Fundamentals of practical english grammar

Hanoi Open University ****** Fundamentals of Practical English Grammar HOÀNG TUYẾT MINH NHÀ XUẤT BẢN GIÁO DỤC VIỆT NAM 234 PREFACE As mentioned in the title, this book presents the fundamentals of practical English grammar English grammar is studied under two major aspects: morphology and syntax This book lays a greater emphasis on grammatical topics related to morphological issues, including parts of speech and main clauses used in English This book is intended not only for students whose English is equivalent to intermediate level, but also for use of upgrading learners through a range of levels It can be useful for students attending classes or for someone working alone The book consists of 15 units Each unit contains an explanation of the grammar point, followed by a number of exercises It is very useful to glance at appendices and glossaries, which give further information and terminology explanation The grammar session focuses on a morphologically grammatical topic such as meaning and formation, especially on the grammatical features and the usage of parts of speech or the properties of different clauses at different levels of difficulties There are various ways for using this book If a learner knows that he/she may have difficulties with particular points of grammar, he/she can start with the relevant units Grammar is a challenging field, and there will never be an allrounded grammar book Although this book covers a wide range of topics, it is not an encyclopedia on grammar Again, this book only focuses on fundamentals of grammar The writer hopes this book will serve as a path leading the leaner through the field, and will be improved over the course of time with the visits of readers and their comments, which are surely received with gratitude 235 Contents Preface Contents Abbreviations Unit 1: INTRODUCTION I Morphology II Syntax Unit 2: NOUNS I Definition II Formation III Function IV Classification V Grammatical features Unit 3: ARTICLES I Indefinite article II Definite article III Zero article Unit 4: ADJECTIVES I Definition II Formation III Function IV Classification VI Adjective: word order VII Comparison Unit 5: ADVERBS I Definition II Formation III Function IV Classification V Comparison Unit 6: PREPOSITIONS I Definition II Formation III Classification 1 5 7 12 19 22 25 33 33 33 37 37 38 39 46 46 46 48 49 54 60 60 61 61 236 Unit 7: PRONOUNS 69 I Definition 69 II Form 69 III Kinds and uses of pronouns 69 Unit 8: QUANTIFIERS 83 I Definition 83 II Form 83 III Classification 84 IV Special uses of some quantifiers 86 V Other uses 96 Unit 9: VERBS 101 I Definition 101 II Form 101 III Classification 102 VI Tenses 103 Unit 10: GERUND, INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE 123 I Gerund 123 II Infinitive 126 III Participle 134 Unit 11: MODAL VERBS 142 I Definition 142 II Kinds of modal verbs 142 III Uses of modals and similar expression to express ability/ possibility 142 IV Uses of modals and similar expression to express permission/prohibition144 V Uses of modals and similar expression to express certainty and possibility 146 VI Uses of modals to express deduction 150 VII Uses of modals for offers, requests, and suggestions 151 VIII Uses of modals and similar expression to express advisability, duty/ obligation and necessity 154 IX Expressing preferences with would rather and would sooner 155 X Structures to express habit 160 Unit 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES 163 I Definition 163 II Relative pronouns 163 III Kinds of relative clauses 164 237 IV Importance of commas in relative clauses V A relative clause replaced by an infinitive or a participle VI Possible meanings of a relative clause Unit 13: PASSIVE I Form II Use III The causative have and the causative get to express passive meaning UNIT 14: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I Definition II Kinds III Sentences containing hidden conditions IV Omitting if V Using progressive verb forms UNIT 15: REPORTED SPEECH I Direct speech II Indirect speech III Kinds of reported speech 167 167 168 171 171 171 174 181 181 181 188 189 190 194 194 196 196 EXERCISES – SELF-STUDY GLOSSARY APPENDIX REFERENCES 211 227 234 252 238 Abbreviations A adverbial adj adjective adj.P adjective phrase adv adverb adv.P adverb phrase Am American ant antecedent Ant antecedent App appositive art article C complement Cf comparison Cl clause Cl Clause Co object complement conj conjunction Cprep preposition complement Cs subject complement demons demonstrative det determiner e.g example Eng English fml formal FVP finite verb phrase gen genitive 239 i.e that is indep indepent clause indep independent inf infinitive infml informal