SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURESOF ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS CONTAINING THE VERB “KEEP” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ CHÂM SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS CONTAINING THE VERB “KEEP” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM CÚ PHÁP VÀ NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA CÁC CÁCH KẾT HỢP CHỨA ĐỘNG TỪ ―KEEP‖ TIẾNG ANH VỚI CÁC TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor : Dr Pham Thi Tuyet Huong Hanoi, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement of authorship i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Abbreviation iv Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study .3 1.5 Scope of the study: 1.6 Significance of the study .4 1.7 Design of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .6 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Theories of syntax .7 2.2.2 Theory of semantics 2.3 Theoretical framework 2.3.1 English collocation .9 2.3.1.1 The origin of the word ―collocation‖ 2.3.1.2 Definition of collocation 2.3.1.3 The distinction between compounds, idioms and collocations 10 2.3.1.4 Types of collocations 12 2.3.1.5 Characteristics of collocation 14 2.3.2 The concept of sentence components .16 2.3.2.1 The concept of phrase 16 2.3.2.2 English verbs 21 2.3.2.3 Phrasal Verbs 22 2.3.2.4 Classification of sentences in terms of sentence elements and verb complementation .24 2.3.3 Idioms 25 2.3.3.1 Definition of idioms 25 2.3.3.2 Features of English idioms 26 2.4 Summary .27 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 28 3.1 Setting of the study 28 3.2 Research questions 28 3.3 Research methods 29 3.4 Instruments 29 3.5 Data collection and Data analysis .29 3.5.1 Data collection 29 3.5.2 Data analysis 30 3.6 Summary .30 Chapter 4: SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS CONTAINING THE VERB “KEEP” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 31 4.1 Syntactic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep 31 4.2 Semantic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep 34 4.2.1 Conveying the meaning of staying in a particular place or condition .36 4.2.2 Conveying the meaning of continuing to something 37 4.2.3 Conveying the meaning of having or continuing to have in your possession 38 4.2.4 Conveying the meaning of delaying somebody or preventing somebody from doing something 38 4.2.5 Conveying the meaning of providing yourself or supporting another person 38 4.2.6 Conveying the meaning of owning and managing a small shop .39 4.2.7 Expressing other meanings 39 4.3 Comparison between the English collocation containing the verb Keep and their Vietnamese equivalents .41 4.3.1 In terms of syntactic features 42 4.3.2 In term of semantic features 43 4.4 Implications for teaching, learning and translating the English collocation containing the verb Keep 47 4.5 Summary 49 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 50 5.1 Summary of finding 50 5.2 Concluding remarks 50 5.3 Recommendations/Suggestions for a further research .51 REFERENCES 52 APPENDIX 55 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Function and Form of Adjective Phrase 18 Table 2.2: Function and Form of Noun Phrase 19 Table 2.3: Function and Form of Verb Phrase 23 Table 4.1: Syntactic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep 32 Table 4.2: Semantic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep 35 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Syntactic and Semantic Features of English Collocations containing the verb KEEP with reference to the Vietnamese Equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Nguyen Thi Cham Approved by SUPERVISOR Dr Pham Thi Tuyet Huong Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the process of doing the thesis, I have received a lot of precious lessons, necessary support and timely encouragement from my teachers, family and friends First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Pham Thi Tuyet Huong, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher Besides, I would like to thank all my respectable lecturers for teaching me all the courses that I have taken at Hanoi Open University Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my husband for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the syntactic and semantic features of English collocations containing the verb KEEP with reference to the Vietnamese equivalents‖, especially in the novels ―Gone With The Wind‖ by