Sense relations group thảo luận ngữ nghĩa học

BẢNG ĐÁNH GIÁ THÀNH VIÊN ST Họ tên Nhiệm vụ T Đỗ Thị Hồng Bài tập, tổng hợp Ly word, thuyết Ngơ Vân Ly trình Thiết kế game + powerpoint Nguyễn Mai Ly Thuyết trình Nguyễn Thị Mai Word phần + Nguyễn Thị Thuyết trình Mến Nguyễn Thị Word giới thiệu, Minh Nguyễn Thị kết luận, tập Word phần Hồng Minh Bùi Xuân Nam Trần Thị Hải Thuyết trình Word phần + 10 Nam Hà Minh Ngọc Thuyết trình Đánh giá Chữ ký Đánh giá nhóm giảng trưởng viên CỘNG HỊA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM ĐỘC LẬP-TỰ DO-HẠNH PHÚC BIÊN BẢN LÀM VIỆC NHÓM Mã lớp HP: H2001ENTH0911 Lớp HP: Ngữ nghĩa học Nhóm: Buổi làm việc thứ: I.Địa điểm: Phòng học V104 Đại học Thương Mại II.Thời gian: Từ 9h-9h45’ ngày 25 tháng năm 2020 III.Thành viên có mặt: Đỗ Thị Hồng Ly Ngơ Vân Ly Nguyễn Mai Ly Nguyễn Thị Mai Nguyễn Thị Mến Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyễn Thị Hồng Minh Bùi Xuân Nam Trần Thị Hải Nam Hà Minh Ngọc IV.Mục tiêu: -Tìm hiểu chủ đề thảo luận lên dàn ý V.Nội dung cơng việc: -Nhóm trưởng trình bày chủ đề thảo luận -Các thành viên cho ý kiến dàn ý chung, hướng làm -Cả nhóm thống dàn ý chung gồm phần trình bày ý phần VI Đánh giá chung: Các thành viên tích cực đóng góp ý kiến Nhóm trưởng Đỗ Thị Hồng Ly CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM ĐỘC LẬP-TỰ DO-HẠNH PHÚC BIÊN BẢN LÀM VIỆC NHÓM Mã lớp HP: H2001ENTH0911 Lớp HP: Ngữ nghĩa học Nhóm: Buổi làm việc thứ: I.Địa điểm: Phòng học V104 Đại học Thương Mại II.Thời gian: Từ 9h-9h45’ ngày 29 tháng năm 2020 III.Thành viên có mặt: Đỗ Thị Hồng Ly Ngô Vân Ly Nguyễn Mai Ly Nguyễn Thị Mai Nguyễn Thị Mến Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyễn Thị Hồng Minh Bùi Xuân Nam Trần Thị Hải Nam Hà Minh Ngọc IV.Mục tiêu: -Phân công nhiệm vụ V.Nội dung công việc: -Nhóm trưởng trình bày dàn ý chung sau thống ý kiến nhóm -Các thành viên chủ động nhận nhiệm vụ tương ứng -Thống hạn nộp word powerpoint VI Đánh giá chung: Các thành viên chủ động, tích cực hồn thành nhiệm vụ phân cơng Nhóm trưởng Đỗ Thị Hồng Ly I Introduction Naive discussions of meaning in natural languages almost invariably center around the meanings of content words, rather than the meanings of grammatical words or phrases and sentences, as is normal in academic approaches to the semantics of natural languages Indeed, at first sight, it might seem to be impossible to construct a theory of the meaning of sentences without first uncovering the complexity of meaning relations that hold between the words of a language that make them up So, it might be argued, to know the meaning of the sentence English semantics is a subject of linguistics group English (Linguistics) The course introduces the basic concepts of meaning and characteristics of meaning, mainly focusing on the meaning of words (word meaning) and some sentence meaning Whether or not the study of sense relations can provide a solid basis for the development of semantic theories (and there are good reasons for assuming they cannot), nevertheless the elaboration and discussion of such meaning relations can shed light on the nature of the problems we confront in providing such theories, not least in helping to illuminate features of meaning that are truly amenable to semantic analysis and those that remain mysterious In this section, we will be examining some major types of sense relations other than those discussed in the foregoing parts II Sense Relations Sense relations 1.1 Definition Sense relations refer to any relations between lexical units within the semantic system of a language This means that it has to be a relation between two or more words that concern their meanings For example: Dismiss – discharge – fire – sack - lay off => Synonyms Here – hear => homonyms Husband – wife => antonyms 1.2 Types of sense relations 1.2.1 Coordination a Substitutional (Paradigmatic) sense relations Substitutional relations are those existing between members of the same grammatical category For example: He is generous/kind/handsome/strict Relations between “generous/kind/handsome/strict” may be described as substitutional since they are interchangeable and belong to the same category of adjectives, but their lexical meanings are not the same b Combinatorial (Syntagmatic) sense relations Combinatorial relations normally hold between items of different grammatical categories, such as adjectives which co-occur with nouns For example: He is a good person Relation between “good” and “person” in “a good person” is combinatorial because we cannot speak about interchangeability whatsoever in this case Rather, it is a case involving an adjective and a noun (of