interj interjection N noun NFVP nonfinite verb phrase no(s) number(s) NP noun phrase O object Od direct object Oi indirect object P.s Latin postcriptum P.s Latin postcriptum pl plural Pre.P prepositional phrase prep preposition pro pronoun Rel clause relative clause Rel pro relative pronoun S subject sing singular sub.clause subordinate clause V verb VP verb phrase 240 * wrong sentence =/ ~ equal/ equivalent to 241 UNIT - INTRODUCTION Objectives • Introduce general concepts of morphology and syntax • Present the elements of morphology and syntax in the sphere of its study Grammar Morphology Parts of speech N Art Adj Demons Adv Pro V Prep Interj Conj Syntax Phrases NP AdjP AdvP PreP VP Clauses FCl NFCl Verbless Sentences Sentence Kinds of elements sentence S V C O A Simple Compound Complex I MORPHOLOGY: the study and description of word-structure, and also the study of word-formation Classes of word (different parts of speech): noun, adjective, adverb, verb; article, demonstrative, pronoun, preposition, interjection, conjunction Different grammatical categories of different parts of speech N: person, number, case and gender Adj., Adv.: different degrees of comparison V: tense, aspect, voice and mood II SYNTAX: the study of the arrangement of words into larger units of language: phrases, clauses and sentences Phrase: a group of words, which is equivalent to a part of speech Phrase structure: (Premodification) + Head + (Postmodification) Kinds of phrases: a beautiful girl in the street more beautiful than I am 242 - more slowly than I did under the bridge He is a student (FVP) To is to learn (NFVP) Clause: a part of the sentence, conveying an independent supposition Clause elements: S, V, O, C, A Structural classification: He is the best student in the class Run away is what I could then My duty is to learn English I enjoy listening to music Asked a lot of questions, he was tired She stayed at home jobless If necessary, I’ll phone you Functional classification: Main (superordinate/ independent) clauses and subordinate clauses (dependent) What I wanted to know is how to learn well sub clause sub clause main clause Nominal clauses: He believes that the devil likes angle cake Adjectival clauses: The lady who had two heads could not credit the proverb which declared that two heads were better than one Adverbial clauses: He cried because he had spilt milk Sentence: a group of words containing both subject and a finite verb to express a complete thought Sentence elements: Subject, Verb, Object, Complement and Adverbial (S, V, O, C and A for short) We all know these rules S V O They went to the station last week S V A A We elected him President twice S V O C A Classification according to communicative functions 243 10 goods, which were Ex 1, the theatre 2, either the theatre or the whole previous clause 3, the whole previous clause 4, either five encores or the whole previous clause 5, five encores 6, the whole previous clause 7, the mountainside 8, the whole previous clause 9, the whole previous clause 10, every bottle of Buzz Ex course, which was heating, which should make bed, which explains everything, which I thought secretary, who was supposed meeting, which was repair, which means lawyer, who advised thoroughly, which was 10 resignation, which was Ex The days when you could travel America, where he advocated times when everyone a situation where you know past when he had experienced 1586, where, some time later, he became reason why you should take roads, where it was possible a policy where premiums are related 10 country where there is; 11 raised, when it was 12 ( as well be the case) 13 , and such friends as he has 14 You have the same problem car as we had 15 situation, as we later discovered Ex (Relatives in brackets may be omitted.) 1, for the present (which/that) you sent 2, She was dancing with a student who had or The student with whom she was dancing 3, I'm looking after some children who are or The children I'm looking after are 4, The bed I sleep on has 5, Romeo and Juliet were two lovers whose parents 6, There wasn't any directory in the box (which/that) I was phoning from 7, This is Mrs Jones, whose son 8, The chair (which/that) I was sitting on collapsed or The chair on which I was sitting collapsed 9, Mr Smith, whom I had come especially to see, was too busy 10, The man (who(m)/that) I had come to see was 11, I missed the train (which/that) I usually catch and had to travel on the next, which was 12, His girlfriend, whom he trusted absolutely, turned out 259 13, The car (which/that) we were in had bad brakes and the man who was driving didn't know 14, This is the story of a man whose wife suddenly loses 15, the frontier, which will be Unit 13 _ Unit 13 Ex I don't like being told what to The windows are really dirty: they haven't been cleaned for weeks After being made redundant, he became very depressed I would like to have been given the chance to explain my point of view, but they weren't interested I'm hoping I'll be chosen for the college football team It is believed that many more people will die of skin cancer over the next ten years If it hadn't rained so much, the job would have been finished on time 10 We can't take the car: it is being repaired (at the moment) Ex are being driven often be seen 13 fly 19 has been put up are being killed are hit 14 Can anything be done 20 look out cross move around 15 was built 21 are often seen are taken 10 be hypnotized 16 have been constructed 22 be hoped are killed 11 not move 17 lives 23 become make 12 are sometimes hit 18 have been built Ex 3 We should have/get it repaired I'm afraid I haven't had my watch repaired yet We're going to have the kitchen redecorated next month If I were you, I'd have/get that tree felled I'm going to have/get them tested next week I love having my shoulders massaged I haven't had my teeth checked this year 10 she was having her hair washed Ex 4, seals are fed Who was it written by? compare clothes washed by us with clothes washed by any other he expected to be offered she was shown oak was struck by lightning it couldn't have been painted by T because that kind of dress wasn't worn 260 she was stung by a jellyfish special edition for has been written 10 herbs used to be carried by judges 11 what was it written with? It was written with 12 shot was succeeded by an uneasy silence 13 were you interested by the idea? 14 he was given details 15 dams are made by beavers Ex why don't you get an optician to test your eyes? the authorities are to introduce this limit they are lengthening the" runways nurses are wakening patients people say that B lived British fishermen must offer any sturgeon that they catch to the Queen someone has altered this notice squatters have been using their houseboat they were towing the ship 10 get a builder to put in a lift 11 The firm made a profit but a loss of which they made cancelled this 12 guests will wear evening dress 13 the authorities put the ship and forbade passengers and crew 14 we shall have to find someone 15 They made him surrender his passport Ex money was added up and found to be correct this needn't have been done I am having the bathroom tiled 10 you had better have it taken in a terrible mistake seems to have been made 11 he likes to be called 'sir' you are supposed to make tea 12 this switch isn't to be/mustn’t be touched he is known to be armed 13 you will have to have/get it seen to or it will he was seen to pick up have to be seen to you are known to have been 14 this can't be done he is believed to have 15 we are being followed Ex lived 11 felt 21 to go was found 12 called 22 didn't want cried 13 noticed 23 heard had been murdered 14 had expected / had been expecting 24 came didn't love 15 answered 25 was still talking didn't murder 16 was still shouting 26 heard wanted 17 were obviously having 27 wasn't shouting 261 had/ was having asked 10 was watching 18 took 19 shouting 20 had gone 31 had decided 32 was watching 33 take 34 spilt 35 was pouring 36 didn't want 37 crept 38 decided 39 never like 40 talk / am talking 28 phoned 29 talked 30 told 41 had had 42 normally takes 43 took 44 went 45 saw 46 was walking 47 saw 48 was standing 49 didn't see / couldn't see 50 was talking 61 had planned 62 had been visiting 63 let 64 seemed 65 showed 66 shouting 67 were having / had been having 68 stopped 69 went 70 had already left 51 didn't answer 52 remembered 53 had told / told 54 was playing/ was going to play 55 walked 56 met 57 reached 58 was looking 59 called 60 was 71 got 72 to explain 73 to have 74 didn't let / wouldn't let 75 was 76 didn't know 77 was talking 78 realised 79 arguing 80 left 91 was looking 92 met 93 was walking 94 seemed 95 had seen 96 hadn't 97 went 98 found 99 can't have been 100 I wasn't /didn't even go 81 seeing 82 weren't 83 is 84 've lived/ 've been living 85 had/ used to have 86 bought 87 earning / to earn 88 went 89 went 90 lost 101 had found out 102 means 103 left / must have left 104 was going to leave / was leaving 105 to murder 106 didn't walk/ can't have walked / couldn't have walked 107 met 108 was still being shouted at 109 has been telling/ is telling 110 made _ Unit 14 Ex 262 1, find, will give smoke, will/ may object put, will crack see wins, will get, comes, will get feel wants, will have have finished stands, will capsize 10 isn't working, will have Ex 2, A 3, B 4, A 5, B 6, A 7, A 8, B 9, A 10, B Ex (First person would is normally replaceable by