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1 INTRODUCTION Necessity of the research 1.1 Practical perspective According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2011), tourism is considered one of the world's largest industries, accounting for about 9% of global GDP, contributing to economic growth, creating job opportunities, especially in developing countries Vietnam's tourism has made remarkable changes, it has continuously grown for many years with an average rate of tourists over 17% / year from 1990 to 2017 The total revenue from tourists in 2000 was 17.4 trillion dong, until 2017 was 510.9 trillion dong (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2018), it has contributed significantly to the implementation of industrialization - modernization of the country, improving and improving quality people's lives Community-based tourism (often called "community tourism": CommunityBased Tourism (CBT)) appeared in Vietnam since the 1980s in places as Mai Chau Hoa Binh, Sa Pa - Lao Cai ; Hoi An - Quang Nam and some Mekong Delta provinces, that have brought many economic benefits to the local people The Northwest subregion, including the provinces of Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien Bien and Lai Chau (Decision 1064 / QD-TTg, 2013) has great potential for developing CBT type due to its natural and literary resources Chemical rich, diverse However, those potentials have not been effectively exploited for tourism development, most of the region's CBTs are fragmented and spontaneous, limited understanding of tourism by local people is the barrier to the effective development of this type of tourism Based on the reality and trends of tourism development in the world in general and in Vietnam in particular, the author thinks that it is necessary to study which factors have a significant influence on CBT development in the Northwestern region, thereby proposing recommendations for stakeholders to have solutions to develop CBT in the Northwest region in the coming time 1.2 Theory perspective Firstly, although CBT has been developing since the 1980s and there have been many studies on CBT, there is not yet a universal concept of CBT, CBT development Secondly, the study of factors affecting CBT development in different localities is not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country Maybe the success factor of CBT in this locality, but it is not success for others Thirdly, the variables and measure used in CBT development assessment are not completely the same It depends on the subjects, qualifications and perceptions of the respondents, as well as the research views of scholars Therefore, the study of the factors affecting CBT development is necessary to supplement the theoretical basis of CBT as well as suggest solutions for more successful implementation of this model in sub-localities Northwest region, Vietnam Research objectives The main objective of the thesis is to study a number of factors affecting the development of community based tourism in the Northwest subregion, Vietnam Research questions Based on what criteria to assess CBT development in the Northwest subregion? What factors significantly affect CBT development in the Northwest subregion? How factors affect and the degree of influence of factors on CBT development in the Northwestern region? What recommendations can be made from the results of the study to develop CBT in the Northwestern subregion, Vietnam? Subject and scope of research - The subject of the thesis research is CBT development and a number of factors affecting CBT development - Scope of research +> About research space The study was conducted in four provinces in the Northwest subregion, including: Hoa Binh; Son La; Dien Bien; Lai Chau +> About research time For the primary data survey, it was collected from June 2016 to December 2017 For secondary data, it was collected in the period from 2010 to 2017 of the provincial People's Committees; Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Provincial Statistical Office for analysis and evaluation About the research method - Qualitative research: Using group discussions, in-depth interviews, expert consultations, field observations; - Quantitative research: Conducted through structured questionnaires drawn from qualitative research Contribution of the thesis Contribute theoretically - The study agreed on the viewpoints and criteria to evaluate CBT development for the research area based on inheriting previous studies The study results have built a set of measures to evaluate CBT development in the Northwestern region, which is systematic and suitable for CBT development in the Northwest subregion - Identify five groups of factors that are considered to have significant effects on CBT development of the study area At the same time, adjust variables and items to suit the research context based on qualitative research results Contribute in practice 1.1.2 Community based tourism The term "Community-Based Tourism" was introduced in the 1980s in countries of Europe, America and Australia There are many different names related to tourism activities involving the local community