Margaret Mitchell and ―Jane Eyre‖ by Charlotte Bronte The study is aimed at three points: (1) finding the syntactic and semantic features of the ―keep‖ collocations in English and those of the verb ―giữ‖ collocations in Vietnamese, especially in the bilingual novels ―Gone With The Wind‖ by Margaret Mitchell and ―Jane Eyre‖ by Charlotte Bronte, (2) finding the similarities and differences between the ―keep‖ collocations in English and those of the verb ―giữ‖ collocations in Vietnamese and (3) providing some recommendations for the teaching and learning as well as translation of ―keep‖ collocations and ―giữ‖ collocations into the target language Data used for analysis in this study were mainly collected from books, literary works, and dictionary Data analysis is based on descriptive, quantitative, qualitative and contrastive methods According to the data analysis, the results of the study show that the verb ―keep‖ and the verb ―giữ‖ collocations coincide in their general meanings However, the verb ―giữ‖ in Vietnamese collocations seems to have much more meanings than that in English collocations iii ABBREVIATION OAL‘ED : Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Encyclopedic Dictionary EFL SLA Sb : English as a foreign language : second language acquisition : somebody Sth : something iv Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, and outline of the study 1.1 Rationale for the study In English language as well as any other languages in the world, collocations are one of the issues that have never been studied exhaustively due to their interestingness and popularity Collocations make the communication livelier and probably more effective British linguist Wilkins (1972:111) once stated ―While without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed‖ This argument has been supported by many researchers in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) who have emphasized the significance of vocabulary and agreed that vocabulary is equally, if not more, important than language structure in language acquisition Although collocation has become the subject of a linguistic study only recently, it arouses a growing interest in numerous linguists and is defined in various ways Accordingly, there is no exhaustive and uniform definition or categorization of collocation Therefore, it tends to be one of the most problematic and important area of vocabulary, especially for second language learners Hill (1999:5) goes so far as to suggest: ―We are familiar with the concept of communicative competence, but perhaps we should add the concept of collocation competence to our thinking‖ He also claims that non-native speakers have problems ―not because of faulty grammar but a lack of collocations‖ Along with Hill, McCarthy (1990:12) claims that ―collocation deserves to be a central aspect of vocabulary study‖ These pieces of evidence done can show the great importance of collocation in acquisition of a language The author would like to investigate the possibility of combining words into fixed expressions According to Palmer (1965:1), ―learning a language is, to a very large degree, how to operate the verbal forms, the pattern and the structure of the verb in that language‖ There is a question which need to be answered is that how verbs collocate with other classes of word A verb can collocate with a noun, a preposition, an adjective or even another verb Verb phrases are then created Investigating the combinations of verbs must be necessary for improving the students‘ knowledge and lessening their difficulties However, the knowledge of collocations is vast so this study only focuses on ―Syntactic and Semantic Features of English Collocations containing the verb KEEP with reference to the Vietnamese Equivalents‖ We choose the study ―Syntactic and Semantic Features of English Collocations‖ because the verb ―keep‖ is one of the most commonly used verbs in English and when it collocates with other words, Vietnamese learners often feel confused, especially about meaning of the verb ―keep‖ collocations Besides, a great number of teachers have unsuitable way of teaching collocation due to the limited awareness of its importance, leading to the limitation in using collocation of the students Without the knowledge of collocations, students are not bound to approach the native-like level of proficiency in language In fact, students have not paid appropriate attention to learning collocations The collocations with ―keep‖ is very popular in English, however, students still