should except in sentences 9,10) woke, would have would happen, blew went, would pine saw, would climb; would not be, would climb went, would lose came, would call said, would you threw, would have worked, would finish 10 asked, would he say Ex If I'd known that summer etc I wouldn't have bought If Tom's father hadn't been on the Board he wouldn't have got If he'd been looking where he was going he wouldn't have been run over If I'd been brought up in the country I might like country life If I'd known he was so quarrelsome I wouldn't/shouldn't have invited him If it hadn't rained all the time he might have enjoyed his visit If I'd worked hard at school I would/should/might have-got a good job If they hadn't used closed-circuit television they wouldn't/mightn't have spotted If he'd been wearing a shirt they wouldn't have asked him to leave 10 If the streets had been clearly marked it wouldn't have taken us so long Ex A–6 C – 10 F–E H-2 J–5 B–3 D–9 G–7 I-8 Ex 3, would have liked it 11, see 21, looked after 4, asks 12, don’t stop 22, had looked after 5, had written 13, get 23, would have enjoyed 6, would he stay 14, Will you let me know? 24, wouldn’t have enjoyed 7, will ask 15, was 25, Ask 8, will look after 16, will be 26, wouldn’t have gone out 9, had been 17, you’ve finished 27, Would you say 263 10, would have been loved 18, would be 28, will be tired 19, see 29, is 20, look after 30, turn Ex (First person would is normally replaceable by should.) stays; will be/ should be had not run, would not have crashed, would not didn't know, wouldn't/couldn't understand have been hadn't got, would/might have come; wouldn't returns/should return have been 10 why don't you sell/why not sell; had, would sell knew, did you take 11 didn't know, did you offer; would refuse were not 12 leaves, will/may steal had not been, would not have cheered 13 wore, would see had not cheered, would not have run 14 hadn't loved, would not have waited 15 had looked, would have been Ex a, 1, he wouldn’t anything stupid 2, he’d get involved in a light 3, He’d get hurt 4, he’d keep out of trouble b, 1, We’d enjoy ourselves more in Scotland 2, We wouldn’t be able to sunbathe or go swimming There’d be nothing to 3, We would go walking in the mountains 4, That would be lovely 5, It would be dangerous 6, You’d hate that Ex 2, just suppose 4, as long as 6, imagine 8, provided that 3, imagine 5, unless 7, so long as 9, unless 10, suppose Ex 10 2, had eaten, wouldn’t be 7, wouldn’t stop, weren’t running 3, hadn’t left, would have 8, had eaten, wouldn’t have to have 4, would have answered, hadn’t been studying 9, hadn’t been playing, would have heard 5, hadn’t been shinning, wouldn’t have gone 10, weren’t closing, wouldn’t have to leave 6, wouldn’t ache, hadn’t played Ex 11 1, A 5, C 9, C 13, B 17, B 2, A 6, A 10, A 14, A 18, B 3, D 7, C 11, C 15, A 19, A 4, D 8, A 12, A 16, A 20, C _ 264 Unit 15 Ex 3, told 7, say 11, said 15, tell 19, tell 4, told 8, tell 12, said 16, says 20, telling 5, said 9, told 13, tell 17, told 6, said 10, told 14, telling 18, say Ex 2 She warned him not to go near the dog After the meal, he insisted on paying She apologized for not writing He invited them to come/go round for dinner on Friday evening The doctor advised her to give up smoking He admitted that he had been wrong and I had been right She promised to write every week She offered to carry the suitcase for me 10 He suggested going to the theatre on Saturday 11 The Prime Minister claimed that the newspaper report wasn't true 12 She reminded him to post the letter 13 The teacher agreed that it was a difficult exam 14 The manager refused to give her a pay rise 15 She boasted that her parents had three cars Ex suggested going and I agreed urged his colleagues to show the nation that they were worthy of their begged his mother to let him stay that night suggested eating Tom objected that it was/would be and suggested going to her flat and having suggested leaving/that they should leave the wrecked car there and said it might remind She said the neighbours would object and Tom said he didn't care suggested going Mary agreed reluctantly said that Tom had made the mess and that he was to dear said that the next day was and suggested buying their mother 10 suggested taking and camping out Mary suggested going and being 11 suggested giving a party but her husband was against the idea/opposed the idea 12 advised them not to jump and suggested waiting until they heard of the rumour or suggest that they shouldn't jump but wait 13 warned him that would say it was he said they could say what they liked the expressed complete indifference 14 urged/exhorted the nations to forget and to work 15 begged him to let her explain and