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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY - NGUYEN THI PHUOC MY CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH Major: Vietnamese Language Code: 22 01 02 SUMMARY OF THE PH.D LITERATURE THESIS NGHE AN PROVINCE - 2020 The thesis was completed at Vinh University Science instructor: ASSOC PROF DR HOANG TRONG CANH Reviewer Reviewer Reviewer The thesis is defended in front of the University-level doctoral thesis evaluating committee Location: Vinh University Time: At…………o’clock, ………………………………… 2020 The thesis can be found at: - National Library - Information Center - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library, Vinh University INTRODUCTION The reason for choosing this topic 1.1 Language is a social phenomenon Language only exists in society, not only reflects the common characteristics of the ethnic community, but also imitates the aspects of divergent areas and occupations, thus creating unity but diversity of the language In those differences, there are dialects, occupation languages, which are formatted of local vocabulary, professional vocabulary 1.2 When studying the unity and diversity of the national language, in general as well as in specific aspects, the study of the universal language vocabulary or the survey of the class of geographical dialect as well as social dialects glossary to explore the common characteristics, interference and differences in vocabulary between vocabulary types is essential thing In this common research context, following the study of the standard vocabulary class, the dialects and the terminology, the occupation languages research also needs to be given an appropriate attention In the process of modernization and the industrial revolution, many traditional occupations have been lost and little by little disappeared As a result, some activity words have gradually been forgotten Thus, surveying, collecting occupations words and exploring the characteristics of this class in relation to culture, not only in linguistically but also in specific culture is necessary and urgent action 1.3 Vietnam has a long-standing agricultural development and Vietnamese culture is firmly associated with agricultural culture Especially, agriculture plays an important role and has a special position in the evolution of society However, because of the dispersed, backward traditional farming, correlated with the soil, climate and farming practices of each region, so each locals has its own vocabulary classes reflects their professional characteristics and only used by professionals in this area Therefore, surveying and researching occupation languages in general and agricultural vocabulary in particular of each region is necessary 1.4 Nghe Tinh is a region with its own dialect and cultural characteristics Beside the impact of soil and weather conditions, workers have their own habits and special farming techniques with particular agricultural vocabulary seperating from other regions, they are also residents who speak Nghe language, which is dissimilar from the standards language and other dialects, so the term Nghe Tinh has its own dialect mark Surveying, collecting, researching agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh not only indicate the linguistic - cultural characteristics of an occupation language class but also contribute to demonstrate the flenty and diversity of national language That is also the reason why we chose to investigate the topic: Characteristics of language and culture of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh Objectives and scope of study 2.1 Objectives In pointing out this topic, we focus on surveying some language - cultural characteristics of Nghe Tinh agriculture vovabulary on basic aspects (structure, semantics - identification, culture) for vocabulary classes have been surveyed in agreement with certain criterias The specific vocabulary classes are: class of tools, instruments, varieties or breeds, farmlands; class of agricultural processes and activities; class of products and finished products; class of environment, seasonal 2.2 Scope of study The project focuses on agricultural vocabulary based oh the language and cultural aspect, in the language aspect, the thesis analyze the structural and semantic identification characteristics of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh Purposes and mission of study 3.1 Purposes: The thesis aims to achive the following purposes: - Pointing out the structure and identification characteristics of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh; stand on that base, generalizing the cultural characteristics appeared through the agricultural vocabulary - Provide data for researching social dialects and compiling occupation dictionaries vocabulary (particularly farming), as a reference for researches are relating to language and culture in Nghe Tinh region 3.2 Mission: To achieve the set goals, the thesis performs the following basic missions: - Conducting surveys and realistic fieldwork to collect agricultural vocabulary from regions with long-standing and developing agriculture in Nghe Tinh - Presenting an overview of the research situation on professional vocabulary, general indicating agriculture words and agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in particular; identify and clarify related concepts or theoretical issues to plan the foundation for topic - Statistics, classification, description and analysis of the structural characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh - Statistics, classification, description and analysis of semantic - identification characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh - Describe and analyze highlight and cultural characteristics through the structure, origin, identification and semantics of the agriculture profesional vocabularies in Nghe Tinh Methods and strategies of study To implement this topic, we use the following main methods and strategies: Realistic fieldwork, statistical, analysis, description, interdisciplinary research method and comparation strategy Contribution of the thesis 5.1 Theoretical meaning - With this project, for the first time, the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh was systematically collected, classified, analyzed, and fully described in terms of structure and identification Based on these specific evidences and data, the arguments about linguistic - cultural characteristics of Nghe Tinh region were discovered - The topic dive deep into professional vocabulary with a new approach This is an interdisciplinary approach for language and culture The results of the project contribute to the development of the Vietnamese lexical major 5.2 Practical significance - The linguistics and results of the thesis are necessary references and supplements data for the study of language and culture