Within the scope of the thesis, the author uses the term - The study has identified groups of factors and variables that affect CBT development in the Northwest subregion - From the research results, suggesting some implicit recommendations to the "community tourism" (CBT) to refer to the types of "community based tourism" in general Based on different research perspectives, the concept of CBT is not completely the same, however there are some common points as follows: stakeholders related to CBT development in the Northwestern region, The structure of the thesis In order to present the entire research content, in addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis is structured into chapters, namely: Firstly, the local community is in control of tourism resources and gives tourists the opportunity to learn and raise their awareness when having the opportunity to access the tourism resource system in space living of the community; Secondly, Tourists are external agents, a premise of economic benefits and will Chapter 1: Literature Review Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and research models Chapter 3: Characteristics of the research area and research methods have certain impacts along with the enjoyment of values of natural ecological environment and culture when coming to a specific local community; Thirdly, the local community will receive economic benefits, expand the Chapter 4: Research results Chapter 5: Discussion of research results and recommendations CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW understanding of the characteristics and characteristics of visitors as well as the opportunity to capture external information from tourists Summary of views on CBT, in the scope of the thesis research, the author approaches the concept of CBT as a type of tourism towards the initiative of local people 1.1 Research on CBT 1.1.1 Community Local communities play an important role in tourism development, they are the in participating and improving skills , and their knowledge and understanding of tourism development and planning Create conditions for tourists to experience satisfying needs, raise awareness and learn about the natural and cultural heritage of the focal point for providing infrastructure such as accommodation, catering services, information, transportation and other services The term "community" has been mentioned since the 19th century, up to now, many scholars have been interested in research such as Hillery (1955); Keith and Ary (1998); Ivanovic (2009) studies often destination community 1.2 Research on community tourism development 1.2.1 Views on developments in research Summarizing previous research perspectives, the author approaches the revolve around three issues: Firstly, communities are often associated with a specific geographical area; Secondly, the community consists of people who may be located close or not close to each other (not geographically defined) but share similar characteristics or development perspective in research which is understood as the process of changing the quantity and quality of socio-economic issues, based on the exploitation basis, rational use of natural resources, control of environmental pollution and develop renewable resources 1.2.2 Community tourism development interests (functional communities); Thirdly, the virtual community, which appeared with the development of modern media in recent decades, the concept of community has transcended time, space and Summary and inheritance of previous studies, within the scope of the study, the author approaches the view of CBT development as a process of quantitative and qualitative changes of socio-economic issues in the direction of make progress, based geographic limits Within the scope of the dissertation, the author approaches the view of community which is understood as people living in a geographically defined area, having socio-cultural relationships with each other and responsibility responsibility for on the initiative of the local people in the field of tourism, raise the awareness of people and tourists in protecting the natural environment as well as better meet the needs of tourists, bring about higher socio-economic benefits for the community In this view, CBT development evaluation includes: (1) community economic growth; (2) preserve where they live and promote the core traditional socio-cultural values of the community; (3) raise the awareness of locals and tourists in protecting the ecological environment and (4) meeting the needs of tourists 1.3 Factors affecting CBT development 1.3.1 The attraction of tourist destinations knowledge are considered as a supportive tool for community development and an important factor for CBT development, it is really necessary for anyone involved in CBT activities, from local government officials or community leaders to local people (Bopp, M., GermAnn, K., Bopp, J., Baugh p, M., GermAnn, K., Bopp, J., Baugh, 2000) A tourist destination can be interpreted as a place that tourists choose to come and stay for a while to visit and experience (Leiper, 1995) A tourist destination is not only a place to entertain, attract