researcher is interested in studying D) experimental participant who receive the treatment 325 In a typical experimental session, informed consent: A) takes place before the experimental procedure begins B) includes detailed information about the experimental manipulations C) reveals any deception included in the experimental procedures D) occurs at the conclusion of the session 326 A psychologist conducts a detailed investigation of a single genius with an IQ of 190 This example illustrates: A) a survey B) naturalistic observation C) an experiment D) a case study 327 When the relationship between two variables is extremely strong, the correlation coefficient approaches: A) –.50 or +0.50 B) 0.00 C) 2.00 D) –1.00 or 1.00 Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 328 A researcher might expect a(n) _ correlation between conscientiousness scores and GPA A) positive Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ B) weak C) negative D) perfect 329 Cause-and-effect predictions may be tested in: A) surveys B) correlational research C) experiments D) case studies 330 In contrast with the _ method, the _ method allows cause-and-effect conclusions A) correlational; observational B) experimental; correlational C) observational; correlational D) correlational; experimental 331 Which process is CORRECTLY described? A) random assignment – Each participant is equally likely to be placed in either the control or the experimental group B) random selection – Extraneous variables are eliminated C) control – Each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample D) random sample – Researchers select participants who they expect will introduce bias 332 A drug company plans a double-blind study to test a new antianxiety medication Which procedure would the company use? A) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill Also, each patient would not know which type of pill he or she was taking B) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill Each patient, though, would know which type of pill he or she was taking C) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill Each patient, though, would not know which type of pill he or she was taking D) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill Each patient would also know which type of pill he or she was taking 333 A(n) _ variable is a characteristic of participants or the environment that could unexpectedly influence the outcome of a study A) control B) random C) manipulated D) extraneous Page 29 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 334 _ is sharing information with participants after their involvement in a study has ended A) Sampling B) Debriefing C) Brainstorming D) Lobbying Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 30 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Key Goal Describe Explain Predict Control Definition The systematic observation of behavior and the reporting of the results of such observation The organization and understanding of behavioral observations Projecting or forecasting future behaviors or outcomes The use of research to shape and modify behavior Philosopher Plato Aristotle Descartes Possible Example Assessing the differences in food intake across cultures Determining the pattern of food preferences among children Predicting whether a child will like a particular food based on the food preferences of other children Using research on food preference to help children make healthier food choices Contribution(s) Believed in innate knowledge Highlighted the importance of nature in human development, thought, and behavior Suggested that all knowledge comes from experience (empiricism) Paved the way for the scientific method and study through observation Proposed that the mind and body were distinct (dualism) Paved the way for the scientific study of mental processes and emotion The nature-nurture problem arises in many areas Homosexuality, aggression, mental disorders, and intelligence—to name a few—all reflect some combination of heredity and environmental factors Mind-body problem: example is to better understand how mental activities How mental activities TestOne Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2ndinfluence Editionbehavior: by Licht direct behavior? Does how we think affect how we act? School Structuralism Functionalism Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Aims To use introspection to determine the structure and elements of the mind To determine how thoughts, feelings, and actions help us adapt to the environment Legacy Key Figure(s) Showed that psychological Titchener (student of Wundt) studies could be conducted with objective observation and measurement Influence felt in such areas as James (inspired by Darwin) the psychology of emotion, educational psychology, and comparative psychology Students should pick two of the following women and identify at least two contributions or achievements for each: Woman Achievements and Contributions Mary Whiton Calkins - student of William James - established laboratory at Wellesley College - first female president of the APA Margaret Floy Washburn - student of Edward Titchener - first female PhD in Psychology (Cornell) Mamie Phipps Clark - first woman-of-color PhD (Columbia) - examined impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development - headed child development center in New York City Astrology is a pseudopsychology It purports to predict and explain