have difficulty in using them To solve this problem, learners should be fully aware of the importance of collocations, raising the awareness of teaching and using collocations For these reasons, I decided to choose this as the theme for my MA thesis The study is so entitled ―Syntactic and Semantic Features of English Collocations containing the verb KEEP with reference to the Vietnamese Equivalents‖ 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study This study aims at pointing out the syntactic and semantic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents in order to help to teach and learn the English collocation containing the verb Keep more effectively This study is intended to: - Point out the syntactic and semantic features of English collocations containing the verb ―keep‖ - Figure out the similarities and differences in collocations containing the verb ―keep‖ in English and their Vietnamese equivalents - Provide some suggestions for the teaching, learning and translation of English collocations containing the verb ―keep‖ in English 136 Có lẽ ơng cho lấy tiền Liên bang miền Nam nhƣ đáng phải khơng? You forget that I have been keeping up with you through Miss Pittypat, and the dear soul tells all she knows to any sympathetic listener I known that Ashley has been at Tara ever since he came home from Rock Island Cô quên biết rõ hành vi cô qua bà Pitty, ngƣời đa cảm 137 sẵn sàng kể lại tất biết If it was your mind that attracted him, he would not need to struggle against you, as he must have done to keep this love so –shall we say holy? Nếú thật tâm hồn quến rũ đƣợc ơng ta, ông ta đâu cân phải phấn đấu giữ cho mối tình thật….dùng chữ ― thánh thiện‖ đƣợc khơng? 138 They made it in ways –baking as Mrs Merriwether was doing, or painting china and sewing and keeping boarder, like Mrs Elsing and Fanny, or teaching school like Mrs Meade or giving music lessons like Mrs Bonnell Nếu ngƣời đàn bà bắt buộc phải làm lụng để giúp đỡ gia đình thời buổi khó khăn họ hoạt động phạm vi hoàn toàn phụ nữ …nƣớng bánh nhƣ bà Mernwether, vẽ tranh lên đồ sứ, may vá thổi cơm tháng nhƣ Elsing Fanny, dạy học nhƣ bà Meade dạy nhạc nhƣ bà Bonnel 139 140 141 142 143 ―Well, Frank would have kept it from you Vậy Frank không muốn cho chị biết Ashley‘s a good man in a pinch He keeps his head Ashley hay thật, lúc anh bình tĩnh sáng suốt She thinks the Yankees will reward a man for keeping niggers off his women folks Chỉ tƣởng tụi Yankee ban khen ngƣời dám kháng cự bọn đen để bảo vệ gia đình The Yankees had the South prostrate and they intended to keep it so Quân Yankee đóng Georgia nhiều phần lớn tập trung Atlanta The South must be kept down and disfranchisement of the whites was one way to keep the South down Sanh mạng, tài sản khơng đƣợc bảo đảm, ngƣời da trắng khơng đƣợc pháp luật che chở lắc đầu sống lo âu sợ sệt 67 144 No one in Atlanta could have loathed the Yankees more than she, for the very sight of a blue uniform made her sick with rage, but even in the privacy of her family she kept silent them Không Atlanta căm thù Yankee Scarlett Mỗi lần trông thấy đồ xanh nàng giật uất ngƣời, nhƣng sống gia đình, Scarlett đành câm lặng 145 She thought of Dilcey toiling in the cotton fields beside her, of Pork risking his life in neighboring hen houses that the family might eat, of Mammy coming to Atlanta with her to keep her from doing wrong Nàng nhớ tới Dilcey gánh chịu cực nhọc với nàng đồng vải, Pork liều mạng trộm gà hang xóm, Mammy Atlanta để giữ nàng khỏi 146 147 hƣ hỏng She‘s selling pies to Yankees and that‘s worse than running a sawmill, and Mrs Elsing takes in sewing and keeps boarders Bà ta bán bánh ba tê cho bọn Yankee, tồi tệ chủ trại cƣa Còn bà Elsing may mƣớn cho ngƣời ta ăn trọ In no way had either of them ever hinted at her condition and she had always kept the lap rode high under her armpits when with him, even on warm days 148 149 150 151 Mỗi có mặt nàng cẩn thận kéo cao áo chồng, ngày nóng So all I can say is, keep that pistol of yours handy – and when I‘m in town, I‘ll try to be on hand to drive you Dù tơi có bổn phận để nói ra, sẵn sàng súng có mặt đánh xe giúp cho The depot had not been rebuilt since it was burned in the battle and in its place was only a wooden shelter, with no sides to keep out the weather Từ ngày bị thiêu rụi trận chiến, nhà ga chƣa đƣợc xây cất lại thay vào nhà gỗ khơng đủ che mƣa gió Will must have kept it patched up very well Chắc Will phải tu bổ nhiều And then Ashley said that relieved him because he‘d been feeling like a dog, staying on at Tara, and he knew he and Miss Melly Would have to 68 keep staying on, now that that Mr O‘Hara was dead, just to keep foiks from talking about me and Suellen.