tourists, bring satisfaction to them but also a place for 1.3.6 Community leader CBT development usually originates from a small group in the community, however, CBT development initiatives must support the people with appropriate locals to live and work daily The study evaluates the attractiveness of the destination to capture how different local people interact to support tourism development, while maintaining valuable local characteristics and addressing issues Negative topics in CBT development process are needed knowledge and skills in managing financial resources and their children people (France, 1999), as well as planning and implementation These tasks are often carried out by community leaders, so community leaders play an important role in successful community development and in particular, it is an essential part of CBT development 1.3.2 Accessibility to travel destinations Access to a tourist destination can be interpreted as the ability to travel to the destination and to travel between points within the area of the destination is convenient, (Aref and Redzuan) , 2008) 1.3.7 The support of organizations in the community Related to the organizations in the community, they are essentially groups within simple, fast and safe This is considered one of the factors evaluating the attractive attribute of tourist destination Accessibility to tourist destinations depends on the transport infrastructure (roads, parking lots, vehicles ); transport equipment (type, size, speed, scope of transport ); issues related to transport management (trip schedules, directions, routes a community, small in size for each group of formal or informal participants such as Youth Union, Women Union, Farm Union People and some other mass organizations in the community, where members have the opportunity to express their views and exchange information for CBT development ) and regulations related to transport activities (Ha Nam Khanh Giao, 2011) 1.3.3 The comfort of a travel destination The comfort of a tourist destination is an element of service and facilities located 1.3.8 Collaboration and support from outside the community Collaboration and support from outside the community is understood as the linkage, coordination and implementation of CBT between local communities and other at the destination or attached to the destination, in order to create favorable conditions for visitors to easily access and use Ha Nam Khanh Giao (2011); "Comfort of the destination" is a factor that cannot be purchased directly as other tourism products/services, but plays an important role in the tourist experience It is agencies, organizations and businesses outside the community In particular, agencies and organizations outside the community mainly support the community in tourism promotion and promotion; Consulting, supporting, training and educating people in improving skills, knowledge and professionalism in CBT development necessary to study the impact of destination convenience on CBT development, contributing to creating additional services for the community, making an impression and satisfying the needs of CBT guests 1.34 Participation of local people 1.4 Identify research gaps and research directions Firstly, studies evaluating tourism development in general and CBT development in particular often follow the direction of sustainable development, based on three criteria: economy, culture - society and environment However, from the review shows Involvement of local people is an important element in tourism development planning and community support is essential to achieving sustainable tourism development (Bramwell and Sharman, 1999 Hall, 2003) , Tosun, 2006) that in addition to the above three criteria, there are other criteria to evaluate tourism development such as education, health, meeting the needs of tourists depending on the objects and views and different research goals of scholars Therefore, the author 1.3.5 Tourism knowledge and skills of local people Research by many scholars (Frank & Smith, 1999; Bopp et al., 2000; Aref et al., 2009; Moscardo, 2008) has previously shown that in order to improve community capacity in tourism development, Participants must have the knowledge and skills, thinks that based on the inheritance of previous studies and research purposes of the thesis, it is necessary to unify the views and criteria to assess CBT development for the research area Secondly, the research on the factors affecting CBT development as well as the thereby helping them to think and act in the most appropriate ways Skills and evaluation criteria are quite diverse, on different angles and in different localities that are not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country and region Therefore, the author thinks that based on the synthesis, inheritance of previous studies and research purposes of the thesis, it is necessary to identify those factors that have a significant influence on CBT development of the study area its shareholders but also to stakeholders, their support is seen as important to the company's survival (Stoney, C., & Winstanley, D, 2001) In the field of tourism, a number of scholars (Sautter and