different grammatical categories) English as in every other language, contains a number of words that tend to co-occur with others Such combinatorial relations can be described as collocational In other words, some items collocate with others For example: Acid test Do the exercise Make a call Get permission Keep a promise 1.2.2 Superordination a Hyponymy Hyponymy is the relationship between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other This relationship is asymmetrical (hierarchical) relationship Hyponymy has some features: Hyponym is decided based on the viewpoint of intension and extension The hyponym is the member whose intentional meaning is specific enough to cover the meaning of the superordinate whereas the superordinate member is the one whose extensional meaning is board enough to cover the hyponym For example: “animal” and “dog”, of which “dog” is the hyponym of “animal” and “animal” is superordinate Hyponymic relations make substitution possible For example, we can say: A: Have you bought some food? B: Yes, I have bought some loaves of bread “Food” is the superordinate and “loaves of bread” is the hyponym of “food” We use the hyponym to substitute for superordinate in the answer Hyponymy is a transitive relation X is a hyponym of Y, Y is a hyponym of Z, so X is a hyponym of Z For example: tiger – predator – animal, “tiger” is the hyponym of “predator” and “predator” is the hyponym of “animal”, so “tiger” is also the hyponym of “animal” Hyponymy is related to synonyms in such a way that if X is a hyponym of Y and Y is a hyponym of X, then X and Y are synonyms of each other Synonym is special case of hyponymy - symmetrical hyponymy For example: “mercury” and “quicksilver” are hyponyms of each other, then they are synonyms b Meronymy (part-whole relation) Part-whole relation is another kind of sense relation, different from the hierarchical relationship of hyponymy Meronymy is the opposite of hyponymy Part-whole relation between discrete referent is transitive To characterize part-whole relation, we will say that if something X is part of something Y which is part of something Z, then X is described as a part of Z For example: the “finger” is part of the “hand” and “hand” is part of the “body” Thus, in the sense, we can speak about “finger” as part of the “body” Part-whole relation is the opposite of hyponymy Semantic fields ( lexical fields): 2.1 The definition Semantic (or sometimes called lexical) fields are a technique often used by writers to keep a certain image persistent in their readers' minds They are a collection of words which are related to one another be it through their similar meanings, or through a more abstract relation For example, if a writer is writing a poem or a novel about music, they will surely use words such as play, song, singer, sing, producer, composer, guita, piano, string, etc Or the word: windy, rain, fog, cold, sunshine, storm, stormy, umbrella can be a group in the lexical field weather 2.2 Ways of grouping words 2.2.1 Thematically Word of the same part of speech that covers the same conceptual field The words are associated because the things the name occurs together and are closely connected in reality like human body, colour, military, kinship terms, etc For example: Human body terms: face, legs, nose, ears, hands, toes, knee, shoulder, etc Color terms: blue, green, yellow, red, etc 2.2.2 Ideographically: Words of different parts of speech but thematically related The words and expressions are classes not according to their lexical-grammatical meaning but strictly according to their signification For example: Bird: penguin (noun), feather(noun), wings(noun), to fly(verb),to ate (verb), etc Trade: to buy, to sell, to pay, to cost, a price, money, cash, a receipt, expensive, etc Paraphrase and contradiction 3.1 Paraphrase 3.1.1 Definition: A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a paraphrase of that sentence ( assuming the same referents for any referring expressions involved) Paraphrase is a relationship where two propositions have the same truth conditions For example: a: John wrote a letter to me b: John wrote me a letter a: A dog bit him b: He was bitten by a dog 3.1.2 Types of paraphrases a Lexical paraphrase It is the use of a semantically equivalent term in place of another in a given context This is also known as synonymy For example: a He is happy b He is cheerful b Structural paraphrase It is the use of a phrase or sentence in place of another phrase or sentence semantically equivalent to it, although they have different syntactic structures For example: a He gave a bunch of flowers to