asked him not to be 265 Ex She said (that) she didn't like the film She said (that) they'd gone swimming that day She said (that) she'd see Mary the following Sunday He said (that) he'd met her about three months previously/before She said (that) Pete and Sue were getting married the next day He said'(that) Stephen was bringing some records to the party that night She said (that) she really liked the furniture 10 She said (that) her parents were arriving the next day 11 They said (that) they had visited her that morning 12 They said (that) they'd see her the following week 13 He said (that) they had been there three months before/previously 14 He said (that) he was meeting them at four o'clock that day 15 She said (that) she could see me the following day Ex She asked if/whether my father worked there She asked if/whether lived near my family She asked if I was a foreigner He asked if I had met Danny before She asked if I was hungry He asked if I had borrowed his dictionary She asked if I had finished my exams 10 He asked if I had invited Judy and Pat 11 She asked if my brother lived in London 12 He asked if I knew who had broken the window 13 She asked if they had told me when they were leaving 14 He asked if I had lent them my camera 15 She asked if I had hurt myself Ex He wanted to know if/whether I had telephoned my mother She wanted to know if/whether the box was made of cardboard He wanted to know how much it had cost She wanted to know if/whether I was seeing the director the next day He wanted to know what I was doing She wanted to know how far she had to walk He wanted to know if/whether I had had anything to eat 10 She wanted to know if/whether I was in a hurry 11 He wanted to know when the performance started 12 She wanted to know how long the journey took 13 He wanted to know where I had stayed in Paris 266 14 She wanted to know if/whether I had had any letters 15 He wanted to know if/whether I liked having holidays abroad 16 She wanted to know if/whether I had seen the accident 17 He wanted to know which school I had gone to 18 She wanted to know when I had started learning Spanish 19 He wanted to know if/whether I was French 20 She wanted to know if/whether I had ever been to Japan Ex I asked when the train left He asked how I was My mother wanted to know who I had seen at the meeting He wanted to know why I had taken his wallet She asked how I had got to school The boy wanted to know where I lived She asked why Judy hadn't been at the party 10 My father wanted to know why I hadn't telephoned 11 The teacher demanded to know why I was so late 12 The judge inquired why the police hadn't reported the crime 13 He demanded to know why I wouldn't let him in 14 We inquired what time the plane arrived 15 She asked who I wanted to talk to Ex Tim's father told him not to be late The librarian told the children to be quiet The officer ordered the men not to shoot The inspector told us to have our tickets ready The landlady told us not to use the telephone after eleven 0' clock The receptionist told us to leave our keys on the desk The customs officer told us to have out passports ready 10 My boss told me to finish the job tonight/that night 11 The general ordered the soldiers to run 12 My mother told me to open the door 13 My father told me not to spend too much money on my holiday 14 He told me to hurry up 15 She told me not to be frightened Ex He asked me to take the children to school for him She asked me to sit down He asked me to talk more quietly She asked if I would like a lift into town 267 He asked if I would like to go out at the weekend She asked me to turn on the radio He asked me to move my car 10 She asked if I would like to eat in the hotel or in a restaurant 11 He asked me to pass his cup 12 She asked me to check the oil 13 He asked me to turn the car engine off 14 She asked if I would like to stay with them 15 He asked me to check the bill for him Ex 10 There are several ways of summarizing this conversation, so there is not a 'right' answer This is a suggested summary: 'Oh, I saw David today He suggested taking Mum and Dad to a restaurant called "Le Pain " He also said we could leave the kids with him and Jackie on Saturday night Jackie got that job with the BBC Isn't that marvellous? Anyway, I invited them round for lunch on Sunday ' Ex 11 warned us not to walk on the ice as it wasn't introduced Miss White to Miss Brown gave handed her the keys, advising/and advised her to wait begged me not to tell I promised not to/promised (that) I wouldn't offered him my torch but he refused as/explaining that he had one of his own Tom offered to pay Ann protested but he insisted invited us to come in and look round, assuring us that there was no