Leisen, 1999; Henning, 1974) have applied stakeholder theory to analyze and evaluate differences in views of Thirdly, in the Northwest sub-region of Vietnam, there are potential localities for CBT development because of the natural tourism and cultural tourism resources associated with the living of many communities ethnic minorities In summary, based different groups involved in the activity tourism activities, especially in policy making and planning Within the scope of the thesis, the author chooses this theory to identify the parties on the above assessments, the author finds that it is necessary to conduct research to: - Consider adjusting the viewpoints and criteria to evaluate CBT development in the Northwestern subregion, Vietnam on the basis of inheriting previous studies; - Identify factors affecting CBT development in the Northwest subregion; involved in CBT development of the research area, including: local people, tourists, agencies management functions of the State, business enterprises in the field of tourism 2.1.3 The theory of expectations The theory of expectations was introduced by the scholar Victor Vroom in 1964, - Identify appropriate measures to measure the influence of factors on CBT development in the Northwestern region on the basis of inheriting previous studies; - Test, measure and evaluate the impact of factors on CBT development in the and applied to the context of labor motivation The theory of expectations revolves around three main factors: Expectancy expectations, Instrumenttality beliefs and the attractiveness of valuable rewards (Valence) Vroom has come up with a formula to Northwest subregion; determine the personal motivation for showing the relationship between these three factors: M = E x I x V In which: M (Motivation): Motivation to work E (Expectancy): Expect work results CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH MODEL 2.1 Theoretical basis related to the research 2.1.1 The theory of sustainable development Perspectives on sustainable development have been discussed in many studies by scholars in various fields since 1987, at the World Commission on Environment and I (Instrumenttality): Belief in rewards V (Valence): The attraction of valuable rewards In the field of tourism, the theory of expectations is used by Witt and Wright Development (WCED) Conference, which published the paper "Our Joint Future" report (Brundtlant Report), the term "Sustainable development" was formally used to provide a new perspective on the planning of sustainable development strategies Although there are different views related to the theory of sustainable (1992) to assess expectations about tourist motivation 2.2 Proposed models and research hypotheses 2.2.1 Proposing research model of the thesis After consulting experts on CBT development evaluation criteria and factors development in the field of tourism in general and CBT in particular Summary of scholars' views and studies shows that the key point of sustainable CBT development should ensure four basic criteria, including: Firstly, ensure the socio-cultural sustainability: affecting CBT development in the Northwest sub-region The author summarizes the adjustments, additions and changes in Table 2.2 as follows: Table 2.2: Adjustment results of CBT development evaluation criteria and influencing factors after consultation with experts Secondly, ensure economic sustainability: Thirdly, ensure the sustainability of the ecological environment: Fourthly, meet the needs of tourists and local communities: 2.1.2 Theory of stakeholders The theory of stakeholder groups, dating back to the 19th century, originated from perspectives assessing the important role of cooperatives and reciprocity (Clark, T, 1984) However, the concept of stakeholders was first mentioned in the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in the 1960s, in which a company was responsible not only for NO Proposed model Results of consultation with experts - Using evaluation criteria are economic; sociocultural; environment and tourist needs are satisfied; Evaluation criteria for CBT development - Unifying the name of the variable "CBT Development in Northwest Vietnam" - Use in research model; The attraction of tourist - Adjusting the factor name is destinations "Attraction of CBT destinations"; NO Proposed model Accessibility to destinations Amenities of tourist destinations Participation of local people Tourism knowledge and skills of local people Community leader Support from community organizations Collaboration and support from outside the community 10 Using control variables in the research model Results of consultation with experts - Assessment based on three criteria: Natural attractions; Cultural and historical attractions and entertainment activities - Use in research model - Revise the name of the factor “Accessibility to CBT destinations” - Use in research model; - Revise the name of the factor "Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations" - Do not use in research model - Use in qualitative research Attraction of CBT destinations H1a Natural attractions Cultural and historical attractions H1b H1c Entertainment activities