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VINH UNIVERSITY --- NGUYEN THI PHUOC MY CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH Major: Vietnamese Language Code: 9 22 01 02 SUMMARY OF THE PH

VINH UNIVERSITY -

NGUYEN THI PHUOC MY

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF AGRICULTURAL

VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH

Major: Vietnamese Language

Code: 9 22 01 02

SUMMARY OF THE PH.D LITERATURE THESIS

NGHE AN PROVINCE - 2020

The thesis is defended in front of the University-level doctoral

thesis evaluating committee Location: Vinh University Time: At…………o’clock, ……… 2020

The thesis can be found at:

- National Library

- Information Center - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library, Vinh University

INTRODUCTION

1 The reason for choosing this topic

1.1 Language is a social phenomenon Language only exists in society, not only reflects the common characteristics of the ethnic community, but also imitates the aspects of divergent areas and occupations, thus creating unity but diversity of the language In those differences, there are dialects, occupation languages, which are formatted of local vocabulary, professional vocabulary

1.2 When studying the unity and diversity of the national language, in general

as well as in specific aspects, the study of the universal language vocabulary or the survey of the class of geographical dialect as well as social dialects glossary to explore the common characteristics, interference and differences in vocabulary between vocabulary types is essential thing In this common research context, following the study of the standard vocabulary class, the dialects and the terminology, the occupation languages research also needs to be given an appropriate attention

In the process of modernization and the industrial revolution, many traditional occupations have been lost and little by little disappeared As a result, some activity words have gradually been forgotten Thus, surveying, collecting occupations words and exploring the characteristics of this class in relation to culture, not only in linguistically but also in specific culture is necessary and urgent action

1.3 Vietnam has a long-standing agricultural development and Vietnamese culture is firmly associated with agricultural culture Especially, agriculture plays an important role and has a special position in the evolution of society However, because of the dispersed, backward traditional farming, correlated with the soil, climate and farming practices of each region, so each locals has its own vocabulary classes reflects their professional characteristics and only used by professionals in this area Therefore, surveying and researching occupation languages in general and agricultural vocabulary in particular of each region is necessary

1.4 Nghe Tinh is a region with its own dialect and cultural characteristics Beside the impact of soil and weather conditions, workers have their own habits and special farming techniques with particular agricultural vocabulary seperating from other regions, they are also residents who speak Nghe language, which is dissimilar from the standards language and other dialects, so the term Nghe Tinh has its own dialect mark Surveying, collecting, researching agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh not only indicate the linguistic - cultural characteristics of an occupation language class but also contribute to demonstrate the flenty and diversity of national language

That is also the reason why we chose to investigate the topic: Characteristics of

language and culture of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

2 Objectives and scope of study

2.1 Objectives

In pointing out this topic, we focus on surveying some language - cultural characteristics of Nghe Tinh agriculture vovabulary on basic aspects (structure, semantics - identification, culture) for vocabulary classes have been surveyed in agreement with certain criterias The specific vocabulary classes are: class of tools, instruments, varieties or breeds, farmlands; class of agricultural processes and activities; class of products and finished products; class of environment, seasonal

2.2 Scope of study

The project focuses on agricultural vocabulary based oh the language and cultural aspect, in the language aspect, the thesis analyze the structural and semantic - identification characteristics of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

3 Purposes and mission of study

3.1 Purposes:

The thesis aims to achive the following purposes:

- Pointing out the structure and identification characteristics of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh; stand on that base, generalizing the cultural characteristics appeared through the agricultural vocabulary

- Provide data for researching social dialects and compiling occupation dictionaries vocabulary (particularly farming), as a reference for researches are relating to language and culture in Nghe Tinh region

3.2 Mission:

To achieve the set goals, the thesis performs the following basic missions:

- Conducting surveys and realistic fieldwork to collect agricultural vocabulary from regions with long-standing and developing agriculture in Nghe Tinh

- Presenting an overview of the research situation on professional vocabulary, general indicating agriculture words and agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in particular; identify and clarify related concepts or theoretical issues to plan the foundation for topic

- Statistics, classification, description and analysis of the structural characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh

- Statistics, classification, description and analysis of semantic - identification characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh

- Describe and analyze highlight and cultural characteristics through the structure, origin, identification and semantics of the agriculture profesional vocabularies in Nghe Tinh

4 Methods and strategies of study

To implement this topic, we use the following main methods and strategies: Realistic fieldwork, statistical, analysis, description, interdisciplinary research method and comparation strategy

5 Contribution of the thesis

5.1 Theoretical meaning

- With this project, for the first time, the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh was systematically collected, classified, analyzed, and fully described in terms of structure and identification Based on these specific evidences and data, the arguments about linguistic - cultural characteristics of Nghe Tinh region were discovered

- The topic dive deep into professional vocabulary with a new approach This

is an interdisciplinary approach for language and culture The results of the project contribute to the development of the Vietnamese lexical major

5.2 Practical significance

- The linguistics and results of the thesis are necessary references and supplements data for the study of language and culture in Nghe Tinh, as well as the teaching of linguistics in general and Nghe Tinh dialect, in particular at the university

- The project also join a hand to promote the values and traditional cultural identity of Nghe Tinh region through preserving the specificity of language and agricultural culture

6 Structure of the thesis

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the main

content of the thesis is deployed into 4 chapters:

Chapter 1 Overview situation and theoretical basis

Chapter 2 Structural specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

Chapter 3 Identify specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

Chapter 4 Cultural specificity manifested through agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS

in theory and practice

In chapter 1, we will present an overview situation and theoretical issues related to professional vocabulary in general and agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in particular This is also the research orientation for the thesis

1.2 Overview situation

1.2.1 Research situation of professional vocabulary

1.2.1.1 Foreign research situation

In the world, professional vocabulary and related issues have been researched and discussed by Soviet linguists such as L A Kapanadze, A V Superanskaja, V D Bondaletop, IU V Rozdextvenxki When debating about terminology and nomenclature, two authors L A Kapanadze and A V Superanskaja has general mentioned about professional vocabulary, especially the problem of the formation and the names of objects However, both authors have not deep discussed the professional vocabulary in terms of structure, semantics and identifier Author IU V Rozdextvenxki observed the encyclopedia to be one of the foundations of professional language education as well as the selection and explaination of professional vocabulary Thus, when referring to terminology or nomenclature and location, foreign researchers often refer to professional vocabulary The professional vocabulary indicated is the term of a group of professionals or workers, often used in such group; Professional vocabulary often carry the transition meaning, used in informal language and expressive style

1.2.1.2 Domestic research situation

In Vietnam, the intellection of Vietnamese linguists about professional vocabulary is not unified; and there are still many different ways to understand its scope of use

a The first trend is introducing the concept, characteristics of professional vocabulary and suggest criterias to distinguish it from the standard vocabulary class

as well as other related classes Typical projects: Nguyen Van Tu, Nguyen Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoang Thi Chau, Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu and Hoang Trong Phien Because of curriculum feature, the authors have just explored the general level, not fully analyzed the relationship between professional vocabulary and the local words, terminology and slang Researchers also do not have enough

conditions to make a deep study about professional vocabulary in terms of structure, identifier, semantics from the linguistic and cultural aspects

b The second research trend is the lexical research of certain traditional occupations Bedises a number of articles published in professional journals as well

as professional vocabulary scientific seminars, there are a number of master's theses and study following this trend

Among the research on professional vocabulary, the science topic: Bat Trang

ceramics professional language linguistics of Institute of Linguistic, led by author

Nguyen Van Khang is remarkable However, this study has not been classified in terms of identification - an important factor that showing the village cultural specificity reflected in the language

Many people are interested in professional vocabulary in dialect areas of Thanh

- Nghe Tinh, Dong Thap Muoi (about 15 years ago) and proceed studies at different levels Most notably, there are two ministerial and state-level scientific works by

author Hoang Trong Canh: Professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh dialect (Initial

survey of fishing, fish sauce, salt woker’s profession); Researching the vocabulary and cultural of Thanh - Nghe Tinh sea profession and two PhD thesis of author

Nguyen Van Dung and Tran Hoang Anh On the basis of a large number of professional vocabulary collected, the authors have compared the terminology with the standard language; at the same time analyze the structural characteristics, semantics and the actual reflection of words, in order to indicate the characteristics of professional vocabulary classes

