www.pdflobby.com Essentials of Oral Biology Oral Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Embryology Second Edition www.pdflobby.com Essentials of Oral Biology Oral Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Embryology Second Edition Maji Jose MDS, PhD Professor and Head Department of Oral Pathology Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital Yenepoya University Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018 Karnataka, India Email: majiajoyin@yahoo.co.in www.pdflobby.com CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Mumbai • Kolkata Hyderabad • Pune • Nagpur • Manipal • Vijayawada • Patna www.pdflobby.com Disclaimer Science and technology are constantly changing fields New research and experience broaden the scope of information and knowledge The authors have tried their best in giving information available to them while preparing the material for this book Although, all efforts have been made to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some errors might have been left uncorrected The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors, omissions or inaccuracies eISBN: 978-93-877-4261-1 Copyright © Authors and Publisher First eBook Edition: 2017 All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the authors and the publisher Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd Corporate Office: 204 FIE, Industrial Area, Patparganj, New Delhi-110092 Ph: +91-11-49344934; Fax: +91-11-49344935; Website: www.cbspd.com; www.eduport-global.com; E-mail: eresources@cbspd.com; marketing@eduport-global.com Head Office: CBS PLAZA, 4819/XI Prahlad Street, 24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002, India www.pdflobby.com Ph: +91-11-23289259, 23266861, 23266867; Fax: 011-23243014; Website: www.cbspd.com; E-mail: publishing@cbspd.com; eduportglobal@gmail.com Branches Bengaluru: Seema House 2975, 17th Cross, K.R Road, Banasankari 2nd Stage, Bengaluru - 560070, Karnataka Ph: +91-80-26771678/79; bangalore@cbspd.com Fax: +91-80-26771680; E-mail: Chennai: No.7, Subbaraya Street Shenoy Nagar Chennai - 600030, Tamil Nadu Ph: +91-44-26680620, 26681266; E-mail: chennai@cbspd.com Kochi: 36/14 Kalluvilakam, Lissie Hospital Road, Kochi - 682018, Kerala Ph: +91-484-4059061-65; Fax: +91-484-4059065; E-mail: kochi@cbspd.com Mumbai: 83-C, 1st floor, Dr E Moses Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400018, Maharashtra Ph: +91-22-24902340 mumbai@cbspd.com - 41; Fax: +91-22-24902342; E-mail: Kolkata: No 6/B, Ground Floor, Rameswar Shaw Road, Kolkata - 700014 Ph: +91-33-22891126 - 28; E-mail: kolkata@cbspd.com Representatives Hyderabad Pune Nagpur Manipal Vijayawada Patna www.pdflobby.com Foreword O ral biology, which includes oral anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology is one of the most important and useful subjects among the various basic science subjects, in the dental curriculum Understanding of this subject widens the mental comprehension and strengthens the basic concepts of different dental science specialties A thorough knowledge of this subject is sure to mould a dental student into an effective and efficient clinician I am happy that Dr Maji Jose is bringing out a textbook Essentials of Oral Biology (Oral Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Embryology) for students pursuing dentistry Visualizing the integrated perspective of the subject, she has been successful in gathering together the diverse elements of oral biological sciences, which in the past had been scattered throughout many textbooks I am sure that this book will be useful for dental students to improve their knowledge in oral biological sciences as well as to help them to confidently face the exam I hope that this work will receive the deserved attention and encouragement from both dental students and teachers I wish the author and this book all success BH Sripathi Rao MDS Principal Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital Former Executive Committee Member; Dental Council of India www.pdflobby.com Contributors ▪ Dr Heera R Professor, Department of Oral Pathology Government Dental College Thiruvananthapuram ▪ Dr Girish KL Professor, Department of Oral Pathology Sri Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences Kulasekaram, Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu ▪ Dr Rajeesh Mohammed PK Professor, Department of Oral Pathology KMCT Dental College Mukkam, Kozhikode Kerala ▪ Dr Usha Balan Assistant Professor College of Dentistry King Khalid University Abah, KSA ▪ Dr Ajeesha Feroz Department of Oral Pathology www.pdflobby.com Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences Mahe, UT of Puducherry www.pdflobby.com Preface to Second Edition T he textbook Essentials of Oral Biology presents all subsections of Oral Biology in single book, described in five sections: Oral Embryology, Oral Histology, Oral and Dental Anatomy, Oral Physiology and Allied Topics This text provides a comprehensive coverage of all the topics included in the curriculum specified by Dental Council of India and various Indian universities Different topics are dealt in detail in 50 chapters with flowcharts, tables and color diagrams to make learning more simple and pleasant This book also includes an additional section on expected questions from each chapter, commonly asked in examinations of various Indian universities, to assist the students in examination preparations This book has been designed in a way to keep the characteristics of a standard textbook for undergraduate students The topics are explained in simple and lucid language Concepts are presented in a simple and clear manner to help an undergraduate student develop a comprehensive knowledge in this basic science subject which makes a sound base for learning pathologic basis of diseases I am gratified that original edition has received a good response A positive feedback on the first edition of the book and various encouraging comments received from students and teachers, who have used the book, has encouraged me to come out with second edition The second edition is a revised and updated version with flowcharts, more tables and color diagrams to further ease the learning process A discussion on clinical considerations is added to each chapter in order to guide the students to clinical application of oral biology While preparing the second edition, I have followed the original policy “simple presentation and lucid language” which enables a self-study I offer this book to the dental students, hoping that this will ensure an enjoyable and rewarding study of oral biology www.pdflobby.com Vermilion border of lip (Pages 114–115) Taste buds (Pages 122–123) Dentogingival junction (Pages 124–125) Passive eruption (Pages 124–125) Lamina propria (Page 102) Junctional epithelium (Page 117) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Classification of oral mucosa (Pages 100–101) Function of oral mucosa (Page 100) Submucosa (Page 102) Mucoperiosteum (Pages 102 and 118) Odland bodies (Pages 106 and 108) Keratohyaline granules (Page 106) Melanocytes (Pages 112–113) Langerhans cells (Page 113) Merkel cells (Page 113) Circumvallate papilla (Page 122) Chapter 11: Salivary Glands Essay Questions of 10 or more marks Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of parotid/serous gland (answer should include detailed description of serous acini, and brief description of myoepithelial cells, ductal system and connective tissue component Pages 127, 129–130, 135, 137–138) Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of sublingual/mucous gland (answer should include detailed description of mucous acini, and brief description of myoepithelial cells, ductal system and connective tissue component Pages 127, 133–134, 135, 137–138) www.pdflobby.com Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of submandibular/mixed gland (answer should include brief description of mucous, serous and mixed acini, myoepithelial cells, ductal system and connective tissue component Pages 127, 129–134, 135, 137–138) Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of serous acini (answer should include detailed description of light and electron microscopic structure of serous cells with a mention of arrangement of cells into acinus and myoepithelial cells) Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of mucous acini Add a note on differences between serous and mucous acini (answer shoul include detailed description of light and electron microscopic structure of mucous cells and myoepithelial cells with a mention of arrangement of cells into acinus and difference with serous acini) Classify salivary glands Discuss in detail structure of parenchymal components of serous/mucous/mixed glands (Answer should include description of mucous/serous/mixed acini, myoepithelial cells and ductal system) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Ductal system of salivary glands (Pages 137–138) Myoepithelial cells (Pages 135–136) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Differences between serous and mucous acini (Page 140) Functions of salivary ductal systems (Pages 138–139) Mixed acinus (Page 135) Striated ducts (Page 137) Excretory ducts (Page 138) Lingual glands (Page 128) von Ebner’s glands (Page 128) Synthesis and secretion of saliva (Pages 130–132) Chapter 12: Temporomandibular Joint www.pdflobby.com Short Answers for 4–5 marks Histology of articular fibrous covering (Page 142) Articular capsule (Pages 142–143) Synovial membrane (Page 143) Articular disc (Pages 144–145) Functions of articular disc (Pages 144–145) Ligaments of TMJ (Page 145) TMJ movements (Pages 145–146) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Histology of condyle (Page 141) Bennett movement (Page 146) Chapter 13: Maxillary Sinus Short Answers for 4–5 marks Anatomy of maxillary sinus (Pages 148–149) Histology of maxillary sinus lining (Page 149) Functions of maxillary sinus (Pages 149–150) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Page 149) Goblet cells (Page 149) Oro-antral fistula (Page 150) SECTION 3: ORAL AND DENTAL ANATOMY Chapter 14: Introduction to Dental Anatomy Short Answers for 4–5 marks Tooth numbering systems (Pages 161–163) www.pdflobby.com Ridges and grooves (Pages 166–167) Fundamental curvatures of teeth (Pages 169–171) Chronology of human dentition (Page 159) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Dental formula for deciduous and permanent dentition (Pages 157–158) Sequence of eruption of deciduous and permanent dentition (Page 159) Mamelons (Page 168) Embrasures/spillway spaces (Page 170) Line angles and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth (Pages 164–165) Chapter 15: Deciduous Maxillary Anterior Teeth Short Answers for 4–5 marks Morphological features of deciduous maxillary central incisor (Pages 172– 173) Morphological features of deciduous maxillary canine (Page 173) Chapter 16: Deciduous Mandibular Anterior Teeth Short Answers for 4–5 marks Morphological features of deciduous mandibular central incisor (Page 176) Morphological features of deciduous mandibular canine (Pages 176–177) Chapter 17: Deciduous Maxillary Molars Essay Questions of 10 or more marks Discuss in detail morphology of deciduous maxillary first molar (Pages 180– 183) Discuss in detail morphology of deciduous maxillary second molar (Pages 183–185) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Occlusal aspect of deciduous maxillary first molar (Pages 182–183) www.pdflobby.com Occlusal aspect of deciduous maxillary second molar (Pages 184–185) Chapter 18: Deciduous Mandibular Molars Essay Questions of 10 or more marks Discuss in detail morphology of deciduous mandibular first molar (Pages 187–189) Discuss in detail morphology of deciduous mandibular second molar (Pages 189–191) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Occlusal aspect of deciduous mandibular first molar (Page 189) Occlusal aspect of deciduous mandibular second molar (Page 191) Differences between deciduous mandibular second molar and permanent mandibular first molar (Page 192) Chapter 19: Comparison between Deciduous and Permanent Dentition Essay Questions of 10 or more marks Discuss in detail differences between deciduous and permanent dentition (Pages 194–196) Chapter 20: Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary central incisors Add a note on its chronology (Pages 197–200) Short Answer for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent maxillary central incisors (Page 204) Chapter 21: Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors Short Answers for 4–5 marks Briefly describe morphology of permanent maxillary lateral incisors (Pages www.pdflobby.com 202–204) Class trait of permanent maxillary lateral incisors (Page 204) Morphologic differences between of permanent maxillary central and lateral incisors (Page 204) Chapter 22: Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors Short Answers for 4–5 marks Morphological characteristics of permanent mandibular central incisors (Pages 207–209) Class trait of permanent mandibular central incisors (Page 214) Class trait of permanent mandibular incisors (Page 209) Morphologic differences between of permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors (Page 209) Chapter 23: Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors Short Answers for 4–5 marks Morphological characteristics of permanent mandibular lateral incisors (Pages 212–214) Class trait of permanent mandibular lateral incisors (Page 214) Morphologic differences between of permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors (Page 214) Chapter 24: Permanent Maxillary Canine Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary canine Add a note on chronology (Pages 216–219) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent canines (Page 216) Class trait of permanent maxillary canine (Page 223) Short Note for 2–3 marks www.pdflobby.com Anatomic landmarks on lingual aspect of permanent maxillary canine (Pages 217–218) Chapter 25: Permanent Mandibular Canine Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent mandibular canine Add a note on chronology (Pages 221–225) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent mandibular canine (Page 223) Differences between maxillary and mandibular canines (Page 223) Chapter 26: Permanent Maxillary First Premolar Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary first premolar Add a note on its chronology (Pages 226–231) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent maxillary first premolar (Page 234) Occlusal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolar (Pages 229–230) Mesial aspect of permanent maxillary first premolar (Page 228) Short Note for 2–3 marks Canine fossa (Page 228) Chapter 27: Permanent Maxillary Second Premolar Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary second premolar Add a note on its chronology (Pages 232–235) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent maxillary second premolar (Page 234) Occlusal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolar (Pages 234–235) www.pdflobby.com Morphological differences between maxillary first and second premolars (Page 234) Chapter 28: Permanent Mandibular First Premolars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent mandibular first premolar Add a note on chronology (Pages 237–241) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent mandibular first premolar (Page 240) Occlusal morphology of permanent mandibular first premolar (Pages 239– 241) Mesial aspect of permanent mandibular first premolar (Page 239) Differences between permanent maxillary and mandibular first premolar (Page 240) Chapter 29: Permanent Mandibular Second Premolars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent mandibular second premolar Add a note on chronology (Pages 243–247) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Class trait of permanent mandibular second premolar (Page 245) Occlusal morphology of three cusp type/two cusp type permanent mandibular second premolar (Pages 245–246) Differences between permanent mandibular first and second premolars (Page 245) Chapter 30: Permanent Maxillary First Molars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary first molar Add a note on its chronology (Pages 248–252) www.pdflobby.com Short Answer for 4–5 marks Occlusal morphology of permanent maxillary first molar (Pages 251–252) Short Note for 2–3 marks Ridges in occlusal aspect of permanent maxillary first molar (Page 251) Chapter 31: Permanent Maxillary Second Molars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent maxillary second molar Add a note on chronology (Pages 254–257) Short Answer for 4–5 marks Differences between permanent maxillary first and second molars (Page 256) Chapter 32: Permanent Maxillary Third Molars Short Note for 2–3 marks Morphological characteristics of permanent maxillary third molar (Page 258) Chapter 33: Permanent Mandibular First Molars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent mandibular first molar Add a note on chronology (Pages 260–264) Short Answer for 4–5 marks Occlusal morphology of permanent mandibular first molar (Pages 263–264) Short Note for 2–3 marks Anatomic landmarks in the occlusal aspect of permanent mandibular first molar (Pages 263–264) Chapter 34: Permanent Mandibular Second Molars Essay Question of 10 or more marks Describe in detail morphology of permanent mandibular second molar Add a note on chronology (Pages 267–271) www.pdflobby.com Short Answer for 4–5 marks Differences between permanent mandibular first and second molars (Page 270) Chapter 35: Permanent Mandibular Third Molars Short Note for 2–3 marks Morphological characteristics of permanent mandibular third molar (Page 272) Chapter 36: Occlusion Short Answers for 4–5 marks Molar relation in permanent dentition (Pages 277–278) Molar relation in deciduous dentition (Pages 247–275) Compensating curves (276) Theories of occlusion (Page 279) Centric relation and centric occlusion (Pages 276–277) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Leeway space of Nance (Page 275) Primate space (Page 274) Curve of Spee (276) Curve of Wilson (276) Overjet and overbite (Page 278) Bonwill theory of occlusion (Page 279) Centric and concentric cusps (Page 277) SECTION 4: ORAL PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 37: Eruption Essay Question of 10 or more marks www.pdflobby.com Enumerate and discuss in detail the various theories of eruption (Pages 285– 288) Short Answers for 4–5 marks Define eruption and describe pattern of pre-eruptive movements (Pages 283– 284) Histology of eruptive tooth movement (284–285) Post eruptive tooth movements (Page 285) Enumerate theories of eruption and discuss the most accepted one (Pages 283–284 Answei should include names of all theories and detailed description of PDL traction theory) Root formation theory of eruption (Pages 285–286) Bone remodeling theory of eruption (Pages 286–287) Role of dental follicle in eruption (Page 288) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Gubernacular canal and cord (Page 285) Enumerate and define types of physiological movements of teeth (Page 283) Pre-eruptive movements of permanent molars (Page 284) Histological changes observed in PDL during eruption (Page 284) Cushion hammock ligament (Page 286) Importance of pre-eruptive tooth movements (Pages 283–284) Chapter 38: Shedding Short Answers for 4–5 marks Mechanism of shedding (Page 289) Histology of shedding (Pages 289–290) Odontoclasts (Pages 289–290) Pattern of shedding (Page 290) Short Notes for 2–3 marks www.pdflobby.com Submerged tooth (Page 291) Causes of retained deciduous teeth (Page 291) Definition of eruption and shedding (Pages 284 and 289) Chapter 39: Saliva Short Answers for 4–5 marks Composition and functions of saliva (Pages 292–294) Antimicrobial functions of saliva (Page 293) Factors controlling the secretion of saliva (Page 295) Synthesis and secretion of saliva (Pages 294–295) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Salivary IgA (Page 293) Buffering action of saliva (Page 293) Chapter 40: Physiology of Taste and Speech Short Answers for 4–5 marks Physiology of taste/mechanism of taste perception (Pages 297–298) Physiology of speech (Pages 298–299) Chapter 41: Mastication Short Answer for 4–5 marks Masticatory/chewing cycle (Pages 300–303) Short Note for 2–3 marks Definition and objectives of mastication (Page 300) Chapter 42: Deglutition Short Answer for 4–5 marks Phases of deglutition (Pages 304–305) www.pdflobby.com Short Notes for 2–3 marks Enumerate and define various phases of deglutition (Page 304) Infantile swallow (Page 306) Chapter 43: Calcium Phosphorus Metabolism Short Answers for 4–5 marks Factors affecting calcium absorption (Page 307) Role of hormones in serum calcium level (Pages 308–311) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Role of parathyroid hormone in serum calcium level (Page 308) Role of vitamin D in serum calcium level (Pages 308–309 ) Role of calcitonin in serum calcium level (Page 310) Chapter 44: Mineralization Short Answers for 4–5 marks Booster theory/Robinson’s alkaline phosphatase theory (Pages 312–313) Seeding theory/nucleation theory/role of collagen in mineralization (Pages 314–315) Matrix vesicle theory/role of matrix vesicle in mineralization (Pages 315– 316) Short Note for 2–3 marks Alkaline phosphatase (Page 313) Chapter 45: Hormonal Influence on Orofacial Structures Short Answers for 4–5 marks Effect of hormones on oral tissues (Pages 317–320) Effect of thyroid hormone on oral tissues (Page 317) www.pdflobby.com Effect of parathyroid hormone on oral tissues (Page 318) Effect of pituitary hormones on oral tissues (Page 318) Chapter 46: Age Changes of Oral Tissues Short Answers for 4–5 marks Age changes of enamel (Pages 320–321) Age changes of dentin (Pages 321–322) Age changes of pulp (Pages 322–323) Age changes of cementum (Page 322) Age changes of oral mucosa (Page 324) Age changes of salivary glands (Page 324) Short Note for 2–3 marks Oncocytes (Page 324) SECTION 5: ALLIED TOPICS Chapter 47: Tissue Processing Short Answers for 4–5 marks Enumerate the steps in routine tissue processing (name various steps in order) (Pages 327–331) Ground sectioning (Pages 327–328) Decalcification techniques/preparation of decalcified section (Pages 326– 327) Short Notes for 2–3 marks Frozen section (Page 331) Fixation and fixatives (Page 322) Dehydration (Page 322) www.pdflobby.com Clearing (Pages 322–323) Hematoxylin and eosin stain (Page 325–326) Chapter 48: Microscope Short Answer for 4–5 marks Compound microscope (Pages 335–336) Chapter 49: Muscles of Orofacial Region Short Answer for 4–5 marks Muscles of mastication (Page 337) Chapter 50: Vascular and Nerve Supply of Orofacial Region Short Answers for 4–5 marks Nerve supply of orofacial region (Pages 342–344) Vasculature of orofacial region (Pages 342–344) www.pdflobby.com .. .Essentials of Oral Biology Oral Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Embryology Second Edition www.pdflobby.com Essentials of Oral Biology Oral Anatomy, Histology, Physiology... Preface to Second Edition T he textbook Essentials of Oral Biology presents all subsections of Oral Biology in single book, described in five sections: Oral Embryology, Oral Histology, Oral and Dental... and prudently updated edition of the popular book All topics of oral biology are described in five sections: • Oral Embryology, • Oral Histology, • Oral and Dental Anatomy, • Oral Physiology and