H2 Accessibility to CBT destinations H3 Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations CBT Development in Northwest Vietnam - Use in research model; H4 - Do not use in research model - Use in qualitative research - Do not use in research model - Use in qualitative research - Use in research model; - Divide into three variables to evaluate and compare: Cooperation and support of local authorities; Businesses and nongovernmental organizations - Unifying the name of the variable as "Demographic Characteristics" Source: Author synthesis Tourism knowledge and skills of local people Collaboration and support from outside community H5a Cooperation and support of local authorities H5b Cooperation and support of Businesses H5c Cooperation and support governmental organizations of non- Demographic Characteristics Figure 2.1: Proposed model to study some factors affecting CBT development in the Northwest region Source: Author's proposal 2.2.2 Develop research hypotheses Table 2.3: Summary of research hypotheses and predictions of expected relationships NO Hypotheses proposed The attraction of natural attractions -> CBT development The attraction of cultural and historical attractions -> CBT development Entertainment activities in each CBT destination -> CBT development Symbol Expected relationship H1a Same direction H1b Same direction H1c Same direction NO Hypotheses proposed Symbol Expected relationship Accessibility to CBT destinations -> CBT H2 Same direction development Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations -> CBT H3 Same direction development Tourism knowledge and skills of local people -> CBT Same direction H4 development Cooperation and support of local authorities -> CBT Same direction H5a development Cooperation and support of tourism businesses -> Same direction H5b CBT development Cooperation and support of non-governmental Same direction H5c organizations -> CBT development Source: Author built by himself CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH AREAS AND RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Characteristics of the study area 3.1.1 Socio-economic characteristics of the Northwest subregion provinces km2, with a population of 3,161 thousand people, about 22 ethnic groups, most of which are ethnic minorities (Table 3.1) Table 3.1: Statistics of some indicators in the Northwest sub-region Location (province) Đien Son La Bien Total (average) NO Indicators Unit Natural area Km2 4.600,30 14.125 9.541 9.068,8 37.335,1 Population Thousand people 854,131 1.248,415 598,856 460,196 3.161,6 Lai Chau Medium People/km2 186 88 63 49 96,5 density Ethnic Ethnic 10 12 21 20 22 Source: Statistical Yearbook - Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, 2019 3.1.2 Physical-technical characteristics and human resources for community-based tourism development 3.1.2.1 Facilities for community tourism meeting the minimum needs of visitors, the equipment is lacking and not hygienic - Entertainment, sport and service facilities for tourists are still limited, almost villages without sports playgrounds (except football fields), medicinal bath services, hot water baths are the strength of the region but not yet promoted, this not only not stimulates spending needs of guests but also does not keep guests staying - The transport infrastructure basically meets the travel and travel needs of tourists, most of the community tourist sites have been concreted, but there are some points in Some CBT villages still have dirt roads, causing certain restrictions for visitors to travel 3.1.2.2 Human resources for community tourism According to the statistics of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the provinces, the number of employees in the Northwest subregional tourist destinations tends to increase over the years According to the Prime Minister's Decision No 1064 / QD-TOT of "Approving the master plan on socio-economic development of the Northern midland and mountainous region up to 2020", the Northwest sub-region comprises four Chinese provinces Jar; Son La; Dien Bien and Lai Chau The total natural area is about 37,335 Hoa Binh - Accommodation with rooms for rent to tourists (homestay): According to the evaluation of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the provinces, in general, the homestay can meet the needs of tourists, each All ethnic groups have their own characteristics and therefore, the homestay decoration method of the tourist destinations is also different, attracting tourists However, the quality of homestay is not high, only 2.75 7.23 Dưới 24 tuổi 22.48 Từ 24- 41 tuổi 67.54 Từ 41 - 55 tuổi Figure 3.1: Labor structure by age in CBT business Source: Summary report of Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Northwestern sub-region 3.1.2.3 Number of community tourists With the investment attention of the State and functional agencies, in the past years, CBT activities in the Northwestern region have been quite developed, attracting many tourists to visit Domestic tourists are always bigger than international ones, which shows that the domestic tourist market still plays an important role in CBT development of