in Nghe Tinh, as well as the teaching of linguistics in general and Nghe Tinh dialect, in particular at the university - The project also join a hand to promote the values and traditional cultural identity of Nghe Tinh region through preserving the specificity of language and agricultural culture Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the main content of the thesis is deployed into chapters: Chapter Overview situation and theoretical basis Chapter Structural specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh Chapter Identify specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh Chapter Cultural specificity manifested through agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh Chapter OVERVIEW SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Short Introduction: Professional vocabulary are products of occupational communication It has both values in linguistic and historical, cultural So far, in the world as well as in Vietnam, there are not much studies about professional vocabulary and the conception of linguistic researchers on them has not been unified Therefore, professional vocabulary study is an urgent requirement both in theory and practice In chapter 1, we will present an overview situation and theoretical issues related to professional vocabulary in general and agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in particular This is also the research orientation for the thesis 1.2 Overview situation 1.2.1 Research situation of professional vocabulary 1.2.1.1 Foreign research situation In the world, professional vocabulary and related issues have been researched and discussed by Soviet linguists such as L A Kapanadze, A V Superanskaja, V D Bondaletop, IU V Rozdextvenxki When debating about terminology and nomenclature, two authors L A Kapanadze and A V Superanskaja has general mentioned about professional vocabulary, especially the problem of the formation and the names of objects However, both authors have not deep discussed the professional vocabulary in terms of structure, semantics and identifier Author IU V Rozdextvenxki observed the encyclopedia to be one of the foundations of professional language education as well as the selection and explaination of professional vocabulary Thus, when referring to terminology or nomenclature and location, foreign researchers often refer to professional vocabulary The professional vocabulary indicated is the term of a group of professionals or workers, often used in such group; Professional vocabulary often carry the transition meaning, used in informal language and expressive style 1.2.1.2 Domestic research situation In Vietnam, the intellection of Vietnamese linguists about professional vocabulary is not unified; and there are still many different ways to understand its scope of use a The first trend is introducing the concept, characteristics of professional vocabulary and suggest criterias to distinguish it from the standard vocabulary class as well as other related classes Typical projects: Nguyen Van Tu, Nguyen Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoang Thi Chau, Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu and Hoang Trong Phien Because of curriculum feature, the authors have just explored the general level, not fully analyzed the relationship between professional vocabulary and the local words, terminology and slang Researchers also not have enough conditions to make a deep study about professional vocabulary in terms of structure, identifier, semantics from the linguistic and cultural aspects b The second research trend is the lexical research of certain traditional occupations Bedises a number of articles published in professional journals as well as professional vocabulary scientific seminars, there are a number of master's theses and study following this trend Among the research on professional vocabulary, the science topic: Bat Trang ceramics professional language linguistics of Institute of Linguistic, led by author Nguyen Van Khang is remarkable However, this study has not been classified in terms of identification - an important factor that showing the village cultural specificity reflected in the language Many people are interested in professional vocabulary in dialect areas of Thanh - Nghe Tinh, Dong Thap Muoi (about 15 years ago) and proceed studies at different levels Most notably, there are two ministerial and state-level scientific works by author Hoang Trong Canh: Professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh dialect (Initial survey of fishing, fish sauce, salt woker’s profession); Researching the vocabulary and cultural of Thanh - Nghe Tinh sea profession and two PhD thesis of author Nguyen Van Dung and Tran Hoang Anh On the basis of a large number of professional vocabulary collected, the authors have compared the terminology with the standard language; at the same time analyze the structural characteristics, semantics and the actual reflection of words, in order to indicate the characteristics of professional vocabulary classes 1.2.2 Agricultural vocabulary studies By seeking for the published research or studies on agriculture vocabulary by the authors: Ngon Thi Bich, Le Viet Chung, Phan Thi To Huyen, Do Thi Thao, we found that the agriculture vocabulary has not been paid attention, properly researched, no works has been fully systematically collected and investigated them in terms of linguistic - culture 1.2.3 Agricultural vocabulary studies in Nghe Tinh Currently, there have been a number of researches for professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh dialect with different sizes, related to the published topic These studies and articles mainly refer to a few commons about Nghe Tinh agriculture (in terms of structure, semantics, identifier, the actual reflection of words, indicating the unique aspects of agricultural vocabulary class only in some specific localities in Nghe Tinh) or survey some names in agriculture in Nghe Tinh No published works have been fully systematically collected, researched this vocabulary on the overall aspect of the language, nor has any fully and comprehensively agricultural vocabulary researched in Nghe Tinh from the linguistic - cultural aspect This is the basis for us to implement this topic 1.3 Theoretical basis of the topic 1.3.1 General problems in vocabulary 1.3.1.1 Conception of words and structure of Vietnamese words a Conception of Vietnamese words When discussing the concept of Vietnamese words, we encountered a lot of different ideas of linguistic researchers, defining words such as: Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu, Hoang Trong Phien (1990); Nguyen Tai Can (1975); Nguyen Kim Than (1977); Do Huu Chau (1981) Although the conception was different a little bit, but the authors provided for people who are interested in Vietnamese words a relatively complete understanding the aspects