me b He gave me a bunch of flowers 3.2 Contradiction Contradiction is a relationship where a proposition must be false because of the meaning of the words involved For example: This dress is both ugly and beautiful This sentence must be false because of the senses of “ ugly” and “beautiful” are incompatible in that nothing can be both “ugly” and “beautiful” in normal circumstances of communication For example: That boy is his own father's son This must be false because of the sense of the boy and his own father's son Componential analysis Componential analysis (CA) is the way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense relations that hold between words or lexemes CA is grounded structuralism, which says that the sense or meaning of an expression is the totality of its possible relations with all other words Semantics analysis, therefore, consists of systematically comparing and contrasting the similarities and contrasts that occur in language Thus, componential analysis came into being Basically, CA looks for distinctive features between words of a language This method involves the analysis of sense (meaning) of word into component parts commonly referred to as semantic features, or semantic properties or just semes We shall start with an example from standard literature on semantics Chair Armchair Stool Sofa With back + + - + With legs + + + + For sitting + + + + With arms - + - + For a single + + + person Chair = back + legs + for sitting + for a single person - Stool = legs + for sitting + for a single person Entailment and the truth of sentences 5.1 Entailment - Entailment is a relationship that applies between two propositions, where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meanings of words involved In other words, a sentence expressing proposition X entails a sentence expressing proposition Y if the truth of Y follows necessarily from the truth of X For example: Lee kissed Kim passionately This sentence is normally interpreted so that it entails sentences such as: a Lee kissed Kim b Kim was kissed by Lee c Kim was kissed d Lee touched Kim with her lips But it does not entail sentences such as: a Lee married Kim b Lee kissed Kim many times Because “Lee kissed Kim passionately” but it is unlikely that they were married but just started to love each other, and maybe this is the first time Lee kisses Kim so it is impossible to entail Lee kissing Kim many times from the sentence “Lee kissed Kim passionately” - Entailment is a relationship between two or more sentences (strictly speaking propositions) It means that one sentence is true gives us certain knowledge of the truth of the second sentence, then the first sentence entails the second For example: Mary bought some fruit Entails: Someone bought something Jane was certified as a doctor Entails: Jane was declared as a doctor From that example, we may see that certified and declared are synonymy Those words have the same sense and identical truth Therefore, when Jane was certified as a doctor, it must be true that she was declared as a doctor - Entailment is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself (not utterance meaning) It does not depend on the context in which the sentence is used For example: When a person says “Bill is a bachelor”, whether at a party or in an interview, from that sentence, it is possible to entail “Bill is a human” 5.2 The truth of sentences A sentence can be either necessarily true or contingently true 5.2.1 Necessarily true sentence A necessarily (analytically) true sentence (an ANALYTIC sentence) is one that is necessarily true as a result of the senses of the words in it For example: Every raven is black or not black  A necessarily true sentence due to the meaning of the logical constants “every, or”, independently of the words “raven” and “black” All whales are mammals  A necessarily true sentence 5.2.2 Contingently true sentence A contingently (synthetically) true sentence (a SYNTHETIC sentence) is a true sentence that is not a necessary truth, which means that it may be true or false and its truth value crucially depends on the facts of the actual world For example: Hiccup is handsome  There is nothing in sense of John or handsome which makes the sentence necessarily true or false It is usually very cold in the winter  This is an experience that has been learned over the years, but it can be true or false with the winters each area and each year Due to climate change, sometimes the winters are not cold but just cool Or it is not cold in the winter in HCM City III Conclusion Sense relations are one of the important elements with regard to