Northwestern sub-provinces 12% 88% Khách CBT Khách DL Figure 3.2: Percentage of CBT visitors to total visitors in the Northwest region Source: Author synthesis 3.2 Research Methods 3.2.1 Research design In order to carry out the research objectives of several factors affecting CBT development in the Northwestern subregion, the author underwent two research stages: qualitative research and quantitative research 3.2.2 Research process The research process of the thesis is presented in an overview in the figure including main steps: (1) Building a measurement; (2) Qualitative research; (3) Preliminary quantitative research; (4) Official quantitative research 3.2.3 Qualitative research 3.2.3.1 Qualitative research objectives and subjects - Initially determine the suitability of the metrics used to assess the CBT development of the Northwest subregion; - Select and adjust the factors and variables affecting CBT development in accordance with the characteristics and context of the Northwest subregion; - Continue to consult experts in assessing the reasonableness of factors and variables that the author intends to put into the official research model - Combined with quantitative research results to answer research questions 3.2.3.2 Methods of implementation The main qualitative data used in this study was collected from community members at CBT sites in Northwestern provinces The sites selected represent different levels of development and CBT activity time 3.2.3.3 Data analysis The qualitative data collected from group discussions and in-depth interviews were synthesized and classified according to each criterion and research content 3.2.4 Quantitative research 3.2.4.1 Objectives and subjects of quantitative research - Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the survey subjects and observed variables related to the research; - Examine and evaluate convergence and discrimination of observed variables through EFA discovery factor testing; - Check and re-evaluate the reliability of the measurement of factors and variables through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients; - Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression implementation of factors affecting CBT development and testing of research hypotheses 3.2.4.2 Methods of implementation According to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2013), quantitative research consists of two main methods: survey method and experiment (experimetation) Based on the characteristics of the study and the content of the study, the author chooses the survey method, also according to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2011), this is the most popular form of data collection in quantitative research, especially especially, studies on economics and business administration in underdeveloped markets, secondary data not available or incomplete, and low reliability 3.2.4.3 Methods of data analysis In order to assess the factors affecting CBT product development, quantitative research was conducted through two steps, preliminary and formal studies The preliminary quantitative research phase is conducted to detect errors in the investigation and is the basis for the author to adjust the questionnaire to ensure the comprehensiveness and consistency, consistency, in accordance with Most common events of the survey subjects The official quantitative research phase is used to test the measure and the theoretical model, through two main techniques: Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient method (Cronbach, 1951) and EFA methodology with the support of SPSS22 software to eliminate observed variables of poor quality CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS 4.1 Qualitative research results 4.1.1 Assessment of CBT development in the Northwest subregion After consultation with experts, twelve measures were used to assess CBT development in the Northwest subregion used in qualitative research The author conducted group discussions and interviews In-depth objects are locals and tourists: 4.1.2 Factors affecting CBT development in Northwestern region After identifying the metrics used to evaluate CBT development in the Northwest subregion in the study, interviews, group discussions with locals and tourists continued to be exchanged year round group of factors affecting CBT development in the research model 4.1.3 Adjust the model and research hypotheses after qualitative research results Qualitative research is the first phase, used to explore to test the theoretical model, and to discover, adjust and supplement the observed variables used in quantitative research From this, there is a basis for adjusting, supplementing or confirming the appropriateness of the research model and hypotheses from the previous review Experts believe that the metrics included in the study are reasonable, can measure research concepts, and the survey subjects can give information about these issues On that basis, the research model was also revised after qualitative research (Figure 4.1): Attraction of CBT destinations Natural attractions Cultural and historical attractions Entertainment activities Accessibility to CBT