‖ Thế rồi, Ashley nói với tơi, nhƣ ơng đƣợc giải không, ông cô Melly bắt buộc phải lại Tara để ngƣời ta khỏi dị nghị 152 Suelen She would explain to Ashley how Frank‘s ill health and the pressure of work at the store kept him from helping her, and she would plead her condition as another reason why she needed his help Nàng giải thích với Ashley sức khỏe bận rộn cửa hiệu nên Frank giúp đƣợc cần nàng đem tình trạng thai nghén để bắt Ashley phải chấp thuận 153 154 155 156 157 ―Scurvy trick, hey? I will thank you to keep a civil tongue in your head, Will Benteen‖ Xỏ hả? Anh nên ăn nói đàng hồng chút, Will Benteen He had kept sternly at bay those two enemies of Georgia planters, the seeding pine and the blackberry brambles Anh kiên chặn đứng hai kẻ thù ngƣời trồng trọt miền Georgia, mầm thong gai mâm xôi Scarlett stood behind him in the patchy shade of a gnarled low – limbed cedar, the hot sun of the June morning dappling her, and tried to keep her eyes away from the red trench in front of her Đứng sau bác bóng râm lổ đổ tuyết tùng sứt sẹo cành thấp, ánh nắng nóng buổi sáng tháng sáu lốm đốm ngƣời, Scarlett cố khơng nhìn vào hố đỏ cạnh trƣớc mắt The sound of Suellen‘s tears, just back of her shoulder, irritated her unbearably and she had to clench her firsts to keep from turning and slapping the swollen face Tiếng thút thít Suellen sau vai nàng, làm nàng tức không chịu nổi, phải nắm tay thật chặt để khỏi quay lại vả vào mặt sung húp híp ―I promised, you know, out in the orchard, last winter and I will keep my promise‖ Anh biết đấy, em hứa hơm ngồi vƣờn, hồi mùa đơng năm ngoái đấy, em giữ lời hứa 69 158 Then you are surer of yourself than I am, I could not count on myself to keep such a promise Vậy Scarlett tự tin anh Anh không tin đủ sức giữ đƣợc lời hứa nhƣ 159 ―You can stay with us at Aunt Pitty‘s That‘s your home,‘‘ numbled Scaelett, toying with a pillow and keeping her eyes down to hide dawning triumph in them as she felt the tide turning her away Anh chị nhà Pitty với chúng tơi Đó nhà anh chị, Scarlett lầm bầm nói, tay vân vê gối, mắt nhìn xuống để giấu vẻ đắc thắng vừa chớm nên nàng cảm thấy tình hình đảo ngƣợc theo chiều thuận lợi cho 160 161 162 ―It‘s all my fault for not being brave like you and for keeping Ashley home with me all this time when he should have been at the mill.‖ Tất chị không dung cảm nhƣ em, nên giữ lấy Ashley nhà với chị suốt thời gian lẽ anh phải có mặt xƣởng máy She‘d certainly dress Sam down for keeping her waiting Nhất định nàng đì cho Sam trận bắt nàng đợi ―Get out of the way,‖ she answered, keeping her voice as steady as they could.‖ I haven‘t got any money Giddap‘‘ 163 164 165 166 Tránh ra, nàng đáp, cố giữ cho giọng thật rắn rỏi Ta không mang tiền theo Hù! Scarlett went forward and took the lamp, holding it in both hands to keep from dropping it Scarlett tiến lên, đỡ lấy đèn, cầm hai tay cho khỏi rơi She kept a respectable house and – Oh their names? Nàng trông coi tiệm đứng đắn và…À, tên họ ƣ? And she knew if she could have kept from having Ella, Ella would never have been born Mà nàng biết nàng đừng đẻ, Ella chẳng đời I am hungry and everybody, Pa and the girls and the darkies, are starving and they keep saying over and over Tơi đói, tất ngƣời: ba tơi, em gái tôi, bọn ngƣời làm da đen, đói, họ lải nhải: ―chúng tơi đói‖ 70 167 Something is chasing me, and I can‘t breathe but I keep thinking that if I can just get there, I‘ll be safe Có đuổi theo tơi riết, tơi thở khơng đƣợc nhƣng nghĩ tới đƣợc an tồn 168 Somewhere deep in her was the desire to keep herself for him, although she knew he would never take her Đâu thâm tâm nàng âm ỉ niềm mong muốn giữ trọn cho Ashley, nàng biết chàng khơng lấy 169 Miss Pitty can get Miss India Wilkes to stay with her and keep the bogyman away Bà Pitty mời India Wilkes sang với bà cho khỏi sợ ngáo ộp 170 171 They were brief quarrels, short lived because it was impossible to keep a quarrel going with Rhett, who remained coolly indifferent to her hot words and waited his chance to pink her in an unguarded spot Đó cãi cọ ngắn, mau chóng tắt, Scarlett kéo dài đấu với Rhett, chàng dửng dƣng lạnh lung trƣớc lời giận nàng chờ lúc sơ hở lại chích nhẹ nhát ―If they kept their money But I doubt the ability of any of them to keep money more than five years at the rate they‘re spending.‖ 172 173 174 Nếu họ biết giữ Song đà tiêu sài họ, tơi khơng tin có bọn họ giữ đƣợc