learning semantics, the study of language meaning The sense of a word can be understood from its similarity with other words On the other hand, it can also be learned from its oppositeness with other words In conclusion, let us summarize what we mentioned above First of all, we showed you the theory about sense relation, sense fields, paraphrase and contradiction, componential analysis, entailment and the truth of sentences Next, we gave you many examples to help you understand their use in a sentence or utterance Finally, to ensure that all of us understand and apply it fluently, let’s move on to the next part with exercises EXERCISE EX1: T or F? Correct the false The mind-world connection says that using and understanding language is a mental activity and this activity is what meaningful language exists for Connotation arises when words become associated with certain characteristics of the items to which they refer to Sentence meaning is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a certain situation Homonym refers to a situation where different words happen accidentally to have the same forms, either phonetic forms or graphic forms Sense relations may be of three types: substitutional, combinational and collocational The relation of co-hyponym is often defines in terms of inclusion Meronymy and hyponymy are similar in hierarchical relationship The terms marking or markedness is informal as it is based on the presence or absence of some particular element of form Words can be grouped either thematically or ideographically 10 A necessarily true sentence is one whose truth value might have been, or might be, different in other circumstance EX2: Decide the relationship between two following units heavy – light sight – site _ flower – rose _ book – cover father – dad EX3 Look at the following sentences and identify which of them will qualify as entailments "Less than five students are over 30 years of age" entails "Less than five students are over 35 years of age "The president was assassinated" entails "the president is dead." "No student came to class early" entails "no student came to class." "John and Mary are happy" entails "John is happy" "My father was working on a project" entails "My father was working on his financial project" EX4 Identify which of the following sentences will be necessarily true or contingently true Everest is the highest peak A mother has children Vietnam defeated French invaders in 1954 A Child is young Ha Noi is the capital of Viet Nam KEY ANSWER EX1: F: mind-world  mind - language T F: sentence  utterance F: homonym  homonymy F: three  two F: co-hyponym  hyponym T F: informal  formal T 10 F: necessarily  contingently EX2: Decide the relationship between two following units heavy – light _antonymy _ sight – site _homonym (homophone) flower – rose hyponymy _ bank(n) – bank(n) _ absolute homonym _ father – dad synonym EX3 "Less than five students are over 30 years of age" entails "Less than five students are over 35 years of age => NO "The president was assassinated" entails "the president is dead." =>YES "No student came to class early" entails "no student came to class." => NO "John and Mary are happy" entails "John is happy" =>YES "My father was working on a project" entails "My father was working on his financial project" => NO EX4: C N C N C TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction .4 II Sense Relations Sense relations 1.1 Definition 1.2 Types of sense relations 1.2.1 Coordination .5 1.2.2 Superordination Semantic fields ( lexical fields): 2.1 The definition 2.2 Ways of grouping words .8 2.2.1 Thematically 2.2.2 Ideographically: Paraphrase and contradiction .8 3.1 Paraphrase 3.1.1 Definition: 3.1.2 Types of paraphrases 3.2 Contradiction Componential analysis 10 Entailment and the truth of sentences 11 5.1 Entailment 11 5.2 The truth of sentences 12 5.2.1 Necessarily true sentence 12 5.2.2 Contingently true sentence .12 III Conclusion 14 EXERCISE .15 KEY ANSWER 17 ... examining some major types of sense relations other than those discussed in the foregoing parts II Sense Relations Sense relations 1.1 Definition Sense relations refer to any relations between lexical... HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM ĐỘC LẬP-TỰ DO-HẠNH PHÚC BIÊN BẢN LÀM VIỆC NHÓM Mã lớp HP: H2001ENTH0911 Lớp HP: Ngữ nghĩa học Nhóm: Buổi làm việc thứ: I.Địa điểm: Phòng học V104 Đại học Thương Mại... HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM ĐỘC LẬP-TỰ DO-HẠNH PHÚC BIÊN BẢN LÀM VIỆC NHÓM Mã lớp HP: H2001ENTH0911 Lớp HP: Ngữ nghĩa học Nhóm: Buổi làm việc thứ: I.Địa điểm: Phòng học V104 Đại học Thương Mại