destinations 1b 1c Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations Infrastructure and basic services CBT Infrastructure and tourist Development in Northwest Vietnam accommodation services Infrastructure and additional services Tourism knowledge and skills of local people Collaboration and support from outside community Cooperation and support of local authorities Cooperation and support of Businesses Cooperation and support of nongovernmental organizations Demographic Characteristics Figure 4.1: Modified research model after qualitative research Source: Author synthesis 4.2 Quantitative research results 4.2.1 Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the survey subjects After distributing 600 questionnaires, the author has collected a total of 534 votes, but there are many invalid votes, some mistakes such as the respondents did not complete the necessary information; Answer an answer to questions or insufficient answers The author has cleaned the data, the remaining 518 votes were included in the statistical analysis of sample description to check the suitability and representativeness of the sample 4.2.2 Statistics describe variables related to the study 4.2.2.1 Descriptive statistics of the Attraction of CBT destinations The attraction factor of CBT destinations consists of 13 items, which are assessed on three dimensions: the attraction of a natural (STT); the attraction of cultural and historical (SVL) and the attraction of entertainment activities (SHG) Likert scale of points from (strongly disagree) to (strongly agree), the intermediate score is 4.2.2.2 Descriptive statistics variable accessibility CBT destinations Table 3.5 presents the statistical results describing the accessibility factor of CBT (symbol: KTC) including items from KTC1 to KTC4, the total sample size is 518 4.2.2.3 Descriptive statistics on infrastructure and service variables of CBT destinations The statistical results describe the infrastructure and service variables of the CBT score, including 12 items of assessment on three aspects: Infrastructure and basic services (CHC); Infrastructure and tourist accommodation services (symbol CHL) and Infrastructure and additional services (symbol CHB) Using the 5-point Likert scale from (strongly disagree) to (strongly agree), the intermediate score is 3, with a sample number of 518 4.2.2.4 Descriptive statistics variable Tourism knowledge and skills of local people Statistical results describe the tourism knowledge and skills variable of local people (symbol: EZ) including items, measured by a Likert scale of points from (1) = completely dissimilar Note (5) = strongly agree, the total number of samples is 518 4.2.2.5 The statistics describe variables Cooperation and support from outside the community Cooperation and support from outside the community are assessed through three variables: cooperation and support from the government (symbol: HCQ); cooperation and support from the business side (symbol: HDN) and cooperation and support from the non-governmental organizations (symbol: HPC) 4.2.2.6 Descriptive statistics for CBT development variables CBT development variables include 12 items, symbols from PTT1 to PTT12, measured on a 5-point Likert scale, the total number of samples is 518 4.2.3 Test the reliability of the items by Cronbach's Alpha The results of the reliability test of the factors show that the factors measured by the proposed measures are mostly of good reliability, the Cronbach's Alpha value is greater than 0.6 Particularly, the attraction factor of natural attractions has a coefficient of Cronbach's Alpha = 0.672 In the variable of infrastructure and additional services, there is a measure of CHB4 (Souvenir products, convenient for tourists to transport home) with a variable correlation - total (Item - Total Correlation) = 0.077 1, the total variance extracted is 68,810% > 50%, showing that the 11 factors extracted in EFA reflect 68,810% of the variation of all metrics included in the model The final result of the factor analysis explores the measures of the independent variables, 44 observed variables downloaded with 11 factors 4.2.4.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis for the dependent variable The results of the first EFA for the dependent variable, a quick look through the Rolated Component Matrix (Appendix 4) shows that the dependent variable does not focus on a factor There are two factors to be extracted, including problems in PTT1 observed variables; PTT3; PTT4; PTT7; PTT12 also uploads in two groups of variables and At the same time, the variable PTT11 absolutely does not download the desired factor (group of variables 1) and the observed variables in the CBT development measure The results of running EFA at second time after removing the PTT11 variable showed that the test results were relatively good KMO coefficient = 0.900 > 0.5 so it is appropriate to use this data set for factor analysis (Kaiser, 1974) Bartlett’s Test also passes when the Sig value of the test = 0.000 < 0.5, so the observed variables are related to each other and eligible for factor analysis by EFA 4.2.5 Test the average difference of demographic