threatened to kill the boy if they didn't pay refused to answer any questions 10 complained that he expected agreed (with her) 11 wished it would 12 pointed out that I had pressed He warned me not to I might have 13 exclaimed that her weight had gone up she admitted/agreed that it had 14 hoped I'd have a good journey/wished me a good journey and reminded me to send a card when I arrived 15 exclaimed with delight that he had passed .I congratulated him and wished him luck 16 She agreed to wait 17 wished him many happy returns of his and he thanked us 18 pointed out/remarked that my door was I agreed (with her)/I admitted it 19 He offered me a cigarette and I accepted 20 Their mother threatened to sell if they kept The children begged her not to that, promising not to quarrel/assuring her that they wouldn't quarrel Ex 12 said that if what she said was true he would have to go I must go 268 said that he had to /would have to/must be the following day asked if he had to make told us that we mustn't come told my nephew that his ticket would cost he said he would have to go ; the next day The park notice said that dogs must be kept 7,said that Tom must/would have to work said that I needn't come in the following day and told me to take said he had to/must go the following day as he had 10 The notice said that passengers must not lean 11 said that there must be because there was smoke 12 told him that when he was he would have to tie his 13 said that port wine must never be shaken 14 said he hadn't had and that he must be 15 said that the passport photo wasn't like her and that she must have/ would have to have Ex 13 'Would he like to go to the concert?' she asked, 'I'm sure he would,' I said 'Look where you are going,' she said to me; 'the road is full of holes and very badly lit.' 'While we were bathing,' they said, 'we saw someone examining our clothes.' 'Have you looked everywhere?' asked 'Yes,' she said 'Let's give her/what about giving her a bottle of wine' he said 'The new carpet has arrived Where am I to put/ ball I put it?' he asked 'An enormous load of firewood was dumped at my front gate two days ago Since then I haven't been able to' - my car out,' he said 'Have some more wine?' they said 'Yes, please.' I replied 'If you find the front door locked, go round the back,' he said to me: 10 'Who are you?' she asked the burglars, 'And who let you in?' 'Sit down and keep quiet: they replied, 'will you want to get hurt.' 11 'What was the weather like during your holiday?' he asked 'It was awful: I answered 12 'Let's go down to the harbour and see/What about going down and seeing if we can hire a boat?' he suggested 13 'If war breaks/broke out, I shall/should have to leave the country at once,' he said 14 'Did you enjoy house hunting?' I asked him 'No: he said 15 'I am surprised to see that the grandfather clock has stop Ped Has anyone been fiddling with it?' she asked _ _ Answers for exercises – self-study Ex 1, a trip, a ship, a good time 6, a large lunch, an afternoon nap 2, a walk, a magazine, a book 7, a number of, a passenger, a purchase 269 3, an outdoor, an indoor 8, a seven-course dinner, a dance, a game 4, a deck, a cup 9, a view of 5, a passenger, a letter 10, an ocean trip, an experience Ex 1, B – fastest – growing 2, A – quicker 3, B – as good 4, C – most difficulty 5, C – milder Ex 1, over 2, during 3, of 4, for 5, in/ under 6, on 7, about, while, at 8, under 9, since 10, during Ex 1, a small girl whose hand had been cut 2, into a queue of people, four of whom 3, refugees, many of whom 4, The man (who(m)/that) I was waiting for didn't or the man for whom I was 5, in patched jeans, which surprised the guests, most of whom were 6, The firm (which/that) I work for is sending 7, The Smiths, whose house had been destroyed, were given 8, I saw several houses, most of which were 9, at a.m, which didn't suit me 10, a group of boys whose plane 11, The string (that/which) they tie the parcels up with 12, his students, most of whom were 13, for 12 eggs, four of which were 14, The people (who(m)/that) he was speaking to didn't know or The people to whom he was speaking 15, The boy (who(m)/that) Peter shared a flat with was or Peter shared a flat with a boy who 16, four very bad tyres, one of which burst 17, the wonderful view (which/that) she had been told about 18, by a man (who(m)/that) I met on a train 19, The bar (which/that) I was telephoning from was or the bar from which I was telephoning was 20, The man who answered the phone said Ex 1, C 2, B 3, A 4, A 5, D 6, C 7, D 8, A 9, C 10, B 11, B 12, C 13, D 14, A 15, C 16, A 17, C 18, B 19, C 20, A Ex 1, Did you have/Have you had; was, have ever had, took; thought, was, searched, announced, was; took off 2, did