The first edition of this pioneering text titled Oral Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment, was published in 1946 just after World War II. The text was written entirely by one man, Dr. Lester W. Burket, with the exception of a small section on “Oral Aspects of Aviation Medicine” written by a major in the Dental Corps, Dr. Alvin Goldhush. In this preface, Dr. Burket wrote that “Oral Medicine discusses the many important relationships between oral and systemic disease and it suggests opportunities for a more universal and intimate cooperation between medical and dental practitioners in giving the best possible health service to our common patients.”
Burket’s ORAL MEDICINE Eleventh Edition Burket’s ORAL MEDICINE Eleventh Edition Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS Professor and Chairman Oral Medicine Associate Dean Hospital Affairs School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Chief of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS Professor of Oral Medicine Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health Associate Dean for Oral-Medical Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine-Mesa A.T Still University Mesa, Arizona Jonathan A Ship, DMD, FDS RCS Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine Director, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research New York University College of Dentistry Professor, Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine 2008 BC Decker Inc Hamilton iv Contents BC Decker Inc P.O Box 620, L.C.D Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7 Tel: 905-522-7017; 800-568-7281 Fax: 905-522-7839; 888-311-4987 E-mail: info@bcdecker.com 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2850 City Ribeirão, Ribeirão Preto — SP — Brasil CEP: 14021-000 Tel: 0800 992236 Fax: (16) 3993-9000 E-mail: tecmedd@tecmedd.com.br India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Elsevier Health Sciences Division Customer Service Department 17A/1, Main Ring Road Lajpat Nagar IV New Delhi – 110024, India Tel: 91 11 2644 7160-64 Fax: 91 11 2644 7156 E-mail: esindia@vsnl.net Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication However, since research and regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses, warnings, and contraindications This is particularly important with new or infrequently used drugs Any treatment regimen, particularly one involving medication, involves inherent risk that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against the benefits anticipated The reader is cautioned that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a substitute for individual diagnosis and treatment Contents ▼ Contents Preface vii Contributors ix Introduction to Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis: Evaluation of the Dental Patient Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS, Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS, Jonathan A Ship, DMD, FDS RCS Pharmacology Jonathan A Ship, DMD, FDS RCS, Michael T Brennan, DDS, MHS, Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS, Peter B Lockhart, DDS, FDS RCS, Spencer W Redding, DDS, MEd, Vidya Sankar, DMD, MHS, David Sirois, DMD, PhD, David Wray, BDS, MD, FDS RCS 17 Ulcerative, Vesicular, and Bullous Lesions Sook Bin Woo, DMD, MMSc, Martin S Greenberg, DDS 41 Red and White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa Mats Jontell, DDS, PhD, FDS RCS, Palle Holmstrup, DDS, PhD 77 Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa Faizan Alawi, DDS 107 Benign Lesions of the Oral Cavity A Ross Kerr DDS, MSD, Joan A Phelan, DDS 129 Oral Cancer Joel Epstein, DMD, MSD, FRCD (C), Isaäc Van Der Waal, DDS, PhD 153 Salivary Gland Diseases Philip C Fox, DDS, FDS RCS, Jonathan A Ship, DMD, FDS, RCS 191 Temporomandibular Disorders Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C), Martin S Greenberg, DDS 223 10 Orofacial Pain Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C), Eli Eliav, DMD, PhD, Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS 257 11 Headache Scott S DeRossi, DMD, John A Detre, MD 289 12 297 Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Sandhya Desai, MD, Frank A Scannapieco, DMD, PhD , Mark Lepore, MD, Robert Anolik, MD, Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS vi Contents 13 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Peter B Lockhart, DDS, FDS RCS, Laszlo Littmann, MD, Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS 323 14 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract Michael A Siegel, DDS, MS, FDS RCS 345 15 Renal Disease Scott S Derossi, DMD, Debbie L Cohen, MD 363 16 Hematologic Diseases Lauren L Patton, DDS, FDS RCS 385 17 Bleeding and Clotting Disorders Lauren L Patton, DDS, FDS RCS 411 18 Immunologic Diseases Jane C Atkinson, DDS, Matin M Imanguli, DDS, Stephen Challacombe PhD, FDS RCS, FRCPath 435 19 Transplantation Medicine Thomas P Sollecito, DMD, Andres Pinto, DMD, MPH, Ali Naji, MD, PhD, David Porter, MD 461 20 Infectious Diseases Lakshman Samaranayake, Hon DSc, Hon FDS RCS, DDS(Glas), BDS, FRCPath, FHKCPath, MIBiol, FCDSHK, FHKAM(Path), FHKAM(DSurg), Michaell A Huber, DDS, Spencer W Redding, DDS, MEd 481 21 Diabetes Mellitus and Endocrine Diseases Sunday O Akintoye, BDS, DDS, MS, Michael T Collins, MD, Jonathan A Ship, DMD, FDS RCS 509 22 Neuromuscular Diseases Eric T Stoopler, DMD, David A Sirois, DMD, PhD 537 23 Basic Principles of Human Genetics: A Primer for Oral Medicine Harold C Slavkin, DDS, Mahvash Navazesh, DMD, Pragna Patel, PhD 549 Index 569 vii Contents ▼ Preface The first edition of this pioneering text titled Oral Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment, was published in 1946 just after World War II The text was written entirely by one man, Dr Lester W Burket, with the exception of a small section on “Oral Aspects of Aviation Medicine” written by a major in the Dental Corps, Dr Alvin Goldhush In this preface, Dr Burket wrote that “Oral Medicine discusses the many important relationships between oral and systemic disease and it suggests opportunities for a more universal and intimate cooperation between medical and dental practitioners in giving the best possible health service to our common patients.” We believe that the 11th edition of this text follows the example set by Dr Burket and provides the clinician with an up-to-date description of all major aspects of the science and practice of modern Oral Medicine, with the goal to enable the clinician to provide the best health service to their patients During the past decade, the field of Oral Medicine has expanded in both scope and complexity and it is no longer possible for one author or even one editor to have the expertise to write or oversee a majority of a book such as Burket’s Oral Medicine In order to accommodate the new knowledge, a third editor, Dr Jonathan Ship, was added and four entirely new chapters and 27 new authors of international prominence and expertise were invited to coauthor chapters The first chapter of this text presents a basic but also an innovative approach to the evaluation and assessment of patients It provides the necessary tools to properly evaluate and treat patients with acute and chronic health conditions, which is imperative when considering our aging and more medically complex population Several chapters have been entirely rewritten by new authors including the chapters on Red and White Lesions, Pigmented Lesions, Neuromuscular Diseases, Renal Disease, Hematologic Disease, and Immunology For the first time in Burket’s Oral Medicine, a comprehensive guide to the use of pharmacotherapeutics is available This chapter provides the entire scope of medical management of major disorders in Oral Medicine for practicing clinicians with detailed information on prescribing drugs in accompanying tables The chapters on Ulcerative, Vesicular and Bullous lesions as well as the chapters on Benign Tumors and Oral Cancer have been extensively rewritten with the addition of a new group of color photos and a more clinician-friendly format for the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of these common oral diseases An increasingly important discipline in Oral Medicine is the diagnosis and management pain syndromes, and this portion of the text has been enhanced with the addition of a chapter devoted to Headache There is also a major revision of advances in Orofacial Pain syndromes and Temporomandibular disorders The chapter on Salivary Diseases has also been revised and provides a state-ofthe-art overview of this growing field Details are provided on clinical presentation, diagnosis including imaging using new multimodal techniques, and treatment A new section has been added on siallorhea and its pharmacological and surgical treatment options viii viii Preface Contents The medical chapters of this new text have been updated to reflect recent advances and how these changes alter guidelines and recommendations for safe effective dental care One major rationale for rewriting these chapters was to add more focus on the provision of dental care for patients with complex medical conditions We have combined all of the information on endocrine diseases including diabetes mellitus into one comprehensive chapter that provides the reader with an updated, review of the major endocrinological diseases, their treatment, and head/ neck/intraoral manifestations A new chapter is dedicated to Genetic Diseases Increasingly our understanding of disease is enhanced by genetic sciences, and this chapter details the craniofacial genetic diseases of interest to the Oral Medicine and dental practitioner The illustrations have been redone and are all in color The vast majority of references are also updated The accompanying CD contains supplementary material including the complete bibliography and an expanded section on Principles of Diagnosis This text reflects the expertise, experience and hard work of clinical scholars from many institutions, countries and specialties We believe the eleventh edition of this classic text provides the student, resident as well as the experienced practitioner the information required to master the complex field of diagnosis and medical management of maxillofacial diseases as well as provide dental treatment for patients with complex medical disorders Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS Jonathan A Ship DMD, FDS RCS July 2007 ix Contents ▼ Contributors Sunday O Akintoye, BDS, DDS, MS Department of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael T Collins, MD Department of Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Faizan Alawi, DDS Department of Pathology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Scott S DeRossi, DMD Department of Oral Diagnosis Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia Robert Anolik, MD Allergy and Asthma Specialists Blue Bell, Pennsylvania Sandhya Desai, MD Allergy and Asthma Specialists Blue Bell, Pennsylvania Jane C Atkinson, DDS Center for Clinical Research National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Bethesda, Maryland John A Detre, MD Center for Functional Imaging University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bruce Blasberg, DMD, FRCD(C) Department of Oral Medicine and Biological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Eli Eliav, DMD, PhD Department of Diagnostic Sciences New Jersey Dental School Newark, New Jersey Michael T Brennan, DDS, MHS Department of Oral Medicine Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte, North Carolina Joel Epstein, DMD, MSD Interdisciplinary Program in Oral Cancer Chicago Cancer Center Chicago, Illinois Stephen Challacombe, PhD, FDS RCS, FRCPath Department of Oral Medicine Kings College Dental Institute London, England Philip C Fox, DDS, FDS RCS Department of Oral Medicine Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte, North Carolina Debbie L Cohen, MD Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 572 Chondrosarcoma, 173 CHOP See Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin (vincristine), prednisone (CHOP) Chromosomes, 553f diseases and disorders, 558 mutations of, 554 Chronic alcoholism with salivary gland disorders, 210 Chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), 70 Chronic herpes simplex with organ transplantation, 474f Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, 132 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) See Chronic renal failure (CRF) Chronic leukemia, 401–403 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 403–404, 403t Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), 82 with DiGeorge syndrome, 440f Chronic multiple lesions, 62–70 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 401–402 Chronic neutropenia, 398 Chronic nodular candidiasis, 80–81, 80f Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 315–317, 317f Chronic orofacial pain, 262–268 anticonvulsant medications for, 25t behavioral issues with, 263–264 cognitive therapy for, 265 consultation and referral, 274–275 cranial nerve examination, 272t diagnostic imaging, 274 diagnostic nerve blocks, 274 disorders confused with toothache, 275, 275t drug therapy for, 266–268 examination and assessment of, 270–272 genetics of, 264 history of, 270–271 intraoral examination, 272 laboratory tests, 274 muscle examination of, 271 pain-related disability and behavioral assessment, 272–274 pathophysiology of, 263 physical examination of, 271–272 range of motion assessment of, 271 relaxation therapy for, 265–266 symptoms indicating serious disease, 275, 275t treatment of, 264–268 Chronic pain syndrome, 263 Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH), 286, 295 Chronic plaque-type candidiasis, 80–81, 80f Chronic renal failure (CRF), 363, 366–369, 367–370 clinical progression of, 368 conservative therapy of, 375–376 etiology and pathogenesis of, 368–369 medical management of, 375–377 metabolic disorders with, 370 renal replacement therapy for, 376 solute removal, 379 Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (Kuttner’s tumor), 205 Chronic sialadenitis, 194 Chrysiasis, 125 Cicatricial pemphigoid, 67–69 Cigarette smoking with coronary artery disease, 331 Cimetidine (Tagamet) for GERD, 347–348 Cisapride for GERD, 347 CKD See Chronic renal failure (CRF) Clarithromycin, 30t for dental procedures, 340t Classification, 175t, 404t of AIDS, 503t of bleeding and clotting disorders, 416–419 of blood pressure, 324t Child-Pugh, 358 of cranial neuralgias, 269t of deafferentation pain, 269t Pharmacology of DM, 510 of headache, 290, 290t IASP, 268 of idiopathic facial pain, 269–270, 269t of nerve trunk pain, 269t of neutropenia, 397t of OFP, 268–269, 268t of oral candidiasis, 79t of organ transplantation, 462–463 of platelet disorders, 417t of pneumonia, 307 of PRON, 182t of TMD, 232–233, 233t of vessel wall disorders, 416–419 Clavulanate for salivary gland infections, 17t Cleft palate, 200 Cleocin, 30t for dental procedures, 340t for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Clindamycin (Cleocin), 30t for dental procedures, 340t for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t CLL See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Clobetasol (Temovate) for lupus erythematosus, 98 for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Clonazepam (Klonopin) for AO, 284 for BMS, 285 for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for dyskinesias, 254 for myofascial pain, 246 Clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix), 418 Clostridium difficile, 356 Clostridium tetani, 491–492 Clotrimazole (Mycelex, Gyne-Lotrimin) antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t Clotting disorders See Bleeding and clotting disorders Cluster headache, 286, 294 CMC See Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) CML See Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) CMS See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) CMV See Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Coagulation cascade, 413f Coagulation disorders, 418 Coagulation factors, 419t concentrate products, 424t Cobalamin deficiency, 119, 394–395, 395t for megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, 394–395 Coccidioides immitis, 495 Coccidioidomycosis, 495 Codeine sulfate, 23t, 24t Colchicine for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for RAS, 60 for severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis prevention, 34t Combination NSAID-opiate analgesic medications, 24t Combined T- and B-cell deficiency, 438–440 Combunox, 24t Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 440 Community-acquired pneumonia, 306–307 Complement, 441 Complex human diseases and disorders, 558–559 Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS) (reflex sympathetic dystrophy), 283 Compound and complex odontomas, 151 COMT See Cathechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CCRT) oral cancer, 164 Condyloma acuminatum, 442f Congenital coagulopathies, 419–420 Congenital epulis, 142 Connective tissue disease with CRF, 370 with TMJ, 251 Consultation letter, 3, 5f Contact allergy buccal mucosa, 56f, 57f Contin, 23t Cooley’s anemia, 393–394 Copaxone for MS, 540 COPD See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Coronary artery bypass grafting and dental care, 336 Coronary artery disease (CAD), 329–333 diagnosis of, 332–333 electrocardiography of, 332–333 etiology of, 330 exercise stress testing, 333 lipids, 330 management of, 333 in organ transplantation, 471 prognosis of, 333 risk factors for, 330 modification of, 332 stress echocardiography, 333 stress perfusion imaging, 333 Coronary stents and dental care, 336 Corticosteroids, 466t for asthma, 312–314 for cranial arteritis, 285 injectable for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t in organ transplantation, 468, 470, 470t for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for platelet disorders, 422 for polymyositis, 453 for sinusitis, 302 for SLE, 446 systemic for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t topical for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t for vitiligo, 122 Cortisol excess, 525–526 Coumadin and dental care, 336 for heart failure, 342 Coumarin, 420–421, 433 assessment and management, 432f Cowden’s syndrome (multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome), 131–132, 361 Coxsackieviruses, 49, 51f, 305 CPH See Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) CPK See Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Cranial arteritis, 285 Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve II (optic nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerves providing sensation to orofacial area, 258t Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), 258–259, 259f examination of, 272t Cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) examination of, 272t 573 Burket’s Oral Medicine Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) examination of, 272t Cranial neuralgias classification of, 269t Craniofacial dysmorphology associated with chromosomal abnormalities, 559t Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, 143 Craniofacial-oral-dental Mendelian genetic diseases and disorders, 560t–563t Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) ACS, 334 CREST syndrome, 443t, 446, 447 CRF See Chronic renal failure (CRF) Crohn’s disease, 352, 354–356 Cromolyn for asthma, 314 Croup, 304f Crowe’s sign, 120 CRPS See Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS) (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) Cryosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Cryptococcosis, 495–496 Cryptococcus, 307 Cryptococcus neoformans, 495–496 with organ transplantation, 470 CSA complicating organ transplantation, 469 for GVHD, 475 induced gingival overgrowth with organ transplantation, 473–474 Cushing’s syndrome/Cushing’s disease, 118–119, 416–417, 525–526, 525f Cutaneous scleroderma, 446 CV, 49 CVA See Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) CVID See Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) Cyclic neutropenia, 398 Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for myofascial pain, 246 Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) for cranial arteritis, 285 in organ transplantation, 468, 470 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for scleroderma, 451 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 36 for SLE, 446 Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin (vincristine), prednisone (CHOP) for NHL, 406 Cyclosporine, 466t for IIM, 453 Cymbalta for chronic orofacial pain, 27t Cystic fibrosis, 318–319 Cysts aneurysmal bone, 146, 146f bone simple (traumatic, hemorrhagic), 149 calcifying odontogenic, 148, 149–150 dentigerous, 147 lateral periodontal, 148, 149f nasoalveolar, 149 nasopalatine canal, 148–149 nonodontogenic, 148–149 odontogenic, 147–148 radicular (periapical), 147, 147f Staphne’s, 200 Cytochrome P-450, 359 Cytokine release syndrome, 470 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 42, 43t, 49 with organ transplantation, 470 Cytoxan for cranial arteritis, 285 in organ transplantation, 468, 470 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for scleroderma, 451 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 36 for SLE, 446 D Dacarbazine for Hodgkin’s disease, 404, 404 Daclizumab, 466t in organ transplantation, 467468 Dapsone for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for erythema multiforme, 55 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 36 Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome, 69 Darier’s disease, 201 Darvocet, 24t DDAVP See 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) ddC See Zalcitabine (ddC) ddI for HIV, 505 Deafferentation pain classification of, 269t Decadron for orofacial pain, 28t for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Deep temporal nerve, 228 Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of TMJ, 249–250 Dehydration with salivary gland disorders, 210 Delavirdine (DLV) for HIV, 505 Delayed puberty dental management of, 531 Deltasone for cluster headache, 286 for NHL, 406 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for Sjogren’s syndrome, 212–213 for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t Demerol, 23t Denavir, 37–38 for recurrent oral herpes, 37t Dental-alveolar infections in immunocompromised patients, 26–30 Dental caries with organ transplantation, 473 Dental/medical record, 13–14 confidentiality of, 14–15 organization of, 13 Dental procedures antibiotics for, 30t regimens for, 340t Dentifrice reactions to, 100 Dentigerous cyst (follicular or eruption cyst), 147 Dentofacial abnormalities following oral cancer treatment, 186, 186f Dentures lead shielding of, 169f papillary hyperplasia under, 133f Denture stomatitis, 40, 81, 81f Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 555f Depigmentation, 122–123 Dermatomyositis, 451–453, 452f juvenile, 451–453 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), 379 and dental care, 335–336 for hemophilia B, 422–423 Desipramine for PHN, 282 Desmoplastic fibroma, 151–152 Desquamative gingivitis soft medication splint for, 70f Dexamethasone (Decadron) for orofacial pain, 28t for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Diabetes mellitus (DM), 509–535 classification of, 510 clinical presentation of, 512 complications of, 513–514, 513t with coronary artery disease, 331 corticosteroid oral disease management, 518 with CRF, 370 dental management of, 516–517 diagnosis and monitoring of, 512–513 diagnostic criteria for, 512t epidemiology of, 509–510 etiologic classification of, 510t gestational, 512 management guidelines for, 518–519 management of, 514–515, 514t oral manifestations of, 516 post-transplantation, 469, 471 pregestational, 512 with salivary gland disorders, 209 signs and symptoms of, 512t Diabetic emergency managing in dental office, 519 Diagnosis-related group (DRG), Dialysis oral and radiographic manifestations of, 373t Diarrhea antibiotic-induced, 356 Diascopy, 139, 140f DIC See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Diclofenac for chronic orofacial pain, 266 Didanosine (ddI) for HIV, 505 Dietary factors with coronary artery disease, 331 Diflam for mucositis, 181 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 Diflucan antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 39t Diflunisal (Dolobid) for orofacial pain, 22t Digastric muscles, 227–228, 227f nerve supply of, 228, 228f palpation of, 271 DiGeorge syndrome (velocardiofacial syndrome), 439 Digestive tract diseases lower, 349–360 upper, 346–349 Digoxin for heart failure, 341 Dilaudid, 23t DILR See Drug-induced lichenoid reactions (DILR) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for orofacial pain, 28t for sialorrhea, 216 Diprolene for lupus erythematosus, 98 for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Discoid lupus, 444f Discoloration exogenous oral and perioral sources of, 108t Disease-related coagulopathies, 421 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 416, 421, 425 Diuretics for heart failure, 341 DJD See Degenerative joint disease (DJD) DLV See Delavirdine (DLV) DM See Diabetes mellitus (DM) DNA See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 574 Docosanol (Abreva), 38 for recurrent oral herpes, 37t Dolobid for orofacial pain, 22t Donor blood for organ transplantation, 468 Donovanosis, 484 Dopamine migraine, 291 Down syndrome, 138, 558 craniofacial dysmorphology associated with, 559t Doxepin (Zonalon) for BMS, 285 for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for orofacial pain, 28t for PHN, 282 topical for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186 Doxorubicin for NHL, 406 Doxycycline for MMP, 69 D-penicillamine for scleroderma, 450–451 DRG See Diagnosis-related group (DRG) Drug-induced lichenoid reactions (DILR), 95, 96f, 96t Drug-induced melanosis, 116–117, 116f Drug-induced pigmentation, 126 Dry mouth, 192–193 management of, 214–215, 214t medication induced, 210 preventive therapy of, 214 reduction when undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, 20t salivary stimulation for, 214–215 symptomatic treatment of, 214 Dry snuff oral cancer with, 102f reactions to, 100–101 Ductal papillomas of salivary glands, 219 Duct cells, 192, 192f Duloxetine (Cymbalta) for chronic orofacial pain, 27t Duodenal ulcer disease, 350–315 Duragesic, 23t for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186–187 E EAE See Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) Eating disorders, 360–361 EBA See Epidermolysis bullosa aquisita (EBA) EBV See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Ecchymosis, 123 Education for hypertension, 329 for myofascial pain, 243 Edwards’ syndrome, 559t Efavirenz (EFV) for HIV, 505 EFV See Efavirenz (EFV) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 417 Elavil for AO, 284 for BMS, 285 for chronic orofacial pain, 26t, 267 for myofascial pain, 246 for PHN, 282 Electrical burns causing solitary ulcerations, 71 Electrical stimulation for dry mouth, 215 Electrocardiography of acute coronary syndrome, 327f of atrial fibrillation, 328f of coronary artery disease, 332–333 of heart failure, 341 of hypertension, 326, 327f of left ventricular ischemia, 327f of ventricular tachycardia, 328f Pharmacology EMLA cream for PHN, 282 Emotional factors with orofacial pain, 277–278 Empirin #3, 24t Emtricitabine (FTC) for HIV, 505 Endocarditis bacterial with hemodialysis, 379 cardiac conditions associated with adverse outcomes risk, 31t dental procedure prophylaxis for, 339t, 340t infective, 31–32 with hemodialysis, 379 prophylaxis for dental procedures, 32t Endocet, 24t Endocrine diseases, 512–535 diagnosis of, 526t genetics, 564 mechanisms of, 521 Endogenous oral and perioral discoloration causes of, 108t Endogenous pigmentation, 108–109 Endothelial dysfunction with coronary artery disease, 332 End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 367–368, 368t, 375f solute removal, 379 Enfuvirtide for HIV, 505 Entecavir for HBV, 500 Enterocolitis pseudomembranous, 356 Eosinophilic granuloma, 145f Eosinophilic ulcer of tongue, 72–73 Ephelis, 109 Epidemic parotitis, 205–206 Epidermolysis bullosa aquisita (EBA), 70 Epinephrine (adrenaline), 329, 525 for generalized anaphylaxis, 458 Epithelial dysplasia, 87f, 87t Epithelial odontogenic tumors, 149–150 Epithelial tumors, 137–139 Epoprostenal for scleroderma, 451 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 42, 43t with HL, 84 with organ transplantation, 470 Epulis fissuratum, 132, 133f Ergotamine for cluster headache, 286, 294 for migraine, 287 Erosions, 42 Eruption cyst, 147 Erythema multiforme, 35, 53–55, 53f, 54f Erythematous candidiasis, 80, 80f Escherichia coli, 306 with CRF, 369 ESRD See End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Etanercept for RA, 455 Ethyol for mucositis, 180 for xerostomia reduction, 20t Euclea natalensis, 125 Evoxac for dry mouth, 215 for salivary hypofunction, 20t for Sjogren’s syndrome, 212 Exercise for CF, 319 with coronary artery disease, 331–332 for myofascial pain, 243–244 stress testing for CAD, 333 Exogenous ochronosis, 121 Exogenous oral and perioral discoloration sources of, 108t Exogenous pigmentation, 124–125 Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), 539 Extended release opiate analgesic medications, 23t External beam radiotherapy for SCC, 167f F Facial nerve examination of, 272t Facial neuralgias, 279–282 Facial pain idiopathic classification of, 269–270, 269t Factor assays, 416 Famciclovir (Famvir), 38 for recurrent oral herpes, 19t Famvir, 38 for recurrent oral herpes, 19t f-APV for HIV, 505 Fasciitis nodular, 134–135 Felbinac for myofascial pain, 246 Fentanyl (Duragesic), 23t topical for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186–187 Fexofenadine for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 300 Fibrin degradation products, 416 Fibrinolytic disorders, 421 Fibrinolytic system, 414f Fibroma, 131–132, 132f ameloblastic, 151 cementifying, 133–134, 143–144 central cementifying and ossifying, 150 central odontogenic, 150 chondromyxoid, 151 desmoplastic, 151–152 irritation, 131f ossifying, 134f, 144f traumatic, 131f Fibrous dysplasia, 143 Fibrous hyperplasia, 133f Fibrous inflammatory hyperplasias, 132–133 FK-506, 466t complicating organ transplantation, 469 in organ transplantation, 466–467 Flexeril for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for myofascial pain, 246 Fluconazole (Diflucan) antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 39t Fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis itraconazole for, 40 Fluoride OSCC, 155 topical for dry mouth, 214 Flurbiprofen (Ansaid) for orofacial pain, 22t Fluticazone propionate for lupus erythematosus, 98 Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck’s disease), 137 Focal melanocytic pigmentation, 109–115 Follicular or eruption cyst, 147 Formoterol for COPD, 316 Fosamprenavir (f-APV) for HIV, 505 Framingham Heart Study, 332 Francisella tularensis, 492 Freckles, 109 Frictional hyperkeratosis, 102–103, 103f Fs XIII and I deficiencies, 420 FTC See Emtricitabine (FTC) FTY 720 for organ transplantation, 468 575 Burket’s Oral Medicine Fungal aspergillosis with HCT, 475f Fungal infections, 494–495 Fungus-infected removable prostheses treatment of, 40 Fusariosis, 496 Fusarium, 496 with organ transplantation, 470 Fusion inhibitors for HIV, 505 FV deficiency, 419 FX deficiency, 419 FXI deficiency, 419 FXII deficiency, 419 G Gabapentin (Neurontin) for AO, 284 for chronic orofacial pain, 25t, 267 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 for PHN, 282 for postherpetic neuralgia, 49 for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Gardner’s syndrome, 151, 361 Gastric ulcers, 349–350 Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) medical aspects of, 346–347 medical management of, 347 oral health considerations, 347 with sialorrhea, 216 Gastrointestinal syndromes, 360–361 Gastrointestinal tract diseases, 345–362 GBV-C, 501–502 Gelclair for oral mucositis, 476 General Health Questionnaire, 273 Generalized anaphylaxis, 457–458 Generalized seizures, 543–545 Genes expression regulation, 553–554 function of, 552–553 transcription of, 552–553 translation of, 553 Genetic code, 550 Genetic diseases and disorders, 554–558 phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in, 566–567 Genetics, 549–568 autoimmune diseases, 564 cancer, 564–565 cardiovascular disease, 564 chronic orofacial pain, 264 endocrine diseases, 564 mental disease, 565 neurodegenerative disease, 565 oral medicine, 567 principles of, 550–552 tests, 556t Genetic variation, 551 Geniculate neuralgia, 281 Geographic tongue, 103–104 Geotrichosis, 496 Geotrichum candidum, 496 GERD See Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) Gestational diabetes mellitus, 512 GH See Growth hormone (GH) Giant cell granuloma (central giant cell lesion), 145, 145f peripheral, 134 Gigantism, 524 Gingiva enlargement of, 135–136, 135f, 136f HSV, 45f HSV-1, 44f medication-induced overgrowth with organ transplantation, 473–474 Gingivitis desquamative soft medication splint for, 70f plasma cell, 56f with type DM, 513f Gingivostomatitis herpetic, 43f with HSV-1, 43 Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia, 422 Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) for MS, 540 Glomangioma, 141 Glomerulonephritis with CRF, 369 Glomus tumor (glomangioma), 141 Glossitis median rhomboid, 81, 81f Glossodynia, 284–285 with DM, 518 Glossopharyngeal nerve examination of, 272t Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 280–281 Glucocorticoid deficiency, 118, 526–527 Glucocorticoids causing adrenal suppression, 353 for MS, 540 for sinusitis, 302 for temporal arteritis, 295 Glucometers, 517 Glucose intolerance with coronary artery disease, 331 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), 390, 390t Glycopyrrolate (Robinul) for sialorrhea, 20t, 216 Gold inducing pigmentation, 125 Gonadal dysfunction dental management of, 529–530, 531–532 oral manifestations of, 531 Gonococcal arthritis, 485 Gonococcal stomatitis, 486 Gonorrhea, 485–486 Gorlin’s cyst, 148, 149–150 Gout with TMJ, 251 G6PD see Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) Graded Chronic Pain Severity scale, 260 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 464–465, 471–472 with HCT, 475, 476f lichenoid reactions of, 89, 95–97, 96f oral, 93 Granular cell tumors, 142, 142f Granulocytopenia, 397 Granulocytosis, 397 Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), 484 Graphite tattoos, 124–125 Graves’ disease, 119, 528, 528f dental management of, 528–529 Growth hormone (GH) deficiency, 520 excess, 523–524, 524f, 525 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 492–493 GVHD See Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Gyne-Lotrimin antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t H HAART See Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Haemophilus influenzae, 306 Hairy leukoplakia (HL), 84–85, 84f, 85t Hairy tongue, 105–106, 106f, 126, 126f Halobetasol (Ultravate) for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Hand foot and mouth (HFM) disease, 49, 305 Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, 144 HAV See Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HBO See Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy HBV See Hepatitis B virus (HBV) HCV See Hepatitis C virus (HCV) HDL See High-density lipoprotein (HDL) HDV See Hepatitis D virus (HDV) Head etiology of, 295–296 malignant disease in AIDS, 176 pain sensitive structures of, 289–290 Headache, 289–296 classification of, 290 postconcussion, 296 symptoms associated with systemic disease, 275t, 290t Health history questionnaire, 3f–4f Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 15 Heart failure, 340–342, 341t cardiac catheterization, 341 chest radiography, 341 electrocardiography, 341 nuclear imaging, 341 TTE, 341 Heart murmurs diseases associated with, 340t Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE), 328 Heart transplantation complications of, 471 pretransplantation considerations, 477 recurrent intraoral herpes in, 474f Heavy-metal pigmentation, 125–126 Heck’s disease, 137 Helicobacter pylori causing duodenal ulcer disease, 350–351 causing peptic ulcer disease, 349 Hemangiomas, 139 Hemarthrosis, 426 Hematocrit, 386t Hematogenous total joint infection patients at potential increased risk of, 32t Hematologic diseases, 385–410 Hematopoiesis process of, 385–386 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for sickle cell disease/anemia, 393 Hemifacial microstomia, 200 Hemochromatosis, 123–124 Hemodialysis, 30 for CRF, 376–378, 377f drugs to avoid with, 382t Hemofiltration (HF), 379 Hemoglobin, 386t mean corpuscular, 386t Hemoglobin and iron-associated pigmentation, 123–124 Hemoglobinopathies, 390–391 Hemolytic jaundice, 357 Hemophilia A, 419, 429f management of, 422 von Willebrand’s disease, 428 Hemophilia B, 419 management of, 422 von Willebrand’s disease, 428–429 Hemorrhage intracranial causing headaches, 295 Hemorrhagic bone cyst, 149 Hemostasis coagulation phase, 413 fibrinolytic phase, 413–414 following vascular injury, 412f laboratory assessment of, 415t mechanisms of, 412–413 Heparin, 420 for PE, 320 Hepatitis alcoholic, 357–358 Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 498–501 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 498–501, 500t with organ transplantation, 470 576 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 498–501, 500t with OLP, 90 with organ transplantation, 470, 471 Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 498–501 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 498–501 Hepatitis G virus (HGV), 498–501, 501–502 Hepatobiliary system diseases, 356–357 Hepatocellular jaundice, 357 Hepatotoxicity drug-induced, 358–359 Hereditary angioedema, 457 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 140f Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 417–418 Herpangina, 49–50, 305 Herpes labialis recurrent, 35, 44f with organ transplantation, 474f Herpes simplex virus (HSV) chronic with organ transplantation, 474f recrudescent oral infection, 43–44 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), 35, 42, 43t clinical manifestations of, 43 differential diagnosis of, 45 etiology of, 42 gingiva, 44f laboratory diagnosis of, 45 management of, 46 multinucleated cells, 46f oral findings, 43–44 with organ transplantation, 470, 474 pain control, 46t pathogenesis of, 42 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), 42, 43t Herpesviridae pathogenic in humans, 43t Herpes zoster, 481 lesions of, 48f Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 43f Herpetic whitlow, 43f HEV See Hepatitis E virus (HEV) HF See Hemofiltration (HF) HFM See Hand foot and mouth (HFM) disease HGV See Hepatitis G virus (HGV) HHT See Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) HHV See Human herpesvirus (HHV) HHV-8 See Human herpesvirus type (HHV-8) Hiatal hernia, 347, 348–349 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 330 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 138 for HIV, 505 HIPAA See Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Histiocytosis X, 144–145 Histoplasma, 307 Histoplasma capsulatum, 496 Histoplasmosis, 72–73, 496 HIV See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HL See Hairy leukoplakia (HL) HMG CoA reductase inhibitors for coronary artery disease, 333 Hodgkin’s disease, 404 Ann Arbor Staging Classification of, 404t of salivary glands, 221 treatment of, 404t Homeostasis hormones effect on, 520 Homocysteine with coronary artery disease, 332 HOPE See Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Hormones endocrine feedback loop regulation, 521f excess amounts of, 523 feedback regulatory systems, 520 measurements of, 522 rhythms of, 520–521 HPTH See Hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) H2 receptor antagonists for GERD, 347 Pharmacology HSCT See Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) HSV See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) HSV-1 See Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) HSV-2 See Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) Human Genome Project, 551 Human herpesvirus (HHV), 43t Human herpesvirus type (HHV-8), 176 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 481, 502–506 diagnosis of, 502–504 epidemiology of, 502 in immunocompromised patients, 44–45 medical management of, 505–506 oral health considerations, 506 pathogenesis of, 504–505 revised classification system for, 503t Humoral immunity, 437 Humoral immunodeficiency, 442 Hydrocodone plus codeine (Vicodin, Lorcet, Lortab, Norco), 24t Hydrocodone plus ibuprofen (Vicoprofen), 24t Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), 23t Hydroxychloroquine for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, 185 Hyperimmunoglobinemia E syndrome, 441 Hyperparathyroidism (HPTH), 368, 370, 372, 374–375, 532–533 dental management of, 534 Hyperplastic candidiasis with kidney transplantation, 475f Hyperplastic pulpitis chronic, 132 Hyperprolactinemia, 522–523 Hypersensitivity reactions, 456–457 Hypertension, 324–329 ambulatory BP monitoring, 326 cardiovascular risk assessment, 326 with coronary artery disease, 331 diagnosis of, 325 electrocardiography, 326, 327f idiopathic intracranial causing headaches, 296 incidence of, 324–325, 324t laboratory testing, 326 lifestyle modification, 325t management of, 326–328 in organ transplantation, 471 physical examination, 326 radiologic testing, 326 risk factor modification, 325 Hypertensive nephrosclerosis with CRF, 369–370 Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease), 119, 528 dental management of, 528–529 Hypnosis for myofascial pain, 246 Hypoadrenocorticism (adrenal insufficiency, glucocorticoid deficiency, or Addison’s disease), 118, 526–527 Hypocalcemia, 533 Hypoglossal nerve examination of, 272t Hypoglycemia, 515–516 determining risk of, 519t factors increasing risk of, 519t managing in dental office, 519, 519t Hypogonadism dental management of, 531 Hypoparathyroidism, 533–534 dental management of, 534 Hyposalivation, 182–183, 183f Hypothyroidism, 528 dental management of, 529 I IASP classification, 268 IBD See Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) IBM See Inclusion body myositis (IBM) Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), 24t for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 22t for VZV, 48 Ibuprofen plus oxycodone (Combunox), 24t ICD See Implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) ICD-10 See International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) Ichthyosis hystrix, 138 Icterus, 357 hemolytic, 357 hepatocellular, 357 obstructive, 357 Idiopathic facial pain classification of, 269–270, 269t Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), 451–453 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension causing headaches, 296 Idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 418 spontaneous gingival bleeding with, 426f Idiopathic pigmentation, 121 IE See Infective endocarditis (IE) IFRT See Involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) IGRT See Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) IHS See International Headache Society (IHS) IIM See Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) IL-11 See Interleukin-11 (IL-11) Illness Behavior Questionnaire, 273 Iloprost for scleroderma, 451 Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) oral cancer, 164 Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin) for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Imipramine (Tofranil) for chronic orofacial pain, 26t Immune system adaptive, 441–442 innate, 441–442 oral cavity, 437 Immunity, 435–436 cell-mediated, 436–437 innate, 436 deficiencies in, 438 Immunocompromised patients antibiotic therapies for, 25–30 HIV, 44–45 Immunodeficiency, 437 humoral, 442 oral complications in, 438t Immunoglobulins decrease in, 440–441 for IIM, 453 Immunologic diseases, 435–459 Immunopathologic diseases oral mucosa, 89–98 Immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 300 Implanted biventricular pacemakers for heart failure, 342 Implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) for heart failure, 342 Imuran, 466t for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for GVHD, 475 for IIM, 453 in organ transplantation, 467, 469 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 35t for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 Inclusion body myositis (IBM), 451–453 Indinavir for HIV, 505 Indomethacin for CPH, 295 577 Burket’s Oral Medicine Infection bacterial diagnosis of, 482–493 with organ transplantation, 473 chlamydial, 492–493 dental-alveolar in immunocompromised patients, 26–30 fungal, 494–495 hematogenous total joint patients at potential increased risk of, 32t oral diagnosis of, 481–482, 482f recrudescent oral HSV, 43–44 recurrent herpes simplex virus with DM, 518 rickettsial, 493–494 salivary gland medications for, 17 upper respiratory viral, 297 viral, 498–499 viral upper respiratory, 297 Infectious diseases, 481–507 oral mucosa, 79–85 Infective endocarditis (IE), 31–32 with hemodialysis, 379 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 352 Inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 117 Inflammatory/reactive hyperplasia of soft tissue, 130–131, 131f Infliximab for RA, 455 Informed consent, 14–15 Injectable corticosteroids for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Innate immune system, 441–442 Innate immunity, 436 deficiencies in, 438 INR See International normalized ratio (INR) Insulin common regimens, 515t types of, 515t Insulin resistance syndrome, 511 Interferon-alpha for HCV, 500 for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 Interferon-alpha2b for HBV, 500 Interferon-beta1 for MS, 540 Interferon-beta1b for MS, 540 Interleukin-11 (IL-11) for mucositis, 181 International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), International Headache Society (IHS) headache classification, 290, 290t International normalized ratio (INR), 415–416, 415t and dental care, 336 International Prognostic Index for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 175t International Prognostic Index for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 175t Intestines disorders of, 350–315 Intracranial hemorrhage causing headaches, 295 Intraoral papillomatosis, 137–138 Intraoral sebaceous carcinoma, 162 Intravenous antibiotics for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Introns, 552 Involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) for Hodgkin’s disease, 404 for NHL, 406f Ipratropium bromide for COPD, 316 Iron deficiency anemia, 388–389 Irritation fibroma, 131f ITP See Idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Itraconazole (Sporanox), 83t for histoplasmosis, 73 for oral candidiasis, 39t J Jaffe’s type dysplasia, 143 Jaundice (icterus), 357 hemolytic, 357 hepatocellular, 357 obstructive, 357 Jaw jerk reflex, 228 silent period, 230 Jaw-opening reflex, 228 Jaws benign nonodontogenic tumors of, 151–152 cysts of, 147 malignant lesions of, 173–174 metastases of primary malignancies from elsewhere in the body, 174 osteonecrosis of prevention of, 409t primary SCC of, 174 Job’s syndrome, 441, 441f Juvenile dermatomyositis, 451–453 K Kaposi sarcoma, 176f, 177f Kenalog for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Keratitis, 42 Keratoacanthoma, 139 Keratocyst odontogenic, 147–148, 148f Ketoconazole (Nizoral) antifungal agents for, 83t for histoplasmosis, 73 for oral candidiasis, 39t Ketoprofen (Oruvail) for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 22t Ketorolac (Toradol) for orofacial pain, 22t Kidneys fluids, electrolytes, and PH homeostasis, 365 structure and function of, 363–364, 364f, 364t Kidney transplantation HSV of tongue, 45f pretransplantation considerations, 477 Killian-Pallister mosaic syndrome, 559t Klebsiella pneumoniae, 306 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 558 Klonopin for AO, 284 for BMS, 285 for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for dyskinesias, 254 for myofascial pain, 246 Koplik’s spots, 305 Kuttner’s tumor, 205 L Laboratory tests efficacy, patient evaluation, 6–7 predictive value, sensitivity, Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome, 200 LAD See Linear IgA disease (LAD) LADD See Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome Lamictal for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Lamivudine for HBV, 500 for HIV, 505 for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 Lamotrigine (Lamictal) for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Langerhans’ cell disease, 144–145 Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (Langerhans’ cell disease, Histiocytosis X), 144–145 Lansoprazole for GERD, 347 Large cell carcinomas of lungs, 320 Laryngeal edema, 458 Laryngitis, 303–304 Laryngotracheobronchitis, 303–304 Laser therapy for mucocutaneous melanosis, 121 Lateral periodontal cyst (botryoid odontogenic cyst), 148, 149f Latex allergy, 458–459 Laugier-Hunziker pigmentation, 121 Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, 121 LCR See Lichenoid contact reactions (LCR) LDL See Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Lead inducing pigmentation, 125–126 Leflunomide for RA, 455 Left ventricular ischemia electrocardiography, 327f Legionella, 307 Lente, 515 LEOPARD syndrome, 120 Lepromatous leprosy, 489f Leprosy, 488–489 Lesions acute multiple, 42–57 benign fibro-osseous, 143 benign soft tissue, 130–131 bullous, 41–75 chronic multiple, 62–70 lupus, 97f neurogenic, 141 oral medications for, 32–35 premalignant, 85–89 red and white tissue of oral mucosa, 77–106 reactions, 77, 78f skin, 62f ulcerative, 41–75 vascular, 139–140 vesicular, 41–75 Letterer-Siwe disease, 144 Leukemia, 400–403 acute, 400–402 chronic, 401–403 Leukocyte disorders qualitative, 399–400 quantitative, 397–399 Leukoedema, 104–105, 106f Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) for asthma, 314 Lichenoid contact reactions (LCR), 89, 89f, 99–100 with amalgam crown, 101f with Swedish snuff, 101f Lichen planus-associated pigment, 117f Lidocaine (Lidoderm patch) for cluster headache, 294 for oral mucositis, 476 for orofacial pain, 28t for PHN, 282 Lidoderm patch for cluster headache, 294 for oral mucositis, 476 for orofacial pain, 28t for PHN, 282 Lifestyle with coronary artery disease, 331 Limited cutaneous scleroderma, 447 See also Scleroderma 578 Linear IgA disease (LAD), 69–70 Lioresal for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for dyskinesias, 254 for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Lipoma, 142–143, 143f Lisch nodules, 120 Lithium for cluster headache, 286, 294 Lithotripsy for salivary stones, 202 Liver cirrhosis, 359–360 from hepatitis C infection, 427f Liver disease, 421 related to coagulopathies, 425 Liver failure medications for, 478t Localized anaphylaxis, 457 Localized sclerodema, 447 Lopinavir+ritonavir (LPV/r) for HIV, 505 Loratadine for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 300 Lorcet, 24t Lortab, 24t Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 330 Low-energy helium-neon laser for mucositis, 181 Lower airway disease, 305–310 Lower digestive tract diseases, 349–360 LPV/r See Lopinavir+ritonavir (LPV/r) LTRA See Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) Lumbar puncture causing headaches, 295 Lung cancer, 320–321 Lung transplantation pretransplantation considerations, 477 Lupus erythematosus, 96–98, 98f, 98t Lupus lesions, 97f Lyells disease, 53, 55 Lymphangioma, 139–141 Lymphocytosis, 399–400 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 493 Lymphoma, 404 See also Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of salivary glands, 221 Lyrica for AO, 284 for chronic orofacial pain, 25t, 267 M Macroadenoma pituitary, 523f Macrocytosis, 394 Macules, 42 Maddrey discriminate function, 358 Maffuci’s syndrome, 151 Malabsorption oral effects of, 355 Maligna melanoma, 113 Malignant melanoma, 113–115, 114f, 115f, 174 Malignant nephrosclerosis with CRF, 370 Malocclusion with TMD, 230 MALT See Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) lymphoma Mandibles dysfunction following oral cancer treatment, 186 range of movement, 229 Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome), 200 MAP See Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) Masseteric temporal nerve, 228 Masseter muscles, 226f palpation of, 271 Mastication following oral cancer treatment, 185 Pharmacology Masticatory muscles hyperactivity with TMD, 230–232 myofascial pain of, 242 May-Hegglin anomaly, 418 Mazabraud disease, 120 McCune-Albright syndrome, 120, 143 McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), 260, 261f MCS See Medical Complexity Status (MCS) MCTD See Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) MCV See Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) MDRD See Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, 386t Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 386t, 394 Measles, 305 Mechanical trauma reactions to, 101–103 Mechanical ventilation for bronchiolitis, 311 Median rhomboid glossitis, 81, 81f Medical Complexity Status (MCS), 11t, 12 Medically complex patients dental care modification for, 12 Medication-induced gingival overgrowth with organ transplantation, 473–474, 473f Medications anticoagulant for bleeding and clotting disorders, 430–431 and dental care, 335–336, 336–337 anticonvulsant for chronic orofacial pain, 26t antidepressant for chronic orofacial pain, 26t, 27t antifungal, 38–40 systemic, 39, 39t topical, 39 antiplatelet, 335t antithrombin, 335t antiviral, 35–38 topical, 37t anxiolytic for chronic orofacial pain, 26t, 27t cholesterol-lowering, 331t combination NSAID-opiate analgesic, 24t extended release opiate analgesic, 23t muscle relaxant for chronic orofacial pain, 27t opiate analgesic, 23t extended release, 23t for OFP, 21 topical antifungal for oral candidiasis, 38t, 39 Medicinal metal-induced pigmentation, 125 Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, 394–395 Melanin, 108–109 alcohol, 117 smoking, 117 Melanoacanthoma, 111f Melanocytes, 108–109 Melanocytic nevus, 111–113, 112f Melanoma nodular, 113 Melanosis alcoholic, 117 associated with systemic or genetic disease, 118–119 drug-induced, 116–117, 116f HIV/AIDS associated, 120 Melanotic macule, 110f Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, 142 Melasma (chloasma), 117–118, 117f Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, 200 Meloxicam (Mobic) for orofacial pain, 22t MEN See Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome Mendelian diseases and disorders, 556–557 Mendelian rules, 550 Meningitis meningococcal, 486 Meningococcal meningitis, 486 Mental disease genetics, 565 with orofacial pain, 277 Meperidine (Demerol), 23t Mercury inducing pigmentation, 125–126 Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors, 150–151 Metaxalone (Skelaxin) for chronic orofacial pain, 27t Metformin for DM, 514 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 306 Methotrexate for IIM, 453 for RA, 455 Methylprednisolone for MS, 540 Methylsergide for cluster headache, 286, 294 Metronidazole for Clostridium difficile, 356 MG See Myasthenia gravis (MG) Miconazole antifungal agents for, 83t Microcystic hypochromic anemia with uremic syndrome, 371 Microstomia, 72 hemifacial, 200 Migraine, 286–287, 290–293 clinical findings, 291–292 epidemiology of, 290–291 management of, 292–293 medications for, 293t neuronal theory of, 291 pathogenesis of, 291f pathophysiology of, 291 staged treatment of, 292t vascular theory of, 291 Mikulicz’s disease (benign lymphoepithelial lesion), 210–211 Millon Behavioral Health Inventory, 273 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 273 Minocycline inducing pigmentation, 126 for MMP, 69 Mitochondrial diseases and disorders, 558 Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) for MS, 540 Mitral regurgitation (MR), 337 Mitral stenosis, 337 Mitral valve disease, 337–338 Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 337 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 443t, 456 Mixed odontogenic tumors, 151 MM See Multiple myeloma (MM) MMF See Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, Cellcept) MMP See Mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid, MMP) MMPI See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Mobic for orofacial pain, 22t Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 368 Moist snuff oral cancer with, 102f reactions to, 100–101 Molluscum contagiosum, 138–139 Monoclonal antibody (Belatacept) complicating organ transplantation, 470 for organ transplantation, 468 Morhea of face, 448f Morphine topical for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186 Morphine sulfate ER (MS Contin Oromorph), 23t Morsicatio, 101–102 579 Burket’s Oral Medicine Motrin, 24t for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 22t for VZV, 48 Mouthwashes for dry mouth, 214 OSCC, 154 MPD See Myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) MPQ See McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) MR See Mitral regurgitation (MR) MRSA See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) MS See Morphine sulfate ER (MS Contin Oromorph) Mucocutaneous melanosis etiology of, 115t treatment of, 121–122 Mucocutaneous pigmentation, 116t Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands, 219–220 Mucor, 494 Mucormycosis (phycomycosis, zygomycosis), 74–75, 74f, 496–498 Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 174 Mucositis, 476f with oral cancer, 178–182, 178f, 179f, 182t Mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid, MMP), 67–69, 67f, 68f, 69f Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP), 260 Multifactorial diseases and disorders, 558–559 Multifocal/diffuse pigmentation, 115–118, 115f Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, 141 Multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome, 131–132, 361 Multiple lesions chronic, 62–70 Multiple myeloma (MM), 174, 407–408, 408f Multiple sclerosis, 539–540 Mumps (paramyxovirus or epidemic parotitis), 205–206, 206f Muromonab-CD3, 466t in organ transplantation, 467 Muscle relaxant medications for chronic orofacial pain, 27t Muscle relaxation splints for myofascial pain, 244–245, 245f Muscle spasms, 230–232 Muscle tumors, 143 Mutations, 554 MVP See Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) Myasthenia gravis (MG), 546–547 Mycelex antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t Mycobacterial diseases, 486–487 Mycobacterium leprae, 488–489 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 307, 487–488 Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, Cellcept), 466t complicating organ transplantation, 469–470 in organ transplantation, 467 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 36 for SLE, 446 Mycoses oral manifestations of, 495t Mycostatin antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t Mylohyoid muscles palpation of, 271 Myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary glands, 221 Myoepithelioma of salivary glands, 218–219 Myofascial pain, 242–244 behavioral therapy and relaxation techniques for, 246–247 CBT, 246 education and information for, 243, 244t initial treatment of, 243t intraoral appliances for, 244 pharmacotherapy for, 245–246 self-care and habit reversal, 243 trigger point therapy for, 247 Myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD), 241 Myositis proliferative, 134–135 Myospasms, 230–232 Myxoma odontogenic, 150, 150f N Nabumetone (Relafen) for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for orofacial pain, 22t Naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox) for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 22t Nasoalveolar (nasolabial) cyst, 149 Nasolabial, 149 Nasopalatine canal cyst, 148–149 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 174 Neck malignant disease in AIDS, 176 Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 172–173, 203 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), 51–53 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP), 51–53 Nedocromil for asthma, 314 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 481, 485–486 Nelfinavir (NFV) for HIV, 505 Neoplasia syndrome, 131–132, 361 Nephrons, 364, 364f Nephrosclerosis hypertensive with CRF, 369–370 malignant with CRF, 370 Nephrotic syndrome with CRF, 369 Nerve trunk pain classification of, 269t Nervous intermedius (geniculate) neuralgia, 281 Neuralgia cranial classification of, 269t facial, 279–282 glossopharyngeal, 280–281 nervous intermedius (geniculate), 281 occipital, 281 postherpetic, 47, 281–282 trigeminal, 279–280 with MS, 540–541 Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis, 270 Neurodegenerative disease genetics, 565 Neurofibroma, 141 Neurofibromatosis type I, 120, 141–142 Neurogenic lesions, 141 Neuromas oral mucosa, 141 Neuromuscular diseases, 537–547 Neurontin for AO, 284 for chronic orofacial pain, 25t, 267 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 for PHN, 282 for postherpetic neuralgia, 49 for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Neuropathic orofacial pain, 21 treatment guidelines for, 21f Neuropathic pain post-traumatic, 282–283 Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH), 515 Neutropenia chronic, 398 classification of, 397t cyclic, 398 lesions in, 52f Neutropenia/granulocytopenia, 397 Neutropenic cancer patients, 30 Neutrophils, 441 Nevirapine (NVP) for HIV, 505 Newborn screening programs genetic disorders in, 556t NFV See Nelfinavir (NFV) NF-V, 501–502 NHL See Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) Nicomide for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 37t Nicotinamide (Nicomide) for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 37t Nitrates for coronary artery disease, 333 Nitroglycerin for heart failure, 341 Nizoral antifungal agents for, 83t for histoplasmosis, 73 for oral candidiasis, 39t NNRTI See Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) Nocardia, 307 Nociceptive orofacial pain, 21 Nodular fasciitis, 134–135 Nodular melanoma, 113 Nodules, 42 Non-Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia, 439–440 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 174, 405–406, 406f Ann Arbor Staging Classification of, 404t of salivary glands, 221 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) for HIV, 505 Nonodontogenic cysts, 148–149 Nonopioid analgesics for chronic orofacial pain, 266–267 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) causing peptic ulcer disease, 349 for chronic orofacial pain, 266–267 for myofascial pain, 245–246 for OFP, 21, 22t for RA, 455 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-opiate analgesic medications combination, 24t Noonan’s syndrome, 120 Norco, 24t Nortriptyline (Pamelor) for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for PHN, 282 Novantrone for MS, 540 NPC See Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) NPH See Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) NRTI See Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) NSAID See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) for HIV, 505 NUG See Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) NUP See Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) Nurses’ Health Study, 332 Nutrition following oral cancer treatment, 185 NVP See Nevirapine (NVP) Nystat antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t Nystatin (Nystat, Mycostatin) antifungal agents for, 83t for oral candidiasis, 38t 580 O Obesity with coronary artery disease, 332 Obstructive jaundice (cholestasis), 357 Occipital neuralgia, 281 Ochronosis exogenous, 121 Oculomotor nerve examination of, 272t Odontogenic cyst calcifying, 148, 149–150 Odontogenic cysts, 147–148 Odontogenic keratocyst, 147–148, 148f Odontogenic myxoma, 150, 150f Odontogenic tumors, 149 epithelial, 149–150 mesenchymal, 150–151 mixed, 151 squamous, 150 Odontomas compound and complex, 151 OFP See Orofacial pain (OFP) OHCP See Oral health care professionals (OHCP) OHL See Oral hair leukoplakia (OHL) OKT3, 470 Olfactory nerve examination of, 272t Ollier’s disease, 151 OLP See Oral lichen planus (OLP) OM See Oral mucositis (OM) Omalizumab for asthma, 314 OMAS See Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) Omeprazole for GERD, 347 OMIM See Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man (OMIM) Oncocytoma of salivary glands, 218 Oncovin (vincristine) for NHL, 406 Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man (OMIM), 556–557 Opana ER, 23t Opiate analgesic medications, 23t extended release, 23t for OFP, 21 Opiate and combination opiate-NSAID analgesics, 23–24 Opioids for chronic orofacial pain, 267 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 Optic nerve examination of, 272t Orabase for RAS, 60 Oral allergy syndrome, 459 Oral antibiotics for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Oral cancer, 153–189 chemotherapy of, 169–170 combined radiation and surgery of, 170–171 gene therapy of, 171 immunotherapy of, 171 IMRT, 167f pretreatment oral and dental assessment, 176–177 prevention of, 172 prognosis of, 171–172 prognostic histopathologic markers of, 172 radiation therapy of, 163–168 with smokeless tobacco, 102f surgery of, 163 treatment complications, 177–187 treatment of, 163–171 Oral candidiasis, 79–80 antifungal agents for, 83t associated with HIV, 81, 82f classification of, 79t Pharmacology clinical findings of, 79–90 clinical manifestations of, 82 diagnosis and laboratory findings, 82 with DM, 518 epidemiology of, 79 etiology and pathogenesis of, 79 local predisposing factors for, 79t management of, 82–83 Oral cavity benign lesions of, 129–152 immune system, 437 Oral hair leukoplakia (OHL) with organ transplantation, 474 Oral health care professionals (OHCP) recognizing gastrointestinal tract diseases, 345–346 Oral hygiene for dry mouth, 214 Oral hypersensitivity reactions, 55–56 Oral infections diagnosis of, 481–482, 482f Oral/labial melanotic macule, 109–110 Oral lesions medications for, 32–35 Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, 85–87, 85f, 86f clinical findings of, 85–87 diagnosis of, 87 epidemiology of, 85 etiology and pathogenesis of, 85 management of, 87f, 88 Oral lichen planus (OLP), 85, 89–95, 90f clinical findings of, 90–91 clinical manifestation of, 91–92 diagnosis of, 92–93 etiology and pathogenesis of, 89–90 management of, 93–95 pathology of, 93 Oral medicine consultations, 12–13 results of, 13 types of, 12–13 Oral melanoacanthoma, 110–111 Oral mucosa allergic reactions, 99 immunopathologic diseases, 89–98 infectious diseases, 79–85 lesions associated with discoloration, 109t neuromas, 141 pigmented lesions, 107–126 premalignant lesions, 85–89 red and white tissue lesions, 77–106 red and white tissue reactions, 77, 78f toxic reactions, 100–101 Oral mucositis (OM), 476 Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS), 178 Oral positioning device, 166f Oral purpura/petechiae, 123t Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 153–162, 159f diagnostic aids, 159–160, 160f epidemiology of, 153–154 etiology and risk factors of, 154 histopathology of, 162 imaging of, 160–162, 160f–161f nutritional factors, 154 pathogenesis of, 155–157, 155f presenting signs and symptoms, 157–159, 158f staging of, 170t tissue specimen, 162 Oral submucous fibrosis, 87–88, 88f Oral ulcers recurring, 57–58 Organ transplantation, 30 antimicrobial medication for, 469 blood and tissue typing for, 465 classification of, 462–463 complications of, 469 cyclosporine analogues, 465–466 dental management of, 476–477, 477t HCT complications, 471–472 immunology of, 463–464 immunosuppression, 465 immunosuppression-induced complications of, 470–471 immunosuppressive agents, 466t indications for, 464, 464t medical management of, 464–465 medication-induced complications of, 469–470 newer immunosuppressive strategies, 468 oral health considerations of, 473–474 oral lesions in, 473–474 post-transplantation considerations, 478–479 pretransplantation considerations, 477–478 prognosis of, 472–473, 472t rejection of, 464t, 469 types of, 463t waiting lists for, 462t Ornamental tattoos, 125 Orofacial pain (OFP), 91f, 92f, 257–287 See also Chronic orofacial pain absence on physical explanation for symptoms, 276 analgesics for, 22–23 anatomical considerations of, 258–259 classification of, 268–269, 268t definition of, 257–258 diagnosis and management of, 279–287 differential diagnosis of, 269t history of, 270 measurement of, 259–260 medications for, 20–22 neuropathic, 21 treatment guidelines for, 21f nociceptive, 21 oral symptoms out of proportion to recognized oral lesions, 276–278 of psychological origin, 277t quantitative sensory training (QST), 262 response to unexplained symptoms, 276 symptoms associated with systemic disease, 275–276, 275t Oromandibular dystonia, 254 Oromorph, 23t Orthopedic joint patients antibiotic prophylaxis for, 32t Oruvail for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 22t OSCC See Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia), 140f Ossifying fibroma, 134f, 143–144, 144f Osteitis deformans, 146–147 Osteoarthritis of TMJ, 249–250 Osteoblastoma, 151 Osteoid osteoma, 151 Osteomalacia, 534–535, 534f Osteomas, 151 osteoid, 151 Osteonecrosis bisphosphonate-associated, 184–185, 409f, 409t with oral cancer, 184 postradiation, 184, 185f classification of, 182t Osteosarcoma, 173 Otitis media, 300–301 Ovarian failure premature, 531 Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) for chronic orofacial pain, 26t Oxycodone (Roxicodone), 23t Oxycodone ER (OxyContin), 23t Oxycodone plus acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet, Endocet, Tylox), 24t OxyContin, 23t Oxygen for cluster headache, 286, 294 for COPD, 317 for PE, 320 Oxymorphone ER (Opana ER), 23t 581 Burket’s Oral Medicine P Pacemakers implanted biventricular for heart failure, 342 permanent, 344 Paget’s disease of bone (osteitis deformans), 146–147 Pain, 233, 260, 260t, 268, 290 See also Chronic orofacial pain; Myofascial pain; Orofacial pain (OFP) characteristics of, 270t chronic pain syndrome, 263, 283 deafferentation classification of, 269t following oral cancer treatment, 186–188, 187t, 188t idiopathic facial classification of, 269–270, 269t nerve trunk classification of, 269t observable behaviors, 262t post-traumatic neuropathic, 282–283 vascular, 285 Pain-Adaptation Model, 232 Pain diary for TMD, 237 Pain disorder, 277 Palisaded encapsulated neuroma, 141 Pamelor for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for PHN, 282 Pamidronate for CPRS, 283 Papilla of kidneys, 364 Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum of salivary glands, 218 Papillary squamous carcinoma, 162 Papillomatosis intraoral, 137–138 Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, 557 Papules, 42 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 497 Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis), 497 Paramyxovirus, 205–206, 206f Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNPP), 65–66, 65f, 66f Paraneoplastic syndromes, 175–176 Paranoia with orofacial pain, 277 Parathyroid gland disorders dental management of, 534 oral manifestations of, 533 Parkinson’s disease, 545–546 Parotid glands, 191f agenesis of, 200 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 389–390 Patau’s syndrome, 559t Patient evaluation, 1–16 establishing diagnosis, 8–9 laboratory studies, 6–7 medical history, 2–3 medical referral (consultation) procedure, 9–10 medical risk assessment, 10–11 patient examination, 7–8 ROS, 4–5 supplementary examination procedures, 5–6 Patient history, 10 Patient records confidentiality of, 14–15 PCI See Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) PDE4 inhibitors for asthma, 314 PE See Pulmonary embolism (PE) Peakless insulin, 515 Pemphigus vegetans, 66, 66f Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 62–65, 63f, 64f, 65f medications for, 33–34 Penciclovir (Denavir), 37–38 for recurrent oral herpes, 37t Penicillin VK (V-Cillin K, Veetids) for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Penicilliosis, 497–498 Penicillium marneffei, 497–498 Pentazocine for chronic orofacial pain, 267 Pentoxifylline for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for RAS, 60 for severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis prevention, 34t Peptic ulcer disease, 349–350 Percocet, 24t Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary artery disease, 333 Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for coronary artery disease, 333 Periapical cyst, 147, 147f Periodontal cyst lateral, 148, 149f Periodontal disorders with DM, 518 with organ transplantation, 473 with type DM, 513f, 514f Peripheral giant cell granuloma, 134 Peripheral ossifying fibroma, 133–134 Peritoneal dialysis for CRF, 378–379, 378f Permanent pacemakers, 344 Pernicious anemia, 394–395 Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 273 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 119, 119f, 361 PFA-100 See Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100) Phagocyte deficiencies, 438 Pharmacogenomics, 565–566 Pharmacology, 17–40 Pharyngitis, 304–305 streptococcal, 305 Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 305 Phenacetin nephrotoxicity of, 382 Phenelzine for migraine, 287 Phenytoin for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Pheochromocytoma, 526 Phycomycosis, 74–75, 74f, 496–498 Physical examination, 10 Physical therapy for IIM, 453 for myofascial pain, 243–244 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 for sialorrhea, 216 Physicians’ Health Study, 332 PI See Protease inhibitors (PI) Pigmentation drug-induced, 126 endogenous, 108–109 exogenous, 124–125 focal melanocytic, 109–115 heavy-metal, 125–126 hemoglobin and iron-associated, 123–124 idiopathic, 121 medicinal metal-induced, 125 mucocutaneous, 116t multifocal/diffuse, 115–116, 115f oral mucosa, 107–126 Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Salagen) for dry mouth, 215 for hyposalivation, 182 for salivary hypofunction, 20t for Sjogren’s syndrome, 212 Pimozide for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Pindborg tumor, 150 Pioglitazone for DM, 514 Piroxicam for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for myofascial pain, 246 Pituitary disorders oral manifestation of, 524–525 Pituitary glands, 523 Pituitary macroadenoma, 523f Plasma cell gingivitis, 56f Plasma exchange therapy for platelet disorders, 422 Plasma fibrinogen with coronary artery disease, 332 Platelet count bleeding and clotting disorders, 414 Platelet disorders, 427–428 acquired, 418 classification of, 417t management of, 422 Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100), 414 Platelet function tests bleeding and clotting disorders, 414–415 Plavix, 418 Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary glands, 217–218 Plummer-Vinson disease (sideropenic anemia), 389 OSCC, 154–155 PM See Polymyositis (PM) Pneumococcal vaccine, 308 Pneumocystis carinii with organ transplantation, 470 Pneumonia, 306–309, 308f classification of, 307 clinical and laboratory findings of, 307 diagnosis of, 307–308 intervention studies of, 310t management of, 308–309 oral health considerations of, 309 pathophysiology of, 307 prognosis of, 309 PNH See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) PNPP See Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNPP) Polycystic renal disease with CRF, 369 Polycythemia vera, 387 Polymyositis (PM), 443t, 451–453 Gottron’s papules, 452f Posaconazole for mucormycosis (phycomycosis), 75 Postconcussion headaches, 296 Postherpetic neuralgia, 47, 281–282 Postinflammatory (inflammatory) hyperpigmentation, 117 Postradiation osteonecrosis (PRON), 184, 185f classification of, 182t Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), 469, 471 Post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 282–283 Pott’s puff tumors, 303 PPI See Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) Pravastatin for organ transplantation, 468 Precocious puberty dental management of, 531 Predictive value of laboratory tests, Prednisone (Deltasone) for cluster headache, 286 for NHL, 406 for pemphigus vulgaris, 65 for Sjogren’s syndrome, 212–213 for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t Pregabalin (Lyrica) for AO, 284 for chronic orofacial pain, 25t, 267 Pregestational diabetes mellitus, 512 Pregnancy epulis, 133 Premalignant lesions, 85–89 Premature ovarian failure, 531 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 119 Primary immunodeficiency, 437–441 Primaxin for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t 582 Problem-oriented record, 13–14 Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 447 See also Scleroderma with CRF, 370 Proliferative myositis, 134–135 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL), 86, 86f PRON See Postradiation osteonecrosis (PRON) Propantheline for sialorrhea, 216 Prophylactic antibiotics for immunocompromised patients, 30 Propoxyphene napsylate, 24t Propranolol for migraine, 287 Prostheses fungus-infected removable treatment of, 40 Prosthetic heart valves, 339 anticoagulants, 339t Prosthetic joints patients, 31 Protease inhibitors (PI) for HIV, 505 Proteinuria renal disease, 365–366 Prothrombin time (PT), 415–416, 415t Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for GERD, 347 Pseudomembranous candidiasis, 79–80, 80f with organ transplantation, 475f Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, 356 Pseudomonas, 494 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 306 Psoralen for GVHD, 475 for vitiligo, 122 PSS See Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) PT See Prothrombin time (PT) PTCA See Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) PTDM See Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) Pterygoid muscles, 227, 227f palpation of, 271 Puberty delayed dental management of, 531 precocious dental management of, 531 Pulmonary embolectomy for PE, 320 Pulmonary embolism (PE), 319–320 Pulmonary neoplasm, 320–321, 321f Pulpitis hyperplastic chronic, 132 Pulp polyps, 132, 133f Purified protein derivative testing, 487t Purpura, 42 Purpura/petechiae, 123 Pustules, 42 PV See Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) PVL See Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) Pyelonephritis with CRF, 369 Pyogenic granuloma, 133, 134f Pyostomatitis vegetans, 353 Q 13q syndrome, 559t 18q syndrome, 559t Qualitative leukocyte disorders, 399–400 Qualitative T-cell defects, 439 Quantitative leukocyte disorders, 397–399 QVAR oral inhaler for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t R RA See Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Radiation therapy-related mucositis with oral cancer, 180 Pharmacology Radicular (periapical) cyst, 147, 147f Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 299 Radioimmunotherapy for NHL, 406f Ramipril for hypertension, 328 Rapamycin, 466t complicating organ transplantation, 469 in organ transplantation, 467 RAS See Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) RAST See Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) Raynaud’s phenomenon, 446, 448 RBC See Red blood cell (RBC) RDC See Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Recessive diseases, 557 REcirculating DialYsis System (REDY), 379 Recombinant enzyme deoxyribonuclease therapy for CF, 319 Recrudescent oral HSV infection, 43–44, 44 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 57–60, 58f, 59f, 60f medications for, 32–33 Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL), 35, 44f with organ transplantation, 474f Recurrent herpes simplex virus infections with DM, 518 Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex virus (RIH), 44–45, 44f Recurrent oral herpes systemic antiviral drugs for, 19t Recurring oral ulcers, 57–62 Red and white tissue lesions of oral mucosa, 77–106 reactions, 77, 78f Red blood cell (RBC), 386t disorders, 386–396 laboratory tests for, 386t REDY See REcirculating DialYsis System (REDY) Reflex splinting, 230–232 Regional intravenous blockades for CPRS, 283 Reiter’s syndrome with TMJ, 251 Relafen for chronic orofacial pain, 266 for orofacial pain, 22t Renal disease, 363–383, 425 biopsy of, 365 creatinine clearance test, 365 CT, 365 diagnostic procedures in, 365–366 drug therapy for, 381t intravenous pyelography, 365 laboratory changes in progressive, 365t manifestations of, 370–375 MRI, 365 oral health considerations, 379–382 serum chemistry of, 365 treatment of, 383t ultrasonography of, 365 urinalysis, 365–366 Renal failure, 365–370 See also Chronic renal failure (CRF) acute, 363, 365–366 medications for, 478t Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, 417–418 Repaglinide for DM, 514 Reproduction hormones effect on, 520 Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), 233, 268, 273 Respiratory diseases, 559–563 Respiratory tract diseases, 297–322 Reversible ischemic neurologic defect (RIND), 537–538 Review of systems (ROS), 4–5 Reye’s syndrome, 48 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 443t, 453–456, 454f ACR classification scheme of, 446t clinical manifestations of, 454 dental management of, 455–456 etiology of, 453–454 genetic factors, 453 immune factors, 453–454 infectious agents, 454 laboratory evaluation of, 455 oral candidiasis, 454f oral manifestations of, 454–455 pathogenesis of, 453–454 subtypes of, 453 of TMJ, 250–251 Rhinoconjunctivitis allergic, 297–300 Rhinoviruses, 297 RHL See Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) Ribavirin for bronchiolitis, 311 for HCV, 500 Rickets, 534–535 Rickettsia akari, 494 Rickettsial infections, 493–494 Rickettsialpox, 494 Rickettsia rickettsii, 493 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, 493–494 RIH See Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex virus (RIH) RIND See Reversible ischemic neurologic defect (RIND) Ritonavir (RTV) for HIV, 505 Rituximab for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 for SLE, 446 Robinul for sialorrhea, 20t, 216 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 493 ROS See Review of systems (ROS) Rosiglitazone for DM, 514 Roxicet, 24t Roxicodone, 23t RTV See Ritonavir (RTV) S Salagen for dry mouth, 215 for hyposalivation, 182 for salivary hypofunction, 20t for Sjogren’s syndrome, 212 Saliva artificial, 214 collection of, 194–195 physiology of, 192 Salivary ducts accessory, 201 Salivary gland disease, 191–221 after HCT, 476, 477f clinical examination, 193–194 diagnosis of, 192–193 medical history, 193 medications for, 17–20 symptoms of, 193 Salivary glands, 191f aberrant, 200–201 anatomy and physiology of, 191–192 bacterial sialadenitis of, 208–209 benign tumors of, 217–219 biopsy of, 199–200 CMV infection of, 206–207 CT of, 197–199 developmental abnormalities of, 200–202 diverticuli of, 201 external beam radiation-induced pathology of, 203–204, 204f FNA biopsy of, 200 granulomatous conditions of, 213–214 hepatitis C infection of, 208 HIV infection of, 207–208, 207f 583 Burket’s Oral Medicine Hodgkin’s disease of, 221 imaging of, 195, 195t immune conditions of, 210–211 inflammatory and reactive lesions of, 203 internal radiation-induced pathology of, 204–205 malignant tumors of, 172–173, 219–220 prognosis of, 173 staging of, 172t treatment of, 173 medication induced dysfunction of, 210, 210t medications for hyperfunction, 19 hypofunction, 17 infection, 17 metabolic conditions with, 209–210 MRI of, 197–199 mucoceles of, 202, 203f PET of, 199 plain-film radiography, 195 pleomorphic adenoma of, 199f protection during head and neck radiotherapy, 19 radionuclide imaging of, 197 ranula of, 203 serologic evaluation of, 200 sublingual ranula, 202f systemic conditions with, 209–210 technetium 99m pertechnetate scintigraphy of, 197, 198f tumors of, 194, 217–218 ultrasonography of, 197, 197f viral diseases of, 205–206 Salivary stones, 201–202 Salmeterol for COPD, 316 Sal-Tropine for sialorrhea, 20t, 216 Saquinavir (SQV) for HIV, 505 Sarcoidosis of salivary glands, 213–214 SC See Synovial chondromatosis (SC) Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, 331 Schwannoma, 141 SCID See Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Scleroderma, 447–451, 451f clinical manifestations of, 449–450, 449f cutaneous, 446 cutaneous manifestations of, 449 dental management of, 451 etiology and pathology, 448 laboratory evaluation and diagnosis of, 450 musculoskeletal manifestations of, 449–450 oral manifestations of, 450 treatment of, 450–451 Sclerosis systemic, 443t SCL-90-R See Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R) Scopalamine transdermal patch for sialorrhea, 216 Screening questions for, 273t for systemic disease6, 6–7 Screening questionnaires self-administered, 2, 3f–4f Scrub typhus, 493–494 Scurvy, 416 Sebaceous adenoma of salivary glands, 219 Sebaceous carcinoma intraoral, 162 Secondary immunodeficiencies, 441–442 Seizure disorders, 542–543 Seizures generalized, 543–545 Selective immunoglobulin deficiencies, 441 Self-administered screening questionnaires, 2, 3f–4f Sensitivity of laboratory tests, Septic arthritis with TMJ, 252 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies with TMJ, 251 Serotonin migraine, 291 Serum sickness, 459 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 438 Sex-linked diseases, 557 SHEP See Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Shingles, 47 Sialadenitis allergic, 205 chronic, 194 with type DM, 516f viral medications for, 17 Sialadenoma papilliferum of salivary glands, 219 Sialochemistry, 195 Sialography, 195–197 Sialolith, 196f, 198f Sialolithiasis (salivary stones), 201–202 Sialometaplasia necrotizing, 172–173, 203 Sialorrhea, 215–217, 216t medications for, 19 Sickle cell disease/anemia, 391–393, 392f Sideropenic anemia, 389 OSCC, 154–155 Silver inducing pigmentation, 125 Simian herpesvirus B, 43t Simple (traumatic, hemorrhagic) bone cyst, 149, 149 Single-gene mutations, 554 Single ulcers, 70–71, 70–75 Sinusitis, 301–303 Sirolimus (Rapamycin), 466t complicating organ transplantation, 469 in organ transplantation, 467 Sjogren’s syndrome, 49, 193, 199, 211–213, 211f autoantibody profiles, 443t histology of, 212f serologic evaluation of, 200 SJS See Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) Skelaxin for chronic orofacial pain, 27t Skin lesions, 62f Skin prick tests, 299 SLE See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Smell impairment following oral cancer treatment, 185 Smokeless tobacco OSCC, 154 reactions to, 100–101 Smoker’s melanosis, 117 Smoker’s palate, 101, 102f Smoking cigarette with coronary artery disease, 331 oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, 85–87 OSCC, 154 Snuff moist oral cancer with, 102f reactions to, 100–101 SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) note, 14 Socket sclerosis, 375, 375f Sodium valproate for cluster headache, 294 Soft tissue benign lesions, 130–131 benign tumors, 137 inflammatory/reactive hyperplasia of, 130–131, 131f necrosis with oral cancer, 184 sarcomas of, 174–175 Solitary ulcerations, 70–71 traumatic injuries causing, 71–72 Soma for chronic orofacial pain, 27t South American blastomycosis, 497 Speech following oral cancer treatment, 185, 185f Spinal accessory nerve examination of, 272t Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 228 Spindle cell carcinoma, 162 Spironolactone for heart failure, 341 Splenectomy for platelet disorders, 422 Splints for desquamative gingivitis, 70f for myofascial pain, 244 reflex, 230–232 Spondyloarthropathies seronegative with TMJ, 251 Sporanox, 83t for histoplasmosis, 73 for oral candidiasis, 39t Sporotrichosis, 498 Sporotrichum schenckii, 498 Spray and stretch therapy for myofascial pain, 247 Squamous cell carcinoma See also Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of lungs, 320 Squamous odontogenic tumors, 150 Squamous papilloma, 138f SQV See Saquinavir (SQV) Stabilization appliances for myofascial pain, 244–245, 245f Staphne’s cyst, 200 Staphylococcus with organ transplantation, 470 Staphylococcus aureus, 379 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 379 Stavudine for HIV, 505 Stensen’s duct, 191f Stenting for coronary artery disease, 333 STEPS (System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety), 60 Sternocleidomastoid muscles palpation of, 271 Steroids for lupus erythematosus, 98 for MMP, 69 nephrotoxicity of, 382 topical for RAS, 60 Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 53, 55, 56f Stomach disorders of, 349 Stomatitis denture, 40, 81, 81f gonococcal, 486 Streptococcal pharyngitis, 305 Streptococcus viridans, 379 Streptokinase for ACS, 334 for PE, 320 Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 466 Stress echocardiography coronary artery disease, 333 Stress perfusion imaging coronary artery disease, 333 Strongyloides stercoralis with organ transplantation, 470 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 140f Subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) note, 14 Sublingual gland, 191f Submandibular gland, 191f Sumatriptan for migraine, 287 584 Sumycin for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t for MMP, 69 nephrotoxicity of, 382 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 37t Sun OSCC, 154 Superficial spreading melanoma, 113 Suprahyoid muscles palpation of, 271 Supraventricular tachycardia, 342–343 Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R), 260–261 Syndrome X, 511 Synovial chondromatosis (SC) with TMJ, 252 Syphilis, 490–491 System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety (STEPS), 60 Systemic antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis, 39, 39t Systemic corticosteroids for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 97f, 442–447, 443t, 444f ACR classification scheme of, 446t autoantibody profile of, 443t clinical manifestations of, 443–445 dental management of, 446–447 diagnosis of, 446 etiology and pathogenesis of, 442–443 laboratory findings, 445–446 oral manifestations of, 445, 445f treatment of, 446 Systemic sclerosis, 443t Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), 329 T Tacrolimus (FK-506), 466t complicating organ transplantation, 469 in organ transplantation, 466–467 Tagamet for GERD, 347–348 Tantum for mucositis, 181 for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 Tardive dyskinesia, 254 Taste and smell impairment following oral cancer treatment, 185 Tattoos amalgam, 124, 124f, 125f graphite, 124–125 ornamental, 125 T-cell co-stimulatory pathway modifiers for organ transplantation, 468 T-cell deficiencies, 439 T-cell receptor (TCR), 99 TCR See T-cell receptor (TCR) TDF See Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) TEE See Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Tegretol for chronic orofacial pain, 25t for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Telangiectases, 449f Telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma, 173 Temovate for lupus erythematosus, 98 for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Temporal arteritis, 294–295 Temporalis muscles, 227 palpation of, 271 Temporomandibular disorders (TMD), 223–254 assessment of, 235–241 behavioral assessment of, 236–237 cervical muscles palpation, 239 chronicity prediction, 240–241 Pharmacology classification of, 232–233, 233t clinical examination of, 231f, 236t contributing factors associated with, 237t diagnostic imaging of, 239–240, 240f diagnostic local anesthetic nerve blocks, 240 diagnostic terms and clinical criteria for, 234t epidemiology of, 232 etiology of, 230 history of, 237, 237t mandibular range of movement, 238 masticatory muscles palpation, 238 parafunctional habits assessment, 239 physical examination of, 237–238, 238t provocation tests for, 239 psychosocial assessment of, 236 referral to pain specialist, 241 research diagnostic terms and clinical criteria for, 235t restorative dental procedures, 247, 248t TMJ palpation of, 239 treatment of, 241–242 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) accessory ligaments of, 226 ankylosis, 254 arthritis of, 249–250 articular covering of, 229 articular disc, 225 articular disc disorders (ADD) of, 247–249 bruxism, 254 capsular ligaments of, 226, 226f centric relation, 229 clinical anatomy of, 228–230 condylar head flattening, 239f condylar hyperplasia, 253 developmental defects with, 253 disc displacements, 229 dislocation of, 253–254 ear symptoms associated with, 230 fractures of, 253, 253f functional anatomy of, 224–225, 224f, 225f injection sites, 230 lateral temporomandibular ligaments of, 226 ligaments of, 226 movement of, 225f muscle palpation, 230 muscles of mastication, 226–227, 226f nerve entrapment, 229 noises, 229 occlusion, 230 oral dyskinesia, 254 rest position of, 228–229 retrodiscal tissue, 226 vascular supply of, 228 TEN See Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for HIV, 505 TENS See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Tension-type headache (TTH), 293, 294t Tetanus, 491–492 Tetrabenazine for dyskinesias, 254 Tetracycline (Sumycin) for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t for MMP, 69 nephrotoxicity of, 382 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 37t TGN See Trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) Thalassemias, 393–394 Thalidomide (Thalomid) for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for MM, 408 for RAS, 60 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t Thalomid for Behỗets syndrome, 60 for MM, 408 for RAS, 60 for severe ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 34t Theophylline for asthma, 314 Thermal injuries causing solitary ulcerations, 71 Thiazide for hypertension, 329 Thiazolidinedione agents for DM, 514 Thrombin time (TT), 416 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 418 Thyroid gland enlargement of, 528f Thyroid gland disorders, 527–528 dental management of, 528–529 oral manifestations of, 528–529 Thyroid hormone excess, 527–528 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 520 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 520 TIA See Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Tipranavir (TPV) for HIV, 505 Tirofiban for ACS, 334 Tissue necrosis with oral cancer, 184 Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) for ACS, 334 for PE, 320 for stroke, 538 Tizanidine (zanaflex) for chronic orofacial pain, 27t TMD See Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) TMJ See Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) TMJ Scale, 268, 273 TNF-alpha See Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) Tobacco chewing oral cancer with, 102f reactions to, 100–101 OSCC, 154 Tofranil for chronic orofacial pain, 26t Tongue neurogenic tumor of, 141f positioning device for, 165f vascular malformation of, 139f Tongue deflector, 169f Tonsillitis, 304–305 Topamax for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Topical analgesics, 25 for orofacial pain, 28t Topical antifungal medications for oral candidiasis, 38t, 39 Topical antiviral drugs for recurrent oral herpes, 37t Topical benzydamine for pain following oral cancer treatment, 188 Topical capsaicin for chronic orofacial pain, 267–268 Topical corticosteroids for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Topical doxepin for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186 Topicale Hurricaine Orajel for orofacial pain, 28t Topical fentanyl for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186–187 Topical fluorides for dry mouth, 214 Topical morphine for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186 585 Burket’s Oral Medicine Topical steroids for RAS, 60 Topiramate (Topamax) for chronic orofacial pain, 26t for trigeminal neuralgia, 280 Toradol for orofacial pain, 22t Torque Teno virus (TTV), 498, 501–502 Torus mandibularis exostoses of, 129, 130f Torus palatinus exostoses of, 129 Total joint replacements antibiotic prophylaxis for, 455t Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 53, 55 Toxic nephropathy with CRF, 370 Toxic reactions oral mucosa, 100–101 Toxoplasma gondii, 453 with organ transplantation, 470 t-PA See Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) TPV See Tipranavir (TPV) Tramadol (Ultram), 23t Tranexamic acid, 379 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for myofascial pain, 243 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 337 Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 537 Transplantation medicine, 461–479 Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 337 Trapezius muscles palpation of, 271 Traumatic bone cyst, 149 Traumatic fibroma, 131f Traumatic neuromas, 141 Traumatic ulcerative granuloma of tongue, 72–73 Treacher Collins syndrome, 200 Treponema pallidum, 481, 490–491 Treprostenol for scleroderma, 451 TRH See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Triamcinolone (Kenalog) for vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Trichosporon with organ transplantation, 470 Trigeminal nerve, 258–259, 259f examination of, 272t Trigeminal neuralgia (TGN), 279–280 with MS, 540–541 Trileptal for chronic orofacial pain, 26t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for acute bronchitis, 306 for otitis media, 301 Trimox, 30t for dental procedures, 340t for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t for otitis media, 301 for salivary gland infections, 17t for sinusitis, 302 Triple therapy for heart failure, 341–342 Triptan for cluster headache, 294 Trochlear nerve examination of, 272t Troglitazone for DM, 514 TSH See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) TT See Thrombin time (TT) TTE See Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) TTH See Tension-type headache (TTH) TTP See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) TTV See Torque Teno virus (TTV) Tuberculosis, 486–488, 486t, 487t of salivary glands, 213 Tuberous sclerosis, 131–132, 132f Tubular necrosis acute, 367 Tularemia, 492 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for Sjogren’s syndrome, 213 Tumors adenomatoid odontogenic, 150 benign soft tissue, 137 brain causing headaches, 295 brown, 374 calcifying epithelial odontogenic, 150 epithelial, 137–139 epithelial odontogenic, 149–150 glomus, 141 granular cell, 142, 142f melanotic neuroectodermal, 142 mesenchymal odontogenic, 150–151 mixed odontogenic, 151 muscle, 143 Pott’s puff, 303 squamous odontogenic, 150 Turner’s syndrome, 558, 559t Tylenol #3, 24t Tylox, 24t Tympanotomy tubes for otitis media, 301 Type diabetes mellitus, 510–511 Type diabetes mellitus, 511 U Ulcerative colitis, 352–354 chronic bleeding with, 353–354 Ulcerative lesions, 41–75 Ulcers, 32–33, 42 aphthous, 62f duodenal, 350–315 eosinophilic of tongue, 72–73 gastric, 349–350 oral recurring, 57–58 peptic, 349–350 recurring oral, 57–62 single, 70–71, 70–75 solitary, 70–71 traumatic injuries causing, 71–72 Ultralente insulin, 515 Ultram, 23t Ultravate for ulcerative and vesiculobullous oral mucosal disease, 33t Ultraviolet A for vitiligo, 122 Underlying medical conditions monitoring and evaluating, 12 Upper airway diseases, 297–305 Upper digestive tract diseases, 346–349 Upper respiratory infections viral, 297 Uremic syndrome, 370–375 biochemical disturbances, 370–371 calcium and skeletal disorders (renal osteodystrophy(RO)), 372–373 cardiovascular manifestations of, 373 gastrointestinal symptoms, 370 hematologic problems, 370–371 immunologic changes with, 373 neurologic signs and symptoms, 370 oral manifestations of, 373–375, 374f respiratory symptoms, 373 systemic disturbances, 370t Urokinase for PE, 320 Urticaria, 457f V Vagus nerve examination of, 272t Valacyclovir (Valtrex), 37 for erythema multiforme, 55 for recurrent oral herpes, 19t for VZV, 49 Valtrex, 37 for erythema multiforme, 55 for recurrent oral herpes, 19t for VZV, 49 Valvular heart disease, 337–340 Vancocin HCL for Clostridium difficile, 356 Vancocin HCl for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Vancoled for Clostridium difficile, 356 for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Vancomycin HCl (Vancocin HCl, Vancoled) for Clostridium difficile, 356 for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 42, 43t, 46–48 clinical findings of, 47 differential diagnosis of, 47–48 laboratory findings, 48 management of, 48–49 oral manifestations of, 47 with organ transplantation, 470 vaccine for PHN, 281 VAS See Visual analogue scale (VAS) Vascular lesions, 139–140 Vascular malformations, 139 Vascular pain, 285 V-Cillin K for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Veetids for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t Velocardiofacial syndrome, 439 Ventricular evoked response amplitude (VERA), 469 Ventricular fibrillation (VF), 343–344 Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 343–344 electrocardiography, 328f VERA See Ventricular evoked response amplitude (VERA) Verapamil for cluster headache, 294 for migraine, 287 Verrucous carcinoma, 162 Vesicles, 42 Vesicular lesions, 41–75 Vesiculobullous conditions medications for, 33–34 Vessel wall disorders classification of, 416–419 VF See Ventricular fibrillation (VF) VGS See Viridans group streptococci (VGS) Vicodin, 24t Vicoprofen, 24t Vinblastine for Hodgkin’s disease, 404, 404 Vincristine for NHL, 406 Viral hepatitis, 498–501, 498t diagnosis of, 499 epidemiology of, 498–499 medical management of, 500–501 oral health considerations, 501 pathogenesis of, 499 Viral infections, 498–499 Viral sialadenitis medications for, 17 Viral upper respiratory infections, 297 Viridans group streptococci (VGS), 30 Visual analogue scale (VAS), 260 Vitamin(s) with coronary artery disease, 332 Vitamin A OSCC, 154 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency, 119, 394–395, 395t for megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, 394–395 586 Pharmacology Vitamin D deficiency, 534–535 Vitamin E for dry mouth, 214 Vitamin K deficiency, 421 Vitiligo, 122–123, 122f ViziLite, 160 Von Recklinghausen’s disease, 141 von Willebrand’s disease (vWD), 387, 412, 420, 425, 427f VT See Ventricular tachycardia (VT) vWD See von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) VZV See Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) WHYMPI See West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), 438–439 thrombocytopenia, 422 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 342 Wolf-Hirschhom syndrome, 559t World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder, 188f REAL classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 175t WPW See Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome W Warfarin (Coumadin) and dental care, 336 for heart failure, 342 WAS See Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) Water for dry mouth, 214 WBC See White blood cell (WBC) West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI), 260 West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study, 331 Wharton’s duct, 191f sialolithiasis, 196f White blood cell (WBC) count, 26 disorders, 397–410 laboratory tests for, 397t White-coat hypertension, 326 White sponge nevus, 105 WHO See World Health Organization (WHO) X Xerostomia (dry mouth), 192–193 management of, 214–215, 214t medication induced, 210 preventive therapy of, 214 reduction when undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, 20t salivary stimulation for, 214–215 symptomatic treatment of, 214 X-linked diseases, 557 Z Zalcitabine (ddC) for HIV, 505 Zanaflex for chronic orofacial pain, 27t ZDV for HIV, 505 Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV) for HIV, 505 Zilactin for RAS, 60 Zinc for taste and smell impairment, 185 Zithromax, 30t for dental procedures, 340t for intraoral bacterial infections, 29t for otitis media, 301 for sinusitis, 302 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 350–351 Zonalon for BMS, 285 for chronic orofacial pain, 27t for orofacial pain, 28t for PHN, 282 topical for pain following oral cancer treatment, 186 Zostrix for chronic orofacial pain, 267–268 for mucositis, 181 for myofascial pain, 246 for orofacial pain, 28t for PHN, 282 Zovirax, 36–37 for erythema multiforme, 55 for HSV-1, 46 for organ transplantation, 469 for recurrent oral herpes, 19t, 37t for VZV, 49 Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, 273 Zygomycosis, 74–75, 74f, 496–498 ... ORAL MEDICINE Eleventh Edition Burket’s ORAL MEDICINE Eleventh Edition Martin S Greenberg, DDS, FDS RCS Professor and Chairman Oral Medicine Associate Dean Hospital Affairs School of Dental Medicine. .. Pennsylvania Chief of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS Professor of Oral Medicine Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health... Underlying Medical Conditions Oral Medicine Consultations The Dental/Medical Record: Organization, Confidentiality, and Informed Consent Introduction to Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis: Evaluation