1.2.2 Agricultural vocabulary studies

By seeking for the published research or studies on agriculture vocabulary by the authors: Ngon Thi Bich, Le Viet Chung, Phan Thi To Huyen, Do Thi Thao, we found that the agriculture vocabulary has not been paid attention, properly researched, no works has been fully systematically collected and investigated them in terms of linguistic - culture

1.2.3 Agricultural vocabulary studies in Nghe Tinh

Currently, there have been a number of researches for professional vocabulary

in Nghe Tinh dialect with different sizes, related to the published topic These studies and articles mainly refer to a few commons about Nghe Tinh agriculture (in terms of structure, semantics, identifier, the actual reflection of words, indicating the unique aspects of agricultural vocabulary class only in some specific localities in Nghe Tinh)

or survey some names in agriculture in Nghe Tinh No published works have been fully systematically collected, researched this vocabulary on the overall aspect of the language, nor has any fully and comprehensively agricultural vocabulary researched

in Nghe Tinh from the linguistic - cultural aspect This is the basis for us to implement this topic

1.3 Theoretical basis of the topic

1.3.1 General problems in vocabulary

1.3.1.1 Conception of words and structure of Vietnamese words

a Conception of Vietnamese words

When discussing the concept of Vietnamese words, we encountered a lot of different ideas of linguistic researchers, defining words such as: Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu, Hoang Trong Phien (1990); Nguyen Tai Can (1975); Nguyen Kim Than (1977); Do Huu Chau (1981) Although the conception was different a little bit, but the authors provided for people who are interested in Vietnamese words a relatively complete understanding the aspects of the word The difference conception of words

is mainly due to aspects and views; emphasize this or the other side of the word However, in this topic, as a foundation for collecting and researching agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, we only apply the views of the authors and draw a common

understanding about the word: “Word is the smallest sequence of phonemes with

objective or practical meaning, which can be used independently to make sentences”

b Types of Vietnamese word structures

In Vietnamese, there are many studies on types of Vietnamese structure Typical is the work by Nguyen Tai Can (1975), Nguyen Van Tu (1968), Ho Le (1976), Do Huu Chau (1962, 1981), Nguyen Thien Giap (1978), Hoang Van Hanh (editor), Nguyen Van Khang, Ha Quang Nang (1998) Regarding to structure elements, the authors Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Van Khang and Ha Quang Nang have pointed out two types of elements, including morphology and phonology

c Structure model of Vietnamese words

Based on the criteria of independence / non-independence, meaning / no meaning of the factors involved in word formation and types of structural, we summarize them into Vietnamese structure models

d Types of structure words

The thesis applied the conception of word types that Nguyen Tai Can has

implemented in the Vietnamese Grammar textbook as a basis for collecting,

classifying and studying words including: single, compound and reduplication words

1.3.1.2 Concepts about linguistics and Vietnamese linguistic structure

a The concept of Vietnamese linguistic

Currently, the concept of linguistics among researchers is not completely unified, but the difference is not huge As a foundation for the topic, we rely on Nguyen Tai Can's concept of language With the above understanding, within the scope of the topic and surveyed materials, the secondary primary linguistic indicating agricultural in Nghe Tinh is the unit that the thesis will describe along with other professional vocabulary because the secondary means of identification are often constructed to identify in professional vocabulary

b Types of Vietnamese structure models

The purpose of this thesis is not to describe the structure of Vietnamese, but we will use the existing models of researchers In this thesis, when defining and describing the means of identification of agriculture in Nghe Tinh, we always apply

the pattern of phrase structure that Nguyen Tai Can has implemented in Vietnamese

Grammar Book (1975)

1.3.2 General issues about professional vocabulary

1.3.2.1 Concepts of professional vocabulary

When discussing about professional vocabulary, researchers have many different definitions (as mentioned in the overview) In this thesis, we do dive into all

of the issues related to these definition but only apply the conception of the previous authors, point out an understanding and apply to this topic Professional vocabulary is

a commonly used and familiar term among people working on the same profession, with the "specialized" content, indicating the names of tools, instruments, activities, occupation products and they have many types, different levels of use

1.3.2.2 Position of professional vocabulary in linguistic

Professional vocabulary are the informal vocabulary which limited used in social and familiar among people working on the same profession

1.3.2.3 Features of professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary also have common characteristics of Vietnamese, including three basic types of words such as: single, compound and reduplication words However, because the development of the profession is correlated with a specific region, residents also speak common accents in the local dialect and in order

to make the work in a certain career being more convenient people will use professional vocabulary in their communication, so it has the phonetic variation as the local words and has its own unique variation, forming separate specific professional vocabulary classes

1.3.2.4 The relationship between professional vocabulary and other word classes

a Professional and standard vocabulary

Professional and standard vocabulary are different in scope of use, user object, reflection content, usage style and role for ethnic language system, but they have a close relationship, back and forth together

b Professional and local vocabulary

Professional vocabulary is born from a certain profession, belonging to the social dialect Local words/vocabulary is familiar words using in localities that have a difference with the standard vocabulary (belonging to the geographical dialect) However, there is a relationship between them, because the professional vocabulary

of workers always exists in a certain geographical area

c Professional vocabulary and slang

Slang is the name "superimposed" on official names, and the professional vocabulary is the identify units that directly named for tools and product activities, often without synonyms in the standard language

d Professional vocabulary and terminology

Terminology is a scientific term referring to the scientific concept of a sector or

a specialized field of science; in another way, the professional vocabulary is the word

of a profession that refers to the tools, instrument, activities and products activities, which is familiarly used by people in this profession

1.3.3 Culture and the relationship between language and culture

1.3.3.1 Cultural concept

After cited and analyzing the cultural conceptions of Pham Duc Duong (2001),

Le Quang Thiem (1998), Tran Ngoc Them (1996), UNESCO, we found that the above views have the main points such as: 1) Culture is created by people (individuals and communities); 2) Culture is typical values (material and spiritual); 3) Culture is a continuous accumulation progress through long-time history; 4) Culture

is the value that constitutes a major part of system

When considering to cultural, those are also the core common cultural perceptions that we will rely on as the foundation to apply in the topic

1.3.3.2 The relationship between language and culture

Language and culture have a close, indispensable relationship Language is the most important element of culture and is a means to reflect, store and exchange culture, promoting culture development; conversely, cultural and ethnic elements are shared and disclosed through language

1.3.4 Identifier and linguistic - cultural specifications

1.3.4.1 Identifier concept

In comparasion of the Vietnamese Dictionary (1998), V.G.Gac, G.V.Cônsansky, the concept of G.V.Cônsansky has shown quite fully the characteristics of identifier Therefore, in this topic, we use the identifier concept of G.V.Cônsansky as a research base

1.3.4.2 The mechanism of identifier

Identifier is a process of moving from sensory to rational perception Sensory perception gives us things, rational perception gives us the names of things

1.3.4.3 Linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier

The linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier shown in the identifier subject, the name of object must be based on the reason of its identifier subject (can be hopes, wishes, love, hate, .) or based on the features selection of the object (may be important or unimportant but distinctive) as the basis for the name of the object

1.4 Overview of agriculture in Nghe Tinh

1.4.1 Nghe Tinh and the agricultural farming environment

Nghe Tinh is one of the ancient lands of Vietnamese Throughout nearly two thousand years of history, with many times of splitting and merging, Nghe Tinh (currently including Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces) always has coherence and unity of language, culture, customs, and natural conditions

Nghe Tinh has a natural area of 22,502 km2, with 2/3 of the land area is mountainous forests, interspersed with plains Humid tropical climate, with population of over 4 million and cultivation is still the main occupation

1.4.2 About agriculture in Nghe Tinh

Nghe Tinh is one of the pure agriculture location, monoculture of rice; There are about 5300 km2 of farmlands Much of the farmland is located in the eastern coastal plains Most of these farmlands are not flat with heavy ground, sandy, gravel mixed,

so it is difficult to cultivate Drought often occurs But in this situation, people have the virtue to endure hardships and resilience to overcome the harsh circumstances Although natural conditions are not favorable for cultivation, for many reasons, agriculture is still a long-standing traditional profession, always take an important role in Nghe Tinh from ancient times to the present

1.5 Conclusion of Chapter 1

Evaluating the researched of professional vocabulary, we found that: agriculture in Nghe Tinh has not been paid attention and properly researched On the basis of theoretical views about professional vocabulary, the thesis point out the way

to understand professional vocabulary, the position of them and its relationship with other classes of words On the other hand, cultural issues, the relationship between language and culture, identifier and linguistic - cultural specifications, concepts of vocabulary and word structure are also analyzed, in order to make theoretical premise for the thesis research

Chapter 2 STRUCTURAL SPECIFICITY OF AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN

NGHE TINH 2.1 Short Introduction:

Agricultural professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of morphology structure, are units made from morphemes (for words) and words (for linguistics) like other words in Vietnamese but at the same time they are also identifiers unit

In order to have a foundation for implementing the thesis, we collected 4091 agriculture vocabulary by field survey Those are the familiar agricultural vocabulries that naturally and popularly used by Nghe Tinh people

2.2 Types of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in terms of structure

2.2.1 Single word

The number of agriculture single-word in Nghe Tinh is 473 units (accounting

for 11.56%) All single words are monosyllabic, have 1 morpheme (sound), like: cay,

bua, ach, ban, chem, bang, bac, boc, bon, bua, but, be, bo, dam, gat, This is a part

of the original vocabulary of agricultural professional vocabulary, it was born early and is the basis to form the derivative professional vocabulary and also play an important role in communication between profession residents In the single word class, there are some common words but there are some dialectic words, which is

used very limited in the profession or this locally such as com, mun, nen, trac, chong,

dum, rac, reo, ro and there are variables single words which can be used in different

localities in Nghe Tinh, such as: ach (ach, ec, ech, du, uong, ech); xeng (bai, ven,

different local areas in Nghe Tinh may not understand, such as: dat mu, dat mung, dat

ngau, gau vay (gau xuc), giang xay, lai xot, lại gat, lai ma, lo loc run, lo loc mo, nep bong, nep bot, nep tri, num gu, xeo ma,…

2.2.2.2 Join compound

Join compound only account for a very small number, including 60 units (accounting for 1.76%) The elements that make up a join compound indicate the same meaning and got equal relationship in grammatical role, the meaning of word is

generalized such as: gian trang (gian sang), giong ganh, lo ma, thoi vụ, gao gau, tru bo,

gat hai, tooc ra, man an,…

2.2.3 Reduplication

Reduplication has a small number of only 60 units (accounting for 1.47%) The special thing is with only a few objects but the number of reduplication agricultural

vocabulary that used to name them outweighs many times: lung lang, chang lang, loc

lech, khung khang, đui bui, thui bui, bui nhui, bui bui, boi bui, tang lang, thang lang, long lenh, lung leng, loong leng

2.2.4 Phonetic identifier

We have collected 154 units of phonetic identifier, accounting for 3.76% of

Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary in general For example: nep tap giao hot nho, nep

tap giao hot to, vong thep chot ma bua, lo thoi ki chac xenh, lo thoi ki phoi mao, lo thoi ki uon cau, lo thoi ki thu hoach, benh vang lun xoan la, benh chay bia la, sau đuc than buom cu meo, sau đuc than hai cham, sau đuc than nam vach dau den

In terms of structure type, these specialized phonetic are structured according

to the sub-main (seperated) model, in which, the main element is also the general element and the sub-element includes many factors with classification function that can spit general elements into smaller categories

2.3 Relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

2.3.1 The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of the number of direct elements

Model 1: The first direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct element classified (P) includes a basic element P:

According to this model, there are 2514/3498 units (accounting for 71.86%)

For example: chan ruong, chot ban, chuoi cay, banh ngo, khoai cua, ban trang, ma

- Type 1: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 main - P2 sub

This model has 692 units: ao coi xay, ban xat bang, bit ma bua, bua truc đat,

cay bo vat, man co pham, benh tu hu, com lo loc, den nhanh lo

- Type 2: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 sub - P2 main:

This model consists of 27 units For example: khoai 6 thang, lo hai dong, lo ba

la, lo nam khang, lo lun cay, cao bon rang, cao sau rang…

- Type 3: P1 and P2 got reduplicate or independent relationship