of the word The difference conception of words is mainly due to aspects and views; emphasize this or the other side of the word However, in this topic, as a foundation for collecting and researching agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, we only apply the views of the authors and draw a common understanding about the word: “Word is the smallest sequence of phonemes with objective or practical meaning, which can be used independently to make sentences” b Types of Vietnamese word structures In Vietnamese, there are many studies on types of Vietnamese structure Typical is the work by Nguyen Tai Can (1975), Nguyen Van Tu (1968), Ho Le (1976), Do Huu Chau (1962, 1981), Nguyen Thien Giap (1978), Hoang Van Hanh (editor), Nguyen Van Khang, Ha Quang Nang (1998) Regarding to structure elements, the authors Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Van Khang and Ha Quang Nang have pointed out two types of elements, including morphology and phonology c Structure model of Vietnamese words Based on the criteria of independence / non-independence, meaning / no meaning of the factors involved in word formation and types of structural, we summarize them into Vietnamese structure models d Types of structure words The thesis applied the conception of word types that Nguyen Tai Can has implemented in the Vietnamese Grammar textbook as a basis for collecting, classifying and studying words including: single, compound and reduplication words 1.3.1.2 Concepts about linguistics and Vietnamese linguistic structure a The concept of Vietnamese linguistic Currently, the concept of linguistics among researchers is not completely unified, but the difference is not huge As a foundation for the topic, we rely on Nguyen Tai Can's concept of language With the above understanding, within the scope of the topic and surveyed materials, the secondary primary linguistic indicating agricultural in Nghe Tinh is the unit that the thesis will describe along with other professional vocabulary because the secondary means of identification are often constructed to identify in professional vocabulary b Types of Vietnamese structure models The purpose of this thesis is not to describe the structure of Vietnamese, but we will use the existing models of researchers In this thesis, when defining and describing the means of identification of agriculture in Nghe Tinh, we always apply the pattern of phrase structure that Nguyen Tai Can has implemented in Vietnamese Grammar Book (1975) 1.3.2 General issues about professional vocabulary 1.3.2.1 Concepts of professional vocabulary When discussing about professional vocabulary, researchers have many different definitions (as mentioned in the overview) In this thesis, we dive into all of the issues related to these definition but only apply the conception of the previous authors, point out an understanding and apply to this topic Professional vocabulary is a commonly used and familiar term among people working on the same profession, with the "specialized" content, indicating the names of tools, instruments, activities, occupation products and they have many types, different levels of use 1.3.2.2 Position of professional vocabulary in linguistic Professional vocabulary are the informal vocabulary which limited used in social and familiar among people working on the same profession 1.3.2.3 Features of professional vocabulary Professional vocabulary also have common characteristics of Vietnamese, including three basic types of words such as: single, compound and reduplication words However, because the development of the profession is correlated with a specific region, residents also speak common accents in the local dialect and in order to make the work in a certain career being more convenient people will use professional vocabulary in their communication, so it has the phonetic variation as the local words and has its own unique variation, forming separate specific professional vocabulary classes 1.3.2.4 The relationship between professional vocabulary and other word classes a Professional and standard vocabulary Professional and standard vocabulary are different in scope of use, user object, reflection content, usage style and role for ethnic language system, but they have a close relationship, back and forth together b Professional and local vocabulary Professional vocabulary is born from a certain profession, belonging to the social dialect Local words/vocabulary is familiar words using in localities that have a difference with the standard vocabulary (belonging to the geographical dialect) However, there is a relationship between them, because the professional vocabulary of workers always exists in a certain geographical area c Professional vocabulary and slang Slang is the name "superimposed" on official names, and the professional vocabulary is the identify units that directly named for tools and product activities, often without synonyms in the standard language d Professional vocabulary and terminology Terminology is a scientific term referring to the scientific concept of a sector or a specialized field of science; in another way, the professional vocabulary is the word of a profession that refers to the tools, instrument, activities and products activities, which is familiarly used by people in this profession 1.3.3 Culture and the relationship between language and culture 1.3.3.1 Cultural concept After cited and analyzing the cultural conceptions of Pham Duc Duong (2001), Le Quang Thiem (1998), Tran Ngoc Them (1996), UNESCO, we found that the above views have the main points such as: 1) Culture is created by people (individuals and communities); 2) Culture is typical values (material and spiritual); 3) Culture is a continuous accumulation progress through long-time history; 4) Culture is the value that constitutes a major part of system When considering to cultural, those are also the core common cultural perceptions that we will rely on as the foundation to apply in the topic 1.3.3.2 The relationship between language and culture Language and culture have a close, indispensable relationship Language is the most important element of culture and is a means to reflect, store and exchange culture, promoting culture development; conversely, cultural and ethnic elements are shared and disclosed through language 1.3.4 Identifier and linguistic - cultural specifications 1.3.4.1 Identifier concept In comparasion of the Vietnamese Dictionary (1998), V.G.Gac, G.V.Cônsansky, the concept of G.V.Cônsansky has shown quite fully the characteristics of identifier Therefore, in this topic, we use the identifier concept of G.V.Cônsansky as a research base 1.3.4.2 The mechanism of identifier Identifier is a process of moving from sensory to rational perception Sensory perception gives us things, rational perception gives us the names of things 1.3.4.3 Linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier The linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier shown in the identifier subject, the name of object must be based on the reason of its identifier subject (can be hopes, wishes, love, hate, ) or based on the features selection of the object (may be important or unimportant but distinctive) as the basis for the name of the object 1.4 Overview of agriculture in Nghe Tinh 1.4.1 Nghe Tinh and the agricultural farming environment Nghe Tinh is one of the ancient lands of Vietnamese Throughout nearly two thousand years of history, with many times of splitting and merging, Nghe Tinh (currently including Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces) always has coherence and unity of language, culture, customs, and natural conditions Nghe Tinh has a natural area of 22,502 km2, with 2/3 of the land area is mountainous forests, interspersed with plains Humid tropical climate, with population of over million and cultivation is still the main occupation 11 Reduplication has a small number of only 60 units (accounting for 1.47%) The special thing is with only a few objects but the number of reduplication agricultural vocabulary that used to name them outweighs many times: lung lang, chang lang, loc lech, khung khang, đui bui, thui bui, bui nhui, bui bui, boi bui, tang lang, thang lang, long lenh, lung leng, loong leng 2.2.4 Phonetic identifier We have collected 154 units of phonetic identifier, accounting for 3.76% of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary in general For example: nep tap giao hot nho, nep tap giao hot to, vong thep chot ma bua, lo thoi ki chac xenh, lo thoi ki phoi mao, lo thoi ki uon cau, lo thoi ki thu hoach, benh vang lun xoan la, benh chay bia la, sau đuc than buom cu meo, sau đuc than hai cham, sau đuc than nam vach dau den In terms of structure type, these specialized phonetic are structured according to the sub-main (seperated) model, in which, the main element is also the general element and the sub-element includes many factors with classification function that can spit general elements into smaller categories 2.3 Relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh 2.3.1 The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of the number of direct elements Model 1: The first direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct element classified (P) includes a basic element P: According to this model, there are 2514/3498 units (accounting for 71.86%) For example: chan ruong, chot ban, chuoi cay, banh ngo, khoai cua, ban trang, ma cuoi, ma den * Model 2: The first direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct element classified (P) includes two basic elements P1, P2 This model has 779/3498 units (accounting for 22.26%) In this model, P1 and P2 have the following combinations: - Type 1: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 main - P2 sub This model has 692 units: ao coi xay, ban xat bang, bit ma bua, bua truc đat, cay bo vat, man co pham, benh tu hu, com lo loc, den nhanh lo - Type 2: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 sub - P2 main: This model consists of 27 units For example: khoai thang, lo hai dong, lo ba la, lo nam khang, lo lun cay, cao bon rang, cao sau rang… - Type 3: P1 and P2 got reduplicate or independent relationship 12 The model consists of 60 units such as: cay gieo vai, ro tru bo, uom tru bo, mua cay hai, đat nuong be… * Model 3: First direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct element has meaning classification (P) including basic element P1, P2, P3 This model has 119 units (accounting for 3.4%) In this model, P1, P2 and P3 have types of combinations: - Type 1: For example: binh phun thuoc sau, khoai chiem dau trang, dat gat pha thit, … - Type 2: This model has 22 units: lac L14, lac L18, lo R22, lo X21, lo X23, lo X30, lo V14, ngo G49, ngo Tainan 11, lo lo thap thoi - Type 3: This model has 15 units, accounting for 0.43%, such as: dai co dinh duoi, dai co dinh tren, dai co dinh vet, den trang long, den xenh long, gia đo ba chu (chan)… - Type 4: This model has 12 units, accounting for 0.34% For example: lo nong nghiep hai, lo nong nghiep nam, lo quan phong chiem, lo quy uu mot, lo quy uu sau,… - Type 5: This type of structure has 11 units, accounting for 0.32%: lo bay hai nam, lo bon hai bon, lo hai khong ba… - Type 6: This type of structure has only unit, accounting for 0.03%: Benh vang lun cay - Type 7: This model has units, accounting for 0.09%, round up in the group word which indicating tools, instrument, types of soil and agricultural varieties or breeds For example: ngo lai VL 10, ngo lai VL 14 13 * Model 4: The first direct element has structure C1-P1 which is joint relationship with the second direct element - structure C2-P2 For this model, there are only 5/3498 units, accounting for 0.14% such as: thau chua rua man, lam co suc bun, cuoc co suc bun,… * Model 5: First direct element indicates type CP - the second direct element classified (P) includes basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4 This model has 68/3498 units (accounting for 1.94%), with 10 types of combinations: - Type 1: This type of structure has 18/3498 units (accounting for 0.51%) For example: nep tap giao hột nho, lo thoi ky chac xenh, lo thoi ki chin vang, lo thoi ki co dong… - Type 2: This type of structure has 16/3498 units, accounting for 0.46% For example: lo QI so 1, lac LK14, lo 13/2, lo DT10, lo VD 10, lo VD 20, may gat dap lien hop… - Type 3: This type of structure has 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06%, which are: dieu chinh bang phang, dieu chinh su can - Type 4: This type of relationship has 6/3498 units, accounting for 0.17% Those are: gia cu rang bua, khuy sat giu ma bua, nep bong cai hoa vang, vong thep chot ma bua, benh vang lun xoan la… - Type 5: This type of structure has 3/3498 units, accounting for 0.09%, including: ngo lai Viet Nam 1, khoai lang KL1, khoai lang KL5 - Type 6: This type of structure has 9/3498 units, accounting for 0.26%, which are: lo khang dan 18, lo nhi uu 86, lo nhi uu 63, lo nong nghiep 22, lo nhi uu 68, ngo nep kinh 80… 14 - Type 7: This type of structure has only 6/3498 units, accounting for 0.17%, such as: lo NN3A, lo NN6A - Type 8: This type of structural model has 5/3498 units, accounting for 0.14%, such as: lo lai 986, ngo lai 889, ngo lai 999 - Type 9: This model type has only 1/3498 units, accounting for 0.03%, that is: lo 7510 - Type 10: This type of relationship has 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06%, including: sau duc than nam vach, sau duc than hai cham * Model 6: First direct element indicates type CP - the second direct element classified (P) includes basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 This model has 6/3498 units (accounting for 0.17%); There are types of combinations - Type 1: This model consists of 