variables with CBT development To examine the average difference in CBT development of the study area with different values of demographic variables in the model, the author used two T-test and ANOVA tests Summary of test results on the average difference of demographic variables with CBT development with the number of samples 518 in the study area showed that there are variables (marital status and role of participation in CBT activities) there is an average difference in the level of influence of each participant on CBT development 4.2.6 Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression 4.2.6.1 Pearson correlation analysis The remaining ten variables have Sig coefficients from 0.000 to 0.04 (less than 0.05), statistically significant in linear correlation analysis with dependent variables (PTT), eligible to switch to analytic analysis Linear multiples Considering the linear correlation of each factor with the PTT variable, the HCQ variable (cooperation and support from the government) has a linearly opposite correlation with the PTT variable (Pearson Correlation result = -0,092) The remaining variables have linearly correlated results with the PTT variable, in which the most positive linear correlation value is the HVX variable (with Pearson Correlation coefficient = 0.515) and the correlation coefficient The least positive linear is CHC (with Pearson Correlation coefficient = 0.090) 42.6.2 Regression analysis of factors affecting CBT development and testing of research hypotheses From the above results, it is possible to draw multiple linear regression equations representing the relationship between factors affecting CBT development as follows: PTT = 0,261*SVL + 0,136*KKT + 0,226*SHG + 0,203*CHC + 0,150*CHB + 0,124*HDN - 0,113*HCQ + 0,128*KTC + 0,140*CHL + 0,244*STT Table 4.20: Conclusions on research hypotheses Hypothesis Factor/Variable H1a H1b H1c H2 H3a Natural attractions Cultural and historical attractions Entertainment activities Accessibility to CBT destinations Infrastructure and basic services Infrastructure and tourist accommodation services Infrastructure and additional services Tourism knowledge and skills of local people H3b H3c H4 Expected relationship Experimental results Same direction Same direction Same direction Same direction Same direction Accept the hypothesis Accept the hypothesis Accept the hypothesis Accept the hypothesis Accept the hypothesis Same direction Accept the hypothesis Same direction Accept the hypothesis Same direction Accept the hypothesis Hypothesis H5a H5b H5c Factor/Variable Cooperation and support of local authorities Cooperation and support of Businesses Cooperation and support of nongovernmental organizations Expected relationship Same direction Experimental results Not enough basis to accept the hypothesis Same direction Accept the hypothesis Not enough basis to accept the hypothesis Source: Author's data analysis results Same direction CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Discuss the research results 5.1.1 About assessing the development of community tourism in the Northwest subregion The first question that the research asked was, "Based on what criteria to assess CBT development in the Northwest subregion?" After the quantitative study, an item (PTT11: The average number of days of stay per head increased over time) was rejected due to the failure to satisfy the discovery factor (EFA) condition Thus, there are 11 items used to assess CBT development for research in the Northwest subregion, the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in Table 4.13 also indicate the order of the role of the items from large to small in CBT development 5.1.2 Factors that significantly affect CBT development The second question of the study is "What factors significantly affect CBT development in the Northwest subregion?" As a result, there is 01 excluded item is CHB4 (small souvenir products, convenient for tourists to transport home), the remaining 44 items are considered to be statistically significant, suitable for regression analysis, assessment of CBT development impact in the Northwest subregion 5.1.3 Assess the influence of selected factors on CBT development in Northwestern region The third question in the research is: "How factors affect and the degree of influence of factors on CBT development in the Northwestern region?" Firstly, to evaluate how factors affect CBT subregion development in the Northwest region, Pearson correlation analysis results and multiple linear regression (Section 4.2.6) have shown: In 11 variables The representative was included in the model, there are 10 variables affecting the CBT development in the Northwestern region, of which variables have a positive effect, variable has an opposite effect Secondly, to assess the influence of each factor on CBT development in the Northwestern region, the author focused discussion based on statistical results using SPSS22 software, according to the level of decreasing influence of Each factor, as follows: 5.1.3.1 Attraction of CBT destinations According to the regression results (Table 4.23), the SVL variable has the strongest impact on PTT, Sig coefficient = 0.000