events and human behavior, but its descriptions and predictions are generally not supported by objective, empirical evidence Astrology's claims are unlikely to withstand the scrutiny of critical thinking The biopsychosocial perspective explains behavior by examining the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that influence it The perspective emphasizes the complex interaction between these many factors The biopsychosocial perspective integrates insights from many of the other perspectives in psychology: Factor Biological Perspective Evolutionary Biological Psychological Behavioral Cognitive Sociocultural Sociocultural Insight Traits and behaviors have been shaped by natural selection Behavior is rooted in genes, hormones, and brain structure Behavior reflects learning by association, reinforcement, and observation Behavior is directed by such thought processes as memory and language Behavior is influenced by other people and by the larger culture Any behavioral or mental phenomenon might be mentioned, as long as it is plausibly connected to two of the perspectives as they are defined in the text Example: Depression—the biological approach would seek the roots of depression in genes, hormones, or brain processes, as well as physiologically oriented treatment, such as drug therapy The cognitive perspective would focus on the type of thinking that contributes to depression, such as irrational beliefs that nothing good will ever happen and that one is bound to fail in any endeavor Treatment from the cognitive perspective would focus on changing negative thought patterns Page 31 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Any event or topic might be mentioned, as long as it is plausibly connected to two of the perspectives as they are defined in the text Example: School violence—a behavioral approach might focus on a history of being reinforced for aggressive behavior, or on having witnessed media models being reinforced for aggressive behavior A humanistic approach might suggest that violent students are often loners and relatively low status or powerless in their peer group and thus resort to drastic measures to gain power, control, or respect A hypothesis is a statement that allows a prediction to be tested Ideally, the example hypothesis should include some notion of both an independent and a dependent variable, such as, "Partying is related to lower grades." Both the independent and dependent variables should be operationalized or stated in quantifiable terms Examples: partying = hours per week spent consuming alcohol or other psychoactive substances in the company of one or more other people; grades = GPA 10 The answer should include examples similar to the following: "Birds of a feather flock together." Hypothesis: The more similar two people are, the more likely they are to be attracted to each other Operational definitions: Similarity – (high) correlation between two people's scores on personality and intelligence measures Interpersonal attraction – attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place "Opposites attract." Hypothesis: The more dissimilar two people are, the more likely they are to be attracted to each other Operational definitions: Dissimilar – (low or negative) correlation between two people's scores on personality and intelligence measures Interpersonal attraction – attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place "The more the merrier." Hypothesis: As more people participate in a social event, each individual's enjoyment of the event increases Operational definitions: More people – the number of people attending an event Enjoyment – enjoyment ratings; whether a subsequent get-together is endorsed Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht "Two heads are better than one." Hypothesis: Problems are solved more rapidly when two individuals collaborate than when one individual attempts alone Operational definitions: Rapidly – the time it takes to solve the problem Fullthe fileproblems at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Collaboration – a second problem solver contributes to the solution, or is absent 11 12 13 14 "Two's company; three's a crowd." Hypothesis: Interpersonal attraction between members of a potential couple is higher when they meet alone than when they meet in the presence of a third individual Operational definitions: Interpersonal attraction – attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place Third individual—a confederate is either present or absent In order to make sense of the "raw" data, one must use statistical methods Descriptive statistics are used to organize and present data, often through tables, graphs, and charts Inferential statistics, on the other hand, go beyond simply describing the data set, allowing researchers to make inferences and determine the probability of events occurring in the future Peer review – an article submitted for publication is sent to subject-matter experts for close examination; experts make recommendations with respect to acceptance, revision, or rejection; provides certainty that the research is sound and that the findings can be trusted Replication – repeating a study with a different sample, and/or with other modifications to the procedures; helps ensure that initial findings are reliable, and not the result of some characteristic or bias of the initial study Informed consent – Before a study begins, participants acknowledge that their participation is voluntary and that they understand any risks that participation may entail Debriefing – After a study, participants are told of the purpose of the study and of any deception to which they may have been exposed These procedures ensure that participants in human research know what they are getting into and that research is conducted as honestly as possible The answer should contain elements such as these: Example: Naturalistic observation Description: Studying participants in their natural environments using systematic observations Example: Observing the proportion of men and women that wash their hands after using the restroom Advantage: Enables researchers to determine how people actually behave Disadvantage: People may change the way they are behaving if they notice they’re being watched; variables in the natural environment are hard to control Example: Case study Description: A detailed examination of an individual or small group Example: Brain injuries caused to Phineas Gage suggested that the frontal lobes play in personality Advantage: Researchers can collect a vast amount of data using multiple avenues to collect information Disadvantage: It is difficult to generalize from observations of one individual; it cannot identify cause and effect relationships Example: Survey method Description: Participants are asked a set of questions about their thoughts and behavior Example: An inventory of 40 questions related to depression Advantage: Generalizable using a relatively small sample; usually inexpensive and rapid Disadvantage: People may not be aware of their attitudes and behavior; people may answer in a way that does not reflect their true attitudes or behavior Example: Experimental method Description: A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest (independent variable) to uncover cause-and-effect relationships Example: The effect of texting on driving Advantage: Only method of research that permits researchers to determine cause and effect relationships Disadvantage: Results may not generalize beyond laboratory settings; potential for extraneous variables; may not be ethical." Page 32 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 15 Correlational method examines relationships among variables and assists researchers in making predictions When researchers collect data on many variables, it can be useful to determine if these variables are related to each other in some way A correlation is a relationship or link between variables For example, there is probably a correlation between the amount of time Sharon and Debbie spend interacting, and the amount of knowledge they possess about one another The more they talk on the phone and visit, the more they learn about each other's lives This is an example of a positive correlation As one variable increases, so does the other A negative correlation, on the other hand, means that as one variable goes up, the other goes down (this is an inverse or negative relationship) A good example would be the number of hours Sharon and Debbie talk and text on their cell phones during the day, and the amount of battery power remaining on their phones As phone usage increases, battery power goes down You have probably noticed correlations between variables in your own life Increase the hours you devote to studying, and you will likely see your grades go up (a positive correlation) The more you hold a baby, the less she cries (a negative correlation) 16 Case Study Description A railroad worker survived a skull injury; demonstrated the role of the frontal lobes in Phineas Gage personality H.M Following brain surgery, a man experienced drastic memory loss; case revealed brain basis of memory Little Albert An 11-month-old was conditioned to fear rats; revealed the classical conditioning of fear in humans Genain quintuplets Identical quintuplets all developed schizophrenia; showed the genetic basis of the disorder Rat Man One of Freud's cases; involved a man with obsessive thoughts Lorenz' geese Demonstrated imprinting, a basic form of learning 17 Survey research involves asking a sample of individuals a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes The sample is chosen to be representative of a larger group of interest, namely, a population Survey research is straightforward It is fast and efficient, and it allows researchers to infer with great accuracy how a large group of people would respond Nevertheless, care mustBank be taken ensure that American the sample isPsychology truly representative the population: A random sample is ideal Test fortoScientific 2nd of Edition by Licht In addition, researchers should be aware that respondents may be reluctant to admit holding socially undesirable attitudes Moreover, people may not be consciously aware of their true attitudes or behaviors Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 18 Many examples are possible Positive—hours spent studying and grade point average Negative—stress and physical health Uncorrelated—agreeableness and intelligence Graphical representations should show a line with a positive slope to reflect a positive correlation, a line with a negative slope to portray a negative correlation, and a flat, horizontal line to relate two uncorrelated variables Using a scatterplot, we can express the relationship between two variables One variable is labeled on the horizontal axis, and the second variable is labeled on the vertical