you spend; took, fed, walked, bought, didn't need; passed 3, Have you booked; wrote, haven't answered 270 4, didn't know you were; have been; arrived 5, met, said; made, found, needed, seemed 6, Did you know, arrived; didn't know 7, have you learnt/ been learning; have been learning 8, began, did; dropped, forgot; spent, studied, have been studying/ have studied 9, rang, said; spent, couldn't/wasn't able to, rang; haven't seen, said; went, haven't come; went Ex 1, are you going; we'll probably go are having; is leaving/leaves 3, shall/will see; will probably look 4, am seeing; will refuse 5, shall/will know; will tell 6, will be; shall/will miss; will walk, will probably catch 7, shall/will probably come; will give, am coming 8, will get; are staying, will have to; will move 9, will he say; won't mind; will just buy 10, won't know; will leave 11, will never get; will meet, will fall 12, am going; Are you coming; shall/will probably have Ex 1, The Royal Hotel was almost completely destroyed by fire last night By the time the Fire Brigade was/were called, the hotel was already blazing Fifteen people were taken to hospital suffering from severe burns Seven of them are said to be in a serious condition (It is said that seven of them are in a serious condition.) The fire is thought to have been started by a discarded cigarette 2, The company is sorry to announce that it has been forced to introduce a range of cost-cutting measures as from the beginning of the new year Unfortunately, free tea and coffee can no longer be provided New coin-operated drinks machines are going to be installed in every department and a wide range of drinks can be purchased from these Overtime payments will also be stopped after the end of this month and all members of staff will be expected to complete their duties within their contract hours Personal calls must no longer be made from office phones and you are requested to use the pay phone in the basement for this purpose Ex 1, boys used to be made to climb 2, it has to be seen to be believed 3, I am tired of being ordered about 4, he doesn't like being laughed at 5, this watch needn't be wound/doesn't need to be wound 6, he shouldn't have been told 7, they decided that the money should be divided 8, he is believed to have been killed 9, letters are to be sent 10, she is considered to have been 11, smoking is not allowed 12, the expedition is known to have reached 13, before printing was invented everything had to be written 271 14, the government was urged to create/ they urged that more jobs should be created 15, they suggested that the sale of alcohol should be banned Ex 10 1, our opponents must have started 2, the New Arts Gallery is to exhibit my paintings 3, experts have proved that this scientific theory is false 4, they are to salvage the car Ex.11 1, to race 7, to know 13, worrying 19, to have 2, to bring 8, being 14, to play 20, being 3, pronouncing 9, telling 15, telling 21, hearing 4, to eat 10, to be 16, taking 22, promising to visit 5, of hanging up 11, to 17, to buy 23, hoping, praying 6, to pull 12, to turn/ (to) finish 18, to change 24, to persuade, to stay, (to) finish Ex 12 B D D A B B D C 9.D 10 A 11.D 12 C 13 C 14.D 15 C 16 A 17.D 18 C 19 D 20 A Ex 13 1, D 5, A 9, A 13, D 17, B 2, D 6, A 10, C 14, C 18, D 3, A 7, D 11, A 15, B 19, C 4, C 8, B 12, B 16, A 20, A Ex 14 had been living 11 to stay back 21 decided not to go 12 will be coming back/is coming back 22 not to smoke had left 13 I was 23 are not going to accept to check 14 had to be switched off 24 didn't know hadn't eaten 15 to open 25 had not been would see 16 had registered 26 agreed would like 17 to stay 27 couldn't were going to go 10 to give 18 are having 28 not to say to listen 19 was leaving 29 had arrived had come 20 had 30 had talked Ex 15 1, told the children that they must not 2, said that I needn't/wouldn't have to/didn't have to get up till nine the next day 3, The railway regulations said passenger must be 4, asked (Tom) how he had got his dog He/Tom said that he had carried him I said that he must be 272 said that I mustn't/wasn't to tell anyone what she had just told me 273 ...PREFACE As mentioned in the title, this book presents the fundamentals of practical English grammar English grammar is studied under two major aspects: morphology and syntax This... (1994), Oxford guide to English Grammar, OUP, 1994 (p.1 – p.15) L.G Alexander (1992), Longman English Grammar, (9th ed.) Longman (p – p 33) Trần Hữu Mạnh (2008), Fundamentals of English traditional... refer to part of a whole furniture an article (piece ) of furniture lightning a flash (bolt) of lightning meat a piece of meat rice five grains of rice sand a grain of sand tennis a game of tennis