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06% Those words are: lo nhi uu 636, lo nhi uu 838 - Type 2: This type of relationship has 4/3498 units, accounting for 0.12%, such as: ngo CP 989 * Model 7: First direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct element classified (P) includes basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 This model has 6/3460 units (accounting for 0.17%), with type of combination For example: Lo IR mot tam hai khong… 15 * Model 8: The first direct element indicates the type (C) - the second direct element is classified (P) including 11 basic elements For this model there is only unit, which is: lo NN bay nam - mot QCR hai khong ba (accounting for 0.03%) Thus, the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, considering in the number of direct elements, have diverse and rich structure model, there are 26 types of structural relations, belonging to word formation models 2.3.2 The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of independent or non-independent of the elements Model 1: Independent element (A) - independent element (A) This model consists of 3152 units, accounting for 94.26% For example: bua xat, bua rang, bu gao, cai sen, can cuoc, chac lat, bo la, boc lac, boi khoai, but do, but lo, cat ma, cao co, but tooc… Model 2: Independent element(A) - non-independent element (B) Or nonindependent element (B) - independent element (A) This model has 169 units (accounting for 5.05%) For example: khoai i, khoai the, lai xot, lo dung, nap cay, ngo rat, niet cay, xeo ma,… Model 3: Non-independent element (B) - non-independent element (B) There are 23 units with this model (accounting for 0.69%) Such as: xa lach, chin du, cang kip, xa beng… 2.3.3 The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of the scope of use of structural elements a Meaningful elements used in the standard language + Meaningful elements used the standard language: We have a combination model (1): A + A → AA: dat + thtt → dat thit; đe + coi → đe coi This type of combination, consisting of 1980 units (accounting for 58.16%) For example: bun kho, chao canh, chao trang, san trang, san deo, sang tang san, ngo nep, ngo hat… b Meaningful elements used in the standard language + meaningful elements used in dialects: We have the model (2): A + B → AB: bua + bit → bua bit; cao + bon → cao bon This type of relationship has 485 units (accounting for 14.24%) In particular, element B may consist of or more basic elements For example: dai dang, dat cang, duoi tray, khoai bu, liem but, nep bong, san chac, coi xay lo, cuoc can ga, coi gia lo… 16 c Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful element used in the standard language: Model (3): B + A → BA: bong + cuoc → bong cuoc; chui + cau → chui cau This type of combination has 720 units (accounting for 21.15%), direct component A may consist of two basic elements For example: trung sao, giang co, choe lua, dot khoai, ma nganh tre, lo nac hai, lo loc nguon, lo dau trang, xuong rong… d Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful elements used in dialects: We have the model (4): B + B → BB: dua + nac → dua nac; giong + mo tro → giong mo tro; lo + loc mo → lo loc mo We counted for 219 units (accounting for 6.45%) For example: ma tay, suong ma, but do, but lo, but tooc, benh sau, re long, lo, lot chac niet,… 2.4 Conclusion of chapter The agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh include: singl, compound, reduplication and identifiers These types of words have a big difference in quantity Compound accounting for the majority (83.20%), of which the seperated compound propotion is 98.23% The structure of identification units, according to the main-sub (seperated) relation is the main direction of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh This shows that the structural characteristics of professional vocabulary are priority to create professional-specific words Agriculture identifier units in Nghe Tinh are quite diversified in terms of elements and structural models The elements involved in the structure include both the standard and the local factors Those elements take part in creating words according to different models and specific relationships But whether it is the standard or locality vocabulary and which kind of combination relationship, with the identifier content that the word reflect, the expertise, professionalism of words is still outstanding criteria This is the condition for us to deep learning about the imprint, the regional differences in the use of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary, compared to other regions 17 Chapter IDENTIFY SPECIFICITY OF AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH 3.1 Short Introduction: The agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh province is identified according to the structure of one or two elements, where X is the element indicates type and Y is the classified element (characteristic of X) The number and ratio of identification structure types are as follows: X 473 11.56 3618 XY 88.44 Level Level Level 2700 809 109 (74.63%) (22.36%) (3.01%) Total 4091 100 As data above, residents in Nghe Tinh prefer object identifying way that are more individualized and differentiated Through that name, it reflects the hidden habits, the way of looking things, the specific and meticulous way in thinking of Nghe Tinh people 3.2 Types of identification are selected in Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary 3.2.1 Identifying by method and function: There are 1104 units, (accounting for 26.99%) For example: bua chem, bua xat, cao mo, liem xen, liem but, bo day khoai 3.2.2 Identifying by structural characteristics, shape, dimensions: There are 749 units (accounting for 18.31%) For example: bua dung, ca dai de, ma bua lon, mom gau, nep tom… 3.2.3 Identifying by color unique: there are 142 units (accounting for 3.47%) For example: bu do, ca den, ca tim, lo loc vang, lo tep den, ngon, mo mo ga, vang mo, … 3.2.4 Identifying by number or name of the abbreviation: We collected a total of 99 units (accounting for 2.42%) Such as: cay 58, cay 54, khoai lang KL1 3.2.5 Identifying by structural materials: there are 179 units (accounting for 4.38%) Such as: ban go, ban trang go, bua go, bua sat, can cao… 3.2.6 Identifying by feature and position of parts: Including 458 units (accounting for 11.20%) Including: ach cay, bung gau, dai cao, de ach, dit khau… 3.2.7 Identifying by characteristics and methods of creating products: Including 124 units (accounting for 3.03%), like: benh trung, com vat, looc, khoai gieo… 3.2.8 Identifying by the origin: there are 42 units (accounting for 1.03%) Such as: ca Da Nang, cai Ha Noi, khoai Ha Tinh, lac An Do, lo lai Trung Quoc, lo loc Lao… 18 3.2.9 Identifying by nature, smell, taste, condition: there are 186 units (accounting for 4.55%) Such as: cai ngot, cau gau dai, dua bo, dat bo, dat chua phen… 