axis Each dot represents one participant's scores on the two variables 19 The interpretation should be similar to: "The more stress participants report having experienced; the lower their scores on a physical health index." Causal mechanisms: (1) Stress causes or produces poor health (2) Poor health results in stress—that is, from medical expenses, lost days at work, an inability to keep up with family demands (3) A third variable leads to both high stress and poor health One example might be low SES 20 Some variables are tightly linked, others weakly associated, and still others not related at all Lucky for researchers, there is one number that indicates a correlation's strength and direction (positive or negative): a statistical measure called the correlation coefficient, which is symbolized as r Correlation coefficients range from +1.00 to –1.00, with positive numbers indicating a positive relationship between variables and negative numbers indicating an inverse relationship between variables The closer r is to +1.00 or to –1.00, the stronger the relationship The closer r is to 00, the weaker the relationship When the correlation coefficient is very close to zero, there may be no relationship at all between the variables 21 The answer should make mention of both (a) the deliberate manipulation of an independent variable and (b) the random assignment of participants to groups The effects on the dependent variable of the treatment—the manipulation of the independent variable—are compared with the effects of no manipulation, in the control group If a difference is observed, the independent variable may have an effect Random assignment to groups minimizes the likelihood that the participants in the control group differ systematically from the participants in the experimental group, and therefore helps rule out such differences as potential causes of any difference observed between groups in the dependent variable 22 Threat Explanation Control Random assignment – equalizes participant Extraneous Aspects of the situation or the participants may variables interfere with the results For example, participants characteristics across conditions who get new jobs during the course of the study may become less depressed Placebo effects Participants receiving a medication may improve Placebo – an inert pill in the no-treatment condition may simply because they believe they will help researchers separate the effects of beliefs from those of the medication itself Double-blind procedure – ensures that researchers not Experimenter Researchers may color the outcome by subtly bias suggesting to the participants what they predict or know which patients are getting the medication hope will happen For example, the researchers may be more positive and encouraging to the group getting the antidepressant medication 23 Concept Experimental group Control group Independent variable Dependent variable Placebo Control Double-blind study Element Group A Both groups B and C are control groups The 8-minute activity – popular show, educational show, or drawing/coloring Cognitive task performance Group B is similar to a placebo—the group watches an "inert" TV clip Gender is held constant The assistant assessing task performance does not know which group each boy is in Page 33 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 24 The answer should include three of these themes Topic suggestions will vary; examples are provided here Nature and nurture – Is there a genetic component to depression? Culture – Are there ethnic/culture differences in the prevalence or experience of depression? Gender – Are there gender differences in the prevalence or experience of depression? Positive psychology – Can an optimistic personality or encouraging people to focus on their strengths inoculate people against depression, or help them recover more quickly from an episode of depression? 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 A 29 A 30 C 31 A 32 B 33 D 34 B 35 C 36 A 37 B 38 B 39 D 40 D 41 A 42 C 43 B 44 C 45 A Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht 46 A 47 A Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 48 D 49 A 50 D 51 C 52 B 53 A 54 B 55 D 56 A 57 C 58 A 59 C 60 D 61 A 62 B 63 C 64 B 65 C 66 C 67 A 68 D 69 A 70 A 71 C 72 B 73 A 74 B 75 A 76 B 77 D 78 A 79 C 80 C 81 C 82 B 83 C 84 D 85 C 86 B 87 C 88 B 89 C 90 C 91 A 92 B 93 D 94 B 95 D 96 C Page 34 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 C A A A B A D A A A C C D A C A C A B A C D D A B C A C B D D A C D B B A B A C A B B D A C B B D C A B C A A D C C C A B A B C A B A B C B D C A D C C B A Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 35 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 C A B B B A C B D C D B C D C C A C B C D C D A D A C A B A D B B D B A A B B A B A B A B B A A B A A B A A B A A A B B A B B A A B A B A A B A B A A B A A Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 36 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 A B A A A A A B B A B B A A A B B B A B A B A B B B B A A A A B D B C A A D A B D A B D C B C D B B D B D B A B C C B C D C C D B A A A D D D A A D D A C D Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 37 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 331 332 333 334 A A D B Test Bank for Scientific American Psychology 2nd Edition by Licht Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Page 38 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/