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Cuốn sách về các phương pháp kiểm tra không phá hủy phổ biến của nhà xuất bản McGRAWHILL. Giới thiệu tổng quan về kiểm tra không phá hủy (NDT), phân loại và nguồn gốc của các bất liên tục cần phát hiện trong quá trình kiểm tra. Các phương pháp phổ biến trong NDT như: Kiểm tra mắt thường (VT), Kiểm tra thẩm thấu lỏng (PT), Kiểm tra hạt từ (MT), Kiểm tra chụp ảnh phóng xạ (RT), Kiểm tra siêu âm (UT), Kiểm tra dòng điện xoáy (ET), Kiểm tra nhiệt hồng ngoại (IR), Kiểm tra phát xạ âm (AET)
HANDBOOK OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Charles J Hellier McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Toronto Seoul ebook_copyright x 10.qxd 7/7/03 5:07 PM Page Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-139947-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-028121-1 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgrawhill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/007139947X Want to learn more? , We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here This handbook is dedicated to the memory of two pioneers in the field of nondestuctive testing: Robert C McMaster, 1913–1986 Samuel A Wenk, 1914–1990 Their work served as the foundation for the technology that has become so important to industry Without the contributions of these “giants,” the world would not be the same This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Contributors Preface xi xv Chapter Introduction to Nondestructive Testing 1.1 I II III IV V VI VII VIII What is NDT? Concerns Regarding NDT History of Nondestructive Testing Nondestructive versus Destructive Tests Conditions for Effective Nondestructive Testing Personnel Considerations Certification Summary References Chapter Discontinuities—Origins Chapter and Classification I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII Primary Production of Metals Castings Cracks Welding Discontinuities Discontinuities from Plastic Deformation Corrosion-Induced Discontinuities Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Fatigue Cracking Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Creep Operationally Induced Discontinuities—Brittle Fracture Geometric Discontinuities Summary Glossary of Metallurgy and Discontinuity Terms Discontinuity Guide Chapter Visual Testing I II III IV V VI VII 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.26 1.27 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.10 2.11 2.15 2.15 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.23 2.23 2.27 3.1 History and Development Theory and Principles Equipment and Accessories Applications and Techniques Evaluation of Test Results Advantages and Limitations Glossary of Key Terms 3.1 3.3 3.9 3.22 3.45 3.49 3.53 Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for Terms of Use vii viii CONTENTS Chapter Penetrant Testing I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Introduction History and Development Theory and Principles Penetrant Equipment and Materials Penetrant Procedures Techniques and Variables Evaluation and Disposition Penetrant Testing Applications Quality Control Considerations Advantages and Limitations Glossary of Penetrant Testing Terms Chapter Magnetic Particle Testing I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X History and Development Theory and Principles Equipment and Accessories Techniques Variables Evaluation of Test Results and Reporting Applications Advantages and Limitations Glossary of Key Terms References Chapter Radiographic Testing I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI History and Development Theory and Principles Radiographic Equipment and Accessories Variables Techniques and Procedures Radiographic Evaluation Applications Advantages and Limitations of Radiography Compendium of Radiographs Glossary Bibliography Chapter Ultrasonic Testing I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X History Theory and Principles Equipment for Ultrasonic Applications Techniques Variables Evaluation of Test Results Applications Advantages and Limitations Glossary of Terms References 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.14 4.18 4.27 4.29 4.29 4.32 4.32 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.24 5.30 5.39 5.44 5.48 5.50 5.51 5.53 6.1 6.1 6.10 6.21 6.25 6.39 6.50 6.54 6.58 6.60 6.68 6.70 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.29 7.52 7.103 7.105 7.107 7.110 7.111 7.115 ... Senior Section Leader NDT at BAe, he left to begin a new role as General Manager and Senior NDT Instructor of Hellier NDT training school in California For five years he taught NDT courses at Levels... version of this title: 0-07-028121-1 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial... who are just beginning their NDT careers are usually referred to as “trainees.” A trainee is one who is in the process of becoming qualified to be certified as an NDT practitioner After completion