3.2.10 Identifying by location: There are 51 units, accounting for 1.25% For example: cau gau duoi, cau gau sau, chot giua, dai co dinh tren, don ngang, hong gau, sot duoi… 3.2.11 Identifying by growth period: there are 75 units (accounting for 1.83%) Including: lo thoi ki gai, don long, lo he co yem, cui bong, chac xenh… 3.2.12 Identifying by environment, growing conditions: including 121 units (accounting for 2.96%) Such as: khoai vooc, lac dop, lo chiu han, lo dam lay… 3.2.13 Identifying by time - seasonal characteristics: There are 15 units (accounting for 0.37%) Such as: khoai trai, lac mua, lac trai, lo mua, lo som, lo thu, lo xuan… 3.2.14 Identifying by condition of farmlands: There are units (accounting for 0.22%) Like: suong, tham, cay hoa, cay hoang, cay phui, cay trai… 3.2.15 Identifying by breeds and variaties: only units (accounting for 0.04%), that is: bo thuc (just like bulls), tia duc 3.2.16 Other types of identification: there are 737 units (accounting for 18.02%) Most of these units are single words like the original single words in Vietnamese, which have not been classified or determined identifier, because they have not been found the based or identifier Such as: cao, cuoc, cay, dao, dan, diep, dia, mai da, trac bao, trac ngom com rat, lo nan… 3.3 "Depth classification" in the identifier of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh 3.3.1 Quantitative statistics Through the surveying process of basic agricultural vocabulary group in Nghe Tinh province as mentioned, we caculated for 4091 word units The number of each group indicating the depth classification is specified as follows: Depth classification of word groups Quantity Percentage Strain Tools, instrument, soil 65.53% 192 Indicating group types, plant varieties 7.17% Operations, production 24.57% 72 processes 293 Products, finished products, 9.90% 29 grasses and pests Type Tools, instrument, soil 66.43% 2523 Indicating group types, plant varieties 92.83% Operations, production 22.51% 855 processes 3798 Products, finished products, 11.06% 420 grasses and pests Total 4091 100% 19 3.3.2 Strain - Indicating group words Strain - Indicating group words has 293 units (7.17%) There are two basic groups: Firstly, the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh indicate the strain that the standard language and the Southern dialect not have the corresponding words These are long-standing local words and are used by people as their communication habits For example: dua, choan, trac (treng), sao, don… Secondly, the indicated strain agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have a different meaning from the meanings of the standard language and other regions: noc, lo… 3.3.3 Type - Indicating group words Type - Indicating group words represents the "depth classification" in detail, specificity and specialization direction In which, objects can be divided into many sub-types, multiple levels and ranks The distinguishing factors are divided into smaller rank such as first, second and third, to distinguish specific objects The subtype words take the highest number We divide this group of words into smaller groups: type and sub-type with the following number: No Group words Quantity Percentage Type 358 9.43 Level 2556 67.29 Sub-type Level 764 20.12 Level 120 3.16 Total 3798 100 3.4 Conclusion of chapter The most of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have two-element identification structures, element indicates type (X) and classified elements (Y), with different levels, which concretizing and differentiating identified objects There are up to 16 different base properties identifiers selected by the people of Nghe Tinh This shows the specificity and richness of the identifier in Nghe Tinh agricultural vocabulary Most of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary is reasonable identifier type; The non-reasonable identifier just take a small number This displays the imprint of thinking, reflects the specific object, the diverse and rich association of that word Indentifiers by method and function; by the nature, the position of the part in the whole used things accounts for a high proportion Thus, people in Nghe Tinh mainly choose familiar characteristics, common in life, easy to perceive and get intuitive In terms of the "depth classification" of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary, type indicating group words accounts for many times higher than the common characteristics words These above proves that, in perception, Nghe Tinh people often tend to detail and concretize the object The unique characteristics of the object are not only chosen to differentiate in type but also easy to identify, so Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary is both specific, abundant, and close 20 Chapter CULTURAL SPECIFICITY MANIFESTED THROUGH AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH 4.1 Short Introduction Language is a product and element of culture, and simultaneously it is a means of cultural expression Therefore, 4091 agriculture vocabularies collected in Nghe Tinh province are also an expression of the culture in this region At the same time, this figure also shows the "professional" role of this vocabulary class for the profession; they are also the way to reflect the cultural and professional characteristics of the agricultural employers in this region 4.2 Cultural specificity are expressed through word structure By analyzing the number and ratio of agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, expressed through the structure of words, we find that there are quite similarities and differences between them and the standard language as follow: Firstly, the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have the same types of word units as the standard language Secondly, the vocabulary used in Nghe Tinh agriculture, compound account for the highest number and ratio: 3404 units (83.02%) Including 3.344 seperated compound (accounting for 98.24%) Thirdly, the types of structural relationships model of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh province are very diversity 4.3 Cultural specificity are expressed through word origin The origin languages of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary is quite diversified There is a difference in quantity and ratio between pure Vietnamese words and borrowed words In Nghe Tinh's agricultural vocabulary, in addition to some ancient words and a significant number of phonetic words reflecting the history of Vietnamese, there are also have words that reflected the results of language exposure and interaction between Vietnamese and Thai of residents with rice cultivation in the region All things have created the unique color for professional vocabulary, it is also shows the exclusive face of linguistic - culture in this land It is a unique feature that you can not find in anywhere else 4.4 Cultural specificity are expressed through identifiers 4.4.1 Cultural specificity are expressed through characteristics of the chosen objects as basis identification The characteristics chosen for identify are usually intuitive, easy to observe and remember, so it is convenient for professional communication and production activities It also display the reality of manual, rudimentary, closed, fragmented farming, with little connectivity between localities in the region 21 4.4.2 Cultural specificity are expressed through depth classification of identifiers Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary has a detailed and clear depth of classification This once again confirms the depth of the profession and the habit perception, reflecting reality life in a systematic specific, meticulous aspects of Nghe Tinh people 4.4.3 Cultural specificity are expressed through reality identify fields and symbolic meaning Farming is a traditional profession of Nghe Tinh people Therefore, the cultural mark about society and manual agriculture working has been deeply curved in the activities, behaviors and languages of whole community Familiar images of things and phenomena in agriculture that express through meaning; and images closely attached to the farmer become the symbolic image, which is going into folk poetry or using in comparision; partly reflects the richness and diversity of professional vocabulary and the attachment, thoughts and feelings of Nghe Tinh people to agriculture These composes express the true and profound cognitive of farming and reflect the reality objective with colorful picture of professional life Thereby, we see images with many symbolic and multi-face meanings in the physical wellbeing and spiritual culture of Nghe Tinh people 4.5 Conclusion of chapter Like the general agriculture vocabulary unit, the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh mainly uses elements of pure Vietnamese, in addition, in the process of exchanging and exposing with other cultures, Nghệ Tĩnh people also borrow elements of Chinese and Indo-European origin (mainly from France), but the number of them is not much All of this factors show the nature of agriculture, a longstanding handicraft of our nation as well as Nghe Tinh locality Nghe Tinh's agricultural vocabulary has both common and linguistic cultural specificity of Vietnamese people and a distinctive marks of the Nghe farmers The linguistic - cultural characteristics of Nghe farmers are expressed through vocabulary in three basic aspects: characteristics of the chosen objects as basis identification; depth classification of identifiers; reality identify fields and symbolic meaning, we not only see the abundance of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, but also feel a part of the details of specific thinking, cognitive habits that reflect visually but multi-dimensional diversity as well as the ability overcoming, adapting to nature and creativity in professional activities of Nghe Tinh farmers Although the conditions of agricultural farming environment are not favorable, the spirit of the workers is very persistent, knows how to create many tools, find out many labor methods that closing to the profession The linguistic picture of the Nghe Tinh agriculture structure, identity and symbol is also the image of the culture of the Nghe’s pure agricultural 22 CONCLUSION Works and occupations before industrialization and modernization have been closely associated to human life, national wisdom and human race for a long period Today, when society has modernized and industrialized, traditional profession are not as popular as they used to be, but they still have their own role and position in the social and cultural life in a part of nation In terms of language and cultural, professional vocabulary has its own characteristics that need to be studied From the results of the study of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, from the aspect of linguistic - culture, we draw some conclusions as follows: In terms of linguistics, professional vocabulary are less interested in linguists, especially from researching a specific profession under linguistic-cultural perspective With this thesis, although the various aspects of the professional vocabulary are not fully explored, but by the reality fieldwork experience and the huge number of collected vocabulary from people who has long-term working in this field The thesis has tried to show the diversity of ethnic languages, the role and value of professional vocabulary, especially agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in the general national linguistic system, as well as the linguistic-cultural values of the locality, manifested in Nghe Tinh agriculture Because the concept of professional vocabulary is not very consistent through reseachers, the thesis has put words with contents that reflecting agricultural professional skills, such as tools, instrument, activities and products of the profession, in relationships with other word classes, to consider interpretations and make own choices Although the survey is aim to agriculture vocabulary in a specific locality, the thesis still show that the professional vocabulary has a tightly reciprocal relationship with local words and standard language It has an inseparable relationship with the geographical dialect At the same time, professional vocabulary are linked closely to slang and terminology Agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh has a narrow scope of reflection, not as many realms as other word classes in the language, primarily three arrays of reality However, the vocabulary in Nghe Tinh agriculture is quite rich and varied The results of the investigation and survey of the thesis initially consisted of 4091 units 3.1 The abundance of the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh shows the rich reality of agriculture of this region, on the other hand, it also shows the long-standing attachment and understanding of the profession of the owner 3.2 In terms of scope, usage level, Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary has many components; In addition to a large number of professional vocabulary being used in the standard language or in the Nghe Tinh dialect, the people in the whole Nghe Tinh 23 area can understand their meaning, many professional vocabularies are difficult to comprehend for non-agricultural workers, even people working in this filed but live in different localities will not understand its meaning This shows that professional vocabulary is quite diverse, with many types; they are not homogeneous, can vary in popularity and scope of use Although the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh belongs to the Vietnamese vocabulary system, which is the national language system, they are variations, with their characteristics, affected, mobilization and development of the local language are quite clear In these social factors, people have made that difference The habit of observing, acknowledging, thinking, separating things, and phenomena in the real world of Nghe Tinh people has its characteristics; therefore, the picture of agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh has nuances typical of linguistics cultural of Nghe region 4.1 In terms of structure, as words in the entire language system, agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have all types: single, compound, reduplication and identifier, but the number and ratio of these types are very different Compound have a large number, in which, seperated compound occupy a huge ratio Single words have a much smaller number; reduplication and identifier have a negligible number Through such lexical distribution, we see a characteristic of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary which is prioritizing the creation of individual, specific meaning identifier units 4.2 The distribution of these terms is uneven, mostly indicating tools, instrument, All Nghe Tinh agriculture single words are monosyllabic, with a small numbers In 473 single words, considering in the reality reflected, they are mainly used to indicate tools, instrument, soil types and varieties or breeds, including 259 units (accounting for 54.75%) Compound words have the largest number, including 3404 units and the identifier get the smallest ratio, only 154 units, they are all constructed according to the sub-main model 4.3 In terms of model and properties, the usages of the element involved in the formation of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary, the thesis has considered words in three types of relationships: according to the number of direct elements; according to the independent or non-independent nature of the element; according to the nature usage of structural elements Basically, the elements involved in the formation of Nghe Tinh's professional vocabulary are mainly independent, bring the meaning of vocabulary, which can be separated and used independently as words Professional vocabularys with nonindependent structural elements only account for a very small number, mostly borrowed elements 24 Considering the nature usages of structural elements in Nghe Tinh agriculture vovabulary, the standard elements are accounting for a huge ratio The element involved in forming words are dialect factors, although they occupy a small number but high frequency joined the association of forming words, creating a distinctive mark of the profession 4.4 In terms of identification, naming the object as well as the depth classification in Nghe Tinh agricultural vocabulary, we find that: firstly, Nghe Tinh agricultural owners have a rich and diverse system of objects with different characteristics that they perceive, dissect, and abstract to name Secondly, in terms of depth classification, professional vocabulary is divided into two basic types: strains and type In particular, words of the type level account for a high number and percentage, which shows that the spliting of realistic picture by Nghe Tinh people is very meticulous, specifically thus creating the richness and diversity of professional vocabulary Thirdly, the terms of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have a dispersion in indentifers, the same object and phenomena but in different regions they have different names; reflecting the scattered, spontaneous, and closed production among localities of traditional farming in the region 4.5 From a cultural perspective, the abundance and diversity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh has contributed to the multifaceted richness of Vietnamese in terms of expression Agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh is a material that expresses some characteristics of cultural nuances, personality, coping capacity and adapt to the natural and social environment in the farming community The symbols images of agriculture and the metaphorical comparison associated with this profession show that the professional, linguistic - cultural are spiritual values distilled from reality working of a long-standing traditional profession, these values have been ingrained in the mind and in personality of Nghe Tinh farmers The name of the agricultural vocabulary reflects the perception reality, at the same time, it is the folk encyclopedic of Nghe Tinh agriculture community The results obtained by the thesis, including many initial assessments issued, but they set the premise and pave the way for further studies in specialized or interdisciplinary approach to describe the picture of language as well as the application for making dictionary of professional vocabulary 25 LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY AUTHOR Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2011), "Distributed nature of the indentifiers in Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary language", Journal of Science, Vinh University, 2011, Volume 40, No 1B, p 32 - 38 Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2016), "Structure of the agricultural tools vocabulary and farming activities of Vietnamese people in the Western of Nghe An", National Linguistics Workshop 2016, Volume 1, Dan Tri Publishing, p 300-306 Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2016), "Identify agricultural tools and farming activities in Nghe An", Vietnam Journal Social Sciences (Journal of the Vietnam Academy Social Sciences), No (106) - 2016, p.97-99 Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2017), "Vocabulary of agricultural tools class in the Western Nghe An", National Linguistics Workshop 2017, volume 2, Dan Tri Publishing, p 1445-1450 Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2017), "The first introduction to understanding the imprint of thinking - cultural through the name and the way of calling agricultural vocabulary in Nghe An", Research and teaching of Vietnamese Studies (Vietnames studies International Workshop), volume 2, National University Publishing, Ho Chi Minh City HCM, p 660 - 666 Nguyen Thi Phuoc My (2019), "Depth classification identifier of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh", Dictionary and Encyclopedia, no.5 (61), p 149 - 154 ... needs to be given an appropriate attention In the process of modernization and the industrial revolution, many traditional occupations have been lost and little by little disappeared As a result,... instructor: ASSOC PROF DR HOANG TRONG CANH Reviewer Reviewer Reviewer The thesis is defended in front of the University-level doctoral thesis evaluating committee Location: Vinh University Time:... Thanh - Nghe Tinh, Dong Thap Muoi (about 15 years ago) and proceed studies at different levels Most notably, there are two ministerial and state-level scientific works by author Hoang Trong Canh: