THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LE TRUNG NGHIA PATRIOTIC ACTIVITIES OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN FRANCE IN THE PERIOD 1945 - 1954 Specialized: Vietnam History Code: 9.22.90.13 SUMMARY OF HISTORY THESIS Ha Noi - 2020 The thesis is completed at: Hanoi University of Education Science instructor: Assoc Prof, Ph.D Dao Tuan Thanh Assoc Prof, Ph.D Phan Ngoc Huyen Reviewer of science 1: Assoc Prof, Ph.D Tran Duc Cuong Reviewer of science Assoc Prof, Ph.D Le Dinh Sy Reviewer of science 3: Assoc Prof, Ph.D Dam Thi Uyen The thesis will be defended at Hanoi University of Education at …………………… hour date month year The thesis can be found at the library: National Library, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi University of Education SCIENTIFIC WORKS The activities of patriotic Vietnamese pupils and students in France (1945 1950) The patriotic activities of Vietnamese soldiers in France (1945 - 1949) Patriotic movement of the Vietnamese community in France before 1930 and related to the work of overseas Vietnamese today Patriotic activities of Vietnamese soldiers in France after the August Revolution and before the National Resistance (September 1945 - December 1946) HEADING The reason to choose a topic The resistance against the French colonialists (1945-1954) of the Vietnamese people ended successfully The experiences summarized from this resistance remain valid In particular, people's warfare art, the whole people, comprehensive have special significance The Communist Party of Indochina, the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and President Ho Chi Minh successfully built and implemented the national unity block The great national unity also gathered the strength of the whole Vietnamese community living far away from the country, including the Vietnamese community in France In the years of the resistance war against the French colonialists (1945-1954), although not directly involved in fighting, Vietnamese people in France enthusiastically participated in many revolutionary forms They have made very specific contributions to the victory of the resistance Vietnam is in an innovation period The contributions of overseas Vietnamese in general and Vietnamese people in France in particular are even more important That's why I chose the topic "Patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France in the period 1945 - 1954" as the research direction for my thesis Subjects and scope of research 2.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the patriotic activity of Vietnamese people in France in the period 1945 - 1954 2.2 Research limitation - Space limitation: The thesis studies the problem within the space in France In particular, the spatial scope is mainly in France - the place where the patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France take place - Time limitation: The thesis studies patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France in the period 1945-1954 - Content limitation: The thesis studies positive contributions of the Vietnamese community in France Targets and missions of research 3.1 Target The objective of the thesis is: Clarify the role of the Vietnamese community in France for the resistance Add an important content to the study of modern Vietnamese history and the study of the resistance against French colonialism 3.2 Mission Firstly, the dissertation explores the formation of the Vietnamese community in France Secondly, restore patriotic activities in the fields of Vietnamese people in France during the resistance war against French colonialism 1945 - 1954 Thirdly, the first step is to highlight the contributions of Vietnamese people in France to the resistance Fourthly, the Dissertation affirms that, in any circumstance of history, the construction and implementation of the great national unity block (the Vietnamese community abroad) is always a common law, moreover vital task for the development of Vietnamese national history Methodology, research methods and resources 4.1 Methodology The thesis is based on the following methodological bases: Perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism of MarxismLeninism The views have the methodological significance of President Ho Chi Minh Especially the thoughts about his great national unity and international solidarity Revolutionary guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam in the period of resistance war against French colonial aggression (1945 - 1954) 4.2 Research Methods - The author uses the historical method, logic method and the combination of the two methods - The author uses analysis and synthesis methods - The author uses statistical methods and comparisons - The author uses the fieldwork method, especially interviewing historical witnesses 4.3 Resources During the research process, the author exploited and used the following main materials: - Documentary sources stored at the archives in Vietnam and France - The source of archives is shown in news articles in some French and Vietnamese newspapers - Data from the document "Ho Chi Minh full set" and "The document of the whole Communist Party of Vietnam" - Resources from books, scientific research projects, articles published in newspapers and magazines related to the thesis's research topic - In addition, the thesis also uses the materials collected through field trips, interviews with historical witnesses Contributions of the thesis - Construct honestly a picture of the process of forming the Vietnamese community in France - Analyzing and evaluating patriotic activities and initially raising the role of Vietnamese in France for the resistance against French colonialism from 1945-1954 - The thesis contributes to clarifying the importance and close relationship of France - Research results of the topic are also a reference source for teaching modern Vietnamese history Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusions, references and appendices, the thesis has chapters and 12 periods Chapter RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Overview of research topic 1.1.1 The research works on overseas Vietnamese community There have been many authors studying the problem of overseas Vietnamese: The book "Overseas Vietnamese not only has overseas Vietnamese" by Tran Trong Dang Dan published by the National Political Publishing House in 2005 The book "Overseas Vietnamese Laos - Thai with Tran Dinh Luu's homeland" published by the National Political Publishing House in 2004 Research project "Thai overseas Vietnamese in Thailand - Vietnam relationship" by the authors: Trinh Dieu Thin, Thanyathip Sripana published by Social Sciences Publishing House in 2006 Proceedings "Movement of patriotic overseas Vietnamese workers in Cambodian rubber plantations: Reference books, internal circulation" by Bui Tong Hoang (editor) Book published by People's Army Publishing House in 2016 The book "Overseas Vietnamese" by Tran Trong Dang Dan published by the National Political Publishing House in 1997 The doctoral dissertation "The process of renewing the Party's policies for overseas Vietnamese from 1986 to 2009" by Tran Thi Vui The doctoral thesis "Ho Chi Minh's great unity strategy was carried out during the resistance against French colonial aggression (1945-1954)" by Khuat Thi Hoa 1.1.2 The research works on the Vietnamese community in France Author Tran Tu Nghia, former President of the Vietnam Association in France, has two works: "A century of the Vietnamese movement in France towards the country - A glimpse of" and "30 years with the Vietnam Association in France "published by Young Publishing House in 2011 "Overseas and homeland" project is issued in 2006 by the Committee for Overseas Vietnamese in Ho Chi Minh City in collaboration with the Youth Publishing House "The Vietnam Association of French in France for 90 years" of the Vietnam Association in France, published by the National Political Publishing House in 2008 "The intellectuals of Viet Kieu follow the step of Uncle Ho in 1946" by Thanh Duc published by the Education Publishing House in 2015 The book "The first step in understanding the overseas Vietnamese community in France (1914-1946)", Labor Publishing House in 2002 by Nguyen Van Khoan In addition, Vietnamese people in France are also mentioned in a number of research projects about the role of Ho Chi Minh in this historical period The book "Journey of a warm boy in France (1940 - 1946)" by Le Huu Tho published by Thanh Nghia Publisher in 2003 Graduate thesis of Jean - Marc Simon with the theme "The Vietnamese Community and public opinion at Vaucluse on the issue of Indochina 1939-1975", defended at the University of Aix - en - Provence in 1986 The book "Soldiers O.N.S by Dang Van Long (1919 - 2001)" was published by Lao Dong Publishing House in 1997 Dang Van Long is an overseas Vietnamese The book "The soldier soldiers" (Travailleurs Indochinois requis) is a FrenchVietnamese bilingual book by author Luguern Liem Khe Before the creation of this work, Luguern Liem Khe had a master's thesis with the topic "Indochina workers in France from 1939 to 1945" guided by Philippe Vigier and successfully defended at Paris X University in 1988 Later, in 2014, she continued to successfully defend the Doctoral Dissertation with the topic "Indochinese Workers - Research on the status of immigration in the history-society aspect" guided by Gérard Noiriel and defended success at EHESS Paris In 2007, Luguern Lien Khe had an article "Anonymous Indochina workers during World War II: No civilian or military" published in Le Mouvement social Magazine, No 219 - 220 The book "French Indochina workers (1939 - 1952) a forgotten colonial history" by French author Pierre Daum translated by Tran Huu Khanh Previously, author Pierre Daum had a series of articles related to this issue In 2012, there was the article "Indochinese workers participated in the struggle for independence in Vietnam (1943 - 1952)" on Migrance Magazine, No 39 In 2013, he continued to have the article "When Dong Duong people watch Camargue "posted in the Journal of Histoire No In January 2014, he published the article" Relive a memory, Indochina workers in World War II " 1.2 Some comments on the situation of research topics 1.2.1 The problems have been clarified Firstly, the research topics have clarified the formation of the Vietnamese community in France at some levels Secondly, research topics have contributed to restoring the activities of Vietnamese people in France since this community formed until today Thirdly, the subjects have studied patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France in the period before the resistance against French colonialism Fourth, a number of topics have focused on studying a special part that is a Vietnamese soldier in France 1.2.2 The thesis issues need to focus on research First, the thesis needs a system of process of forming the Vietnamese community in France since the first Vietnamese people appeared in France until 1954 Through that, the thesis shows changes of Vietnamese community in France in this period and the objective and subjective reasons for those changes Secondly, the thesis focuses on clarifying patriotic activities of the Vietnamese community in France in the period 1945-1954 Thirdly, the thesis needs to clarify the role of different parts of the Vietnamese community in France in the period 1945-1954 Fourth, the dissertation provides comments and assessments on patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France during the period 1945 - 1954 Thereby, the thesis confirms the contribution of this movement to the resistance War against French colonialism of the nation in all areas On that basis, the thesis also points out the advantages and limitations of patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France during the period 1945 - 1954 Chapter PROCESS OF FORMATION AND ACTIVITIES PATIENT OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN FRANCE BEFORE PERIOD NATIONAL RESISTANCE RESISTANCE 2.1 The formation of the Vietnamese community in France 2.1.1 Vietnamese community in France before 1930 Vietnamese people came to France very early but not until the early twentieth century, the Vietnamese community in France increased significantly The main reason is that the difficult situation in France during World War I forced the government of the country to recruit workers According to journalist Pierre Daum, since 1914, the French government has mobilized approximately 200,000 workers from the colonies, of which about 49,000 are from Indochina In 1918, the First World War ended, the majority of the soldiers and soldiers were repatriated The number of people staying in their careers is not very large, about 1,000 people The number of Vietnamese in France changed from 1924 to 1929 According to the French Police Department, as of January 1929, "there were 5,000 Indochinese people, divided into three main categories: 1,000 sailors, 1,265 cookers , 1,700 students and high school students " 2.1.2 Vietnamese community in France from 1930 to 1945 The world economic crisis 1929-1933 caused many serious consequences for humanity, in which the French economy suffered many serious losses Accordingly, at factories and production facilities in France, workers and workers are much fired Therefore, the number of Vietnamese in France during this period has changed The report at the Sixth Congress of the French General Confederation on November 15, 1931, said that there were 20 thousand colonial workers on the French workers' market Of these, most are from Indochina In the following years, the number of Vietnamese people in France increased In 1939, France joined the Second World War, so the demand for human resources was set again Regarding the mechanic, the document of "Indochina Workers" indicated that from October 20, 1939 to June 6, 1940, there were 15 trains carrying 19,273 people from Indochina to Marseille According to statistics, the number of intellectuals accounts for very few of the nearly 40,000 overseas Vietnamese in France in the 40s of the last century Mostly Vietnamese in France are soldiers and soldiers to fight the war The number of students almost did not want or could not go to France for many reasons: economic, transportation, war, policies for soldiers, soldiers of the French Government 10 2.2 Some organizations and activities of Vietnamese people in France before 1945 2.2.1 Some organizations The first organization of Vietnamese people in France is the cordial Council This association was born on January 18, 1912, founded by lawyer Phan Van Truong and served as President This organization has the purpose of mutual support, in order to foster patriotism for overseas Vietnamese Thinking with him, Phan Chau Trinh, who came to France in 1911, was also thinking In late 1917, from England, Nguyen Tat Thanh, later Nguyen Ai Quoc, came to France and participated in patriotic activities in the Vietnamese community The appearance of Nguyen Ai Quoc has made all activities of Vietnamese people in France change in a positive direction Nguyen Ai Quoc and Phan Van Truong and Phan Chau Trinh founded the Association of Patriotic Vietnamese, which was formerly a patriotic group of Annamese people in mid-1919 If the beloved compatriots were officially born, then the Association of Patriotic Vietnamese is an unofficial organization The policy of the Association is to mobilize people to unite against the regime of oppressing the French colonialists, enlist the support and support of the French people and the people of the countries, including ethnic groups, to seek independence freedom and unification for the Vietnamese nation In the list of leaders, Nguyen Ai Quoc served as a secretary Although nominally, Phan Chau Trinh and Phan Van Truong were leaders of the Association, but in fact, that role belonged to Nguyen Ai Quoc In 1919, Nguyen Ai Quoc and Phan Chau Trinh and Phan Van Truong drafted an eight-point version of An Nam's people book to the Versailles Conference, under a book signed by Nguyen Ai Quoc In 1921, the Association of Patriotic Vietnamese, together with some Africans (Madagascar) advocated to rejoin into a society, named the Social Group of colonial people In June 1921, the Colonial Research Department was established Among the participants were Nguyen Ai Quoc and some overseas Vietnamese In the above organizations, there is a notable association that Nguyen Ai Quoc is also one of the founders, the Union of Colonial Nations, which was established on June 26, 1921 This is not only an organization of Vietnamese people in France but also of other French colonial people here With the efforts of the Association's Executive Committee, especially Nguyen Ai Quoc, on April 1, 1922, Le Paria newspaper - the Association's mouthpiece was published This is a very effective and practical propaganda channel to the colonial peoples including Vietnam In 1925, there was an additional Association of Indochina Workers 11 At the end of 1927, An Nam Labor Protection Association appeared, founded in Marseille, most of them were sailors According to the charter, the association is organized to advocate for An Nam workers' rights In December 1927, a number of Vietnamese Communist sailors, Nguyen Van Tu and Dang Ba Linh, established the Vietnam Labor Rights Protection Association In the period of 1926-1930, in France, there were two opposing Vietnamese organizations, the Constitutional Party and the Vietnamese independent Party In the cities of Paris, Toulouse, Montpellier, where students and intellectuals are concentrated, in 1926, they organized the Association of Indochinese Students In March 1929, the An Nam Labor Protection Association of Marseille invited Parisian student delegates Nguyen Khanh Toan and Ho Ta Khanh to Marseille to unify the establishment of a new organization named the Eastern Labor Union Ocean In addition, at the time before 1930, there were many other Vietnamese organizations in France Communist Party members On November 22, 1933, at the cafe De la Source, the boulevard Saint Michel had a group meeting of Indochinese communist members The conference elected Tran Quoc Mai held the responsibility to take charge of the group and prepare a replacement for Nguyen Van Tri for the position of President of Cultural Mutual Association - The Groupe de langues group, which is actually a group of famous foreign Communists in France, is in charge of lawyer Phan Nhuan - Committees of representatives of all levels, establishments, military labor camps In addition to these committees, there are youth groups, self-defense groups, farm workers, illiteracy eradication - The General Committee represents on behalf of the Vietnamese community in France This organization was founded on September 16, 1944 2.2.2 Activities of the Vietnamese community in France 2.2.2.1 Solidarity of the community Among students, Vietnamese students in France often have a movement to organize summer camps On that occasion, they often invited prestigious intellectuals to speak Overseas Vietnamese often hold joint meetings to strengthen and strengthen solidarity, improve understanding for all members of the community Besides, the traditional holidays of the nation, especially the Lunar New Year, the overseas Vietnamese, depending on the locality, celebrate Tet One of the great contributions of overseas Vietnamese in France (mainly sailors) is to transport and distribute leaflets, progressive books and newspapers and 12 books of the French Communist Party, the Communist International to the country and come to the people of the French colonies 2.2.2.2 Fighting for rights The economic crisis of 1929 - 1933 forced the French Government to reduce workers, to repatriate workers from French colonies, including Indochinese workers, accordingly, unemployment occurred at everywhere Under these circumstances, thanks to the help of the French Communist Party and the French General Assembly, overseas Vietnamese organizations have repeatedly voiced their strong opposition to the extension of workers and the demand for unemployment benefits for the brothers During the period of the Popular Front to come to power in France, the movement of overseas Vietnamese had a better development condition In September 1939, the Second World War broke out In June 1940, France lost the battle and lost the country Under the occupation of Nazi Germany (19401944), the life of Vietnamese soldiers as well as Vietnamese soldiers in France was very miserable This forced overseas Vietnamese to protest even if they did not want to, leading to people being imprisoned, having people fired To save me, the struggle with the real strike form of 1,000 Pham Quynh campers lasted 48 hours The struggle has won, resonating in public opinion During the years of occupation, the French people fought for independence under the banner of the Charles de Gaulle Resistance Government Vietnamese warriors escaped also joined the resistance against the French people, often joining the guerrilla teams F.F.I A part of overseas Vietnamese in the south of France volunteered to stand in the ranks of French guerrillas, fighting stubbornly against Nazi Germany After the liberation of France, the French Communist Party also sank into narrow-minded nationalism, wanting to colonize France Therefore, before sharing joy with the French people, Viet Kieu entered a new struggle more difficult From December 15 to December 17, 1944, the Congress of representatives of the Vietnamese community in France took place and established the Representative Board of Vietnam 2.2.2.3 Press activities The press activities of Vietnamese people in France were laid by Nguyen Ai Quoc with the first Le Paria (The Suffering) in 1922 In January 1926, Vietnamese journalists were written in Vietnamese by Nguyen The Truyen, chairman and editor During their existence, Vietnamese souls have accompanied many patriotic movements of overseas Vietnamese Also in 1926, there was a Restauration Patrie published in Paris 13 According to statistics, it may not be complete, from 1927 to 1946 there were nearly 25 newspapers published In 1927 there were sheets In 1928 there were sheets In 1929 there were sheets From 1930 to 1946 there were about 6, sheets Include some outstanding newspapers: From 1930 to 1941, in addition to Vo San, the output from 1930 and continued until 1934, there was also the Hai Hai boat of the Hai Vien guild The newspaper called on Vietnamese sailors to join the French Communist Party and the General Confederation of Labor to unite the French, in order to seek benefits for its members, to demand necessary rights for the brothers and sisters, to unite with brothers and sisters labor Along with the Friend of the boat, there is also a Sailor sailor; The Call (L’Appel) was produced by Phan Tat Tan as a court secretary in mid1937 In August 1944, France was liberated Newspapers of overseas Vietnamese are published a lot to inform the situation, determine the attitude and tasks before the new time In 1945, after a period of operation, the Bolshevik Lenin group (referred to as the B.L group) consisted of a number of intellectuals in Viet Nam who were inclined to describe, giving out the Fight Some other intellectuals such as Nguyen Khac Vien, Vo Quy Huan, Hoang Xuan Man, Tran Huu Phuong and Bui Thach advocated Nam Viet newspaper In addition to these two newspapers, during the time of French occupation, out of a total of 30,000 Vietnamese overseas Vietnamese, the Overseas Echoes (L’Echo d’Outre mer) were circulated by the French Colonial Ministry 2.3 The new situation and patriotic activities of the Vietnamese in France in the period 1945 – 1946 2.3.1 The new situation and strategies of the Indochina Communist Party period 1945 – 1946 August Revolution (1945) was successful, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was born However, this Government faced a very difficult situation The challenges posed to the Revolutionary Government now are: hunger, ignorance and the risk of invading foreign aggressors Prominent in these difficulties is the return of French colonial aggression On September 23, 1945, the French colonialists attacked and attacked Saigon, opening their second invasion in Indochina On November 25, 1945, the Standing Committee of the Party Central Committee adopted the "Resistance Directive - National Knowledge" On the basis of correct identification of the situation, the Directive clearly identifies the strategic problem of the Vietnamese revolution in the new situation and 14 points out the necessary tasks: " The domestic task is to strengthen the government , against French colonial aggression, eliminating internal resistance, improving people's lives ” With the right direction of the National Resistance Resistance Directive of the Indochinese Communist Party, Vietnam revolution has gradually overcome a difficult period The Party's peace strategy has pushed 20 thousand Chiang Kai-shek troops back home, maintained and strengthened the government In particular, with the Preliminary Agreement (March 6, 1946) and Provisional Treaty on September 14, 1946, it helped the revolution enlist the time of peace to prepare for the long-term resistance after that 2.3.2 The patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France in the period 1945-1946 2.3.2.1 Patriotic activities of Vietnamese soldiers in France From 1945 to the end of 1947, there were about 1,000 selected soldiers among the weakest people to go home Accordingly, from 1945 to the end of 1947, the number of workers still accounted for a large proportion of the Vietnamese community in France And before the new situation, their positive activities continued Upon hearing the news that Vietnam was independent, Vietnamese soldiers in France were really excited They believe in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Government and especially President Ho Chi Minh On September 23, 1945, French troops opened fire on Saigon, opening their second invasion in Vietnam The act of aggression by the French colonialists encountered the outcry of Vietnamese soldiers in France at this time In addition to the protests organized by themselves, Vietnamese military personnel also joined the French working people in the movements: the large march on the International Labor Day 1/5 with the formation and slogans private On June 27, 1946, President Ho Chi Minh as the guest of honor of France and the negotiating delegation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Pham Van Dong took the lead to Bourget Airport Hundreds of workers from all over France with overseas Vietnamese in France came to welcome their hero For more than three months in France, President Ho Chi Minh met many workers Vietnamese military barracks all sent delegates to Biarritz or to Paris to pay their respects and support to leaders representing their people After President Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam, the movement of Vietnamese soldiers in France continued to be exciting 15 2.3.2.2 Patriotic activities of other parts of Vietnamese people in France On September 23, 1945, the French colonialists opened fire to attack Saigon, opening the war of Vietnam for the second time Although there was no direct condition to fight for national defense, the Vietnamese community loved France has immediate plans and actions: The Board of Representatives of Vietnam of the Vietnamese community in France issued an order to take September 18 as a strike day for all Vietnamese soldiers in general in France to oppose its own policy of invading Vietnam French colonial government In early October 1945, the Board of Representatives of Vietnam was banned by French authorities In December 1945, on behalf of 25,000 compatriots in France, 105 delegates of the meeting in Marseille established an overseas Vietnamese alliance to support the President of President Ho Chi Minh The French government has taken actions to prevent patriotic activities of the Vietnamese community in France The repression and detention of police politicians took place regularly Faced with the fierce deterrence of the authorities, the Vietnamese community in France cleverly combined methods of legal struggle In the months of late 1945 and early 1946, the patriotic movement of the Vietnamese community in France did not distinguish between politics, religion, age, and components that united and supported the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam draw and oppose the invasion war of French colonialists in Vietnam In June 1946, the Vietnam Democratic Republic delegation led by Pham Van Dong went to France to negotiate at the Fontainebleau Conference with the French Government President Ho Chi Minh accompanied the Delegation but as a guest of France A movement of Vietnamese people in France was launched to welcome and help the negotiating delegation of the country and President Ho Chi Minh The movement attracted all Vietnamese people in France 2.3.2.3 Press activities At the end of 1944, early 1945, the General Committee of the People's Committee of Vietnam issued a Vietnamese trade union official behalf on behalf of all Vietnamese compatriots in France to claim political and social interests Assembly The General Committee of the People's Committee of Vietnam was oppressed by the French Government On October 19, 1945, the agency was disbanded and the Vietnamese trade union also ended here However, in fact, the General Committee representing 25,000 Vietnamese in France still exists 16 Also in 1945, the People's Party's political organization, former Emperor Duy Tan, published the independence flag The Viet Minh group comrades in France published a new history page In order to attract overseas Vietnamese of 54 provinces and cities in Vietnam to present in France, the Vietnam People's Representative Committee advocates the publication of relevant Information sheets in each locality At the end of March 1946, overseas Vietnamese people gathered and decided to publish the Vietnam public union Number released on April 16, 1946 At the same time, the newspaper of Nong Nong newspaper was also born Agricultural workers report to help people who teach in military camps and work camps In addition to the above newspapers, Vietnamese people in France also have the following papers: - Nam Viet: This report is advocated by the Central Committee of overseas Vietnamese Newspaper refers to social, political, cultural and scientific issues The newspaper was published in Paris in the years 1945-1946 - Sailor: The Sailor is the information agency of the patriotic Vietnamese sailors union Newspaper published in Paris The first number came out in 1945 - Union culture: This newspaper is advocated by a number of intellectuals Newspaper printed and published in Paris The first number came out in 1945 - Trade union: This is the mouthpiece of the brothers of the Marseille camp soldiers, in the district of Bouche du Rhône Newspaper printed wax paper The first issue was released in September 1945 Due to the general historical situation as well as the situation of France in particular, the news about the revolution and other information in Vietnam came to overseas Vietnamese people not only limited but also a lot of information lacking objectivity by the distortion of the truth of reactionary forces in the French colonial government However, in general, activities in the field of journalism took place quite enthusiastically Chapter PATRIOTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN FRANCE PERIOD 1946-1954 17 3.1 The new situation and the strategy of resistance against the French colonialists of the Indochinese Communist Party 3.1.1 Vietnam situation after Fontainebleau Conference After signing the September 14 peace agreement, President Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam While the Republic of Vietnam Democrats strictly enforced the terms of the agreements, the French colonialists continued to flip In particular, on days 18 and 19/12/1946, the French colonialists sent an ultimatum to the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to give Hanoi management rights to the French army In the face of this situation, the Party Central Committee issued the All-People Resistance Directive On December 19, 1946, President Ho Chi Minh read the Call for Nationwide Resistance The resistance against the French colonialism of the Vietnamese people entered a new period: the national resistance period 3.1.2 The strategy of resistance against the French colonialists of the Indochinese Communist Party The strategy of resistance against the French colonialists of the Indochinese Communist Party is shown in three major documents: - Directive of the entire Central Resistance Party (December 12, 1946); - President Ho Chi Minh's call for national resistance (December 19, 1946) - Truong Chinh's Resistance War won the victory (July 1947) The core content of the French anti-colonial resistance line of the Indochina Communist Party is: All people, comprehensive and long-term, relying on their own strength 3.2 Patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France during the period 1946 - 1950 3.2.1 Struggling activities of Vietnamese soldiers in France In fact, French Government continuously wishes to make the majority of overseas Vietnamese in France resent, especially the contingent of Vietnamese soldiers in France The struggle of Vietnamese people in France to protest the war of dirty invasion of French colonialists in Vietnam and support the resistance of the nation continuously took place in the period after December 19, 1946 The movement of Vietnamese soldier workers continues to be exciting 18 In the years 1946 - 1948, the movement of Vietnamese soldiers in France became fierce and fierce Prime Minister P Ramadier plotted to build a henchman government in Vietnam to negotiate with the government They used the former Emperor Bao Dai as a political card in Vietnam In September 1947, former Emperor Bao Dai returned home, set up a national Vietnamese government, nominally representing Vietnam, but in fact a puppet government Vietnamese military personnel in France were aware of the problem They claimed to support Ho Chi Minh Government only and oppose the Bao Dai puppet government Vietnamese soldiers in France also enlisted the support of the French people who love peace It was this force that supported the movement of Vietnamese people in France to become larger and stronger In fact, the struggle movement of Vietnamese soldiers in France in the years 1948-1949 met many difficulties The patriotic movement of the Vietnamese community in France gradually turned to a new phase - the stage where the core is intellectuals 3.2.2 Patriotic activities of other components in the Vietnamese community in France Before returning to Vietnam, President Ho Chi Minh sent a permanent delegation to represent the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Government in France Mr Tran Ngoc Danh is the Chief of this delegation The General Secretary of the Delegation is Mr Tran Thanh Xuan The mission of this delegation is tasked to bring the path of the Indochinese Communist Party to the Vietnamese in France and orienting the patriotic activities of this force 3.2.2.1 Patriotic activities of intellectuals and students The French government is still very limited in bringing Vietnamese people to France So before the Revolution in August 1945, Vietnamese students and students in France accounted for a small percentage of the Vietnamese overseas community The situation changed from 1947 onwards The French government has a policy of bringing Vietnamese students and students to France to prevent them from participating in the resistance war in Vietnam So, it is easier for Vietnamese students and students who want to study in France at this time The number of Vietnamese students, students and intellectuals in France has increased Therefore, the patriotic activity of this department will play an important role 19 Overseas Vietnamese at this time have an organization called Union Culture One of the typical organizations of overseas Vietnamese in France is now Friendship Association The association was established around the end of 1947 Among them were the patriotic members, especially those who came to France from the Second World War In May 1949, the General Student Association conducted the Vietnamese Student Congress throughout France to elect the Executive Committee The Student Association is located in Paris and also directly leads the patriotic movement of Vietnamese students here In the years 1947-1949, a series of student, student, informal and other social components of Vietnamese people in France were born Political struggle is a thuowuowngfxuyeen activity of Vietnamese people in France But this is the activity that poses a danger to them because the French Government often prohibits and punishes those activities Witnesses like: Ms Mai Thi Trinh; Doctor Nguyen Ngoc Ha; doctor Duong Quang Trung They said that this job is very dangerous, must be done secretly, be careful only to spread at night: The way is to spread single spread on the streets or paste on the walls empty The leaflets not express opposition to the French government but only call for peace, freedom, equality, and general charity, so the law does not prohibit it, so it can be done in broad daylight When the French colonialists used the Bao Dai puppet government to deny President Ho Chi Minh's Government, the Vietnamese community in France struggled to support the Vietnam resistance and protect the prestige of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 3.2.2.2 Patriotic activities in the field of culture and arts Cultural exchanges have contributed significantly to attracting sympathy and support of peace-loving people and the governments of the countries making progress in the world with the resistance of our people Only one year after the World Democratic Youth Festival, in early 1950, the Socialist countries in turn recognized the Democratic Republic of Vietnam The situation of isolation from the outside ends The Soviet Union and China began to become the first allies to aid weapons, food, health for the resistance of our people The resistance entered a new phase: Counter-attack 3.3 Period 1950- 1954 3.3.1 New factors affect the struggle movement 20 From 1950 onwards, the domestic and international political context, especially France, has new factors that directly affect the patriotic activity of the Vietnamese community in France 3.3.2 The patriotic activities The fierce opposition of the public and the French people to the invasion war of the French Government in Vietnam helped the patriotic movement of Vietnamese people in France have many conditions for development In response to this fact, in late 1950 the French Government took measures to suppress the patriotic movement of the people of colonial countries in France, especially for the movement of the Vietnamese community This has caused many difficulties for patriotic overseas Vietnamese At this stage, due to the prohibition policy of the French Government, the patriotic movement of the Vietnamese community must operate in a secret situation Overcoming difficulties, Vietnamese people in France continue to develop their movement in the fields, in which the most practical contributions are about politics and cultural activities The Geneva Agreement marked the victory of the resistance against the French colonialism of the Vietnamese nation but it was also the beginning of a much tougher and more fierce struggle period Chapter SOME COMMENTS ABOUT PATRIOTIC ACTIVITIES OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN FRANCE PERIOD 1945-1954 21 4.1 Outstanding contributions 4.1.1 The great material and spiritual contribution to the resistance war against the French colonialists of Vietnam 4.1.2 The efforts to win the support of the French people 4.2 The characteristics of patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France in the period of 1945 – 1954 4.2.1 Differentiation leads to a lack of organizational unity 4.2.2 Consistency on target of struggle 4.2.3 The difference in leadership, forces involved in organizations 4.2.4 Political struggles play a leading role 22 CONCLUDE Patriotic activities of Vietnamese people in France during the ups and downs of national history have made particularly important contributions, especially in the period of 1945-1954 These are contributions in the field of politics, science and technology, expanding the contingent of communists But above all, the movement has contributed to expanding the great unity of the nation and international solidarity The patriotic movement of the Vietnamese community in France has become an important front The divine resistance of the nation ended successfully, national history turned to a new page with strategic tasks full of hardship The national unity bloc continues to continue and needs to be raised at a new height Facing new requirements of history, valuable contributions of the Vietnamese community in France continue to be recognized in the cause of socialist construction and the resistance against the US (1954-1975) In April 1976, the Vietnamese Association in France was officially established This is the most legal and public organization of the Vietnamese community in France Based on this unified, wide organization, overseas Vietnamese in France continue to turn to their homeland and make practical contributions to the country 23 ... of the Vietnamese community in France in the period 1945- 1954 Thirdly, the thesis needs to clarify the role of different parts of the Vietnamese community in France in the period 1945- 1954 Fourth,... September 23, 1945, the French colonialists attacked and attacked Saigon, opening their second invasion in Indochina On November 25, 1945, the Standing Committee of the Party Central Committee adopted... activities At the end of 1944, early 1945, the General Committee of the People's Committee of Vietnam issued a Vietnamese trade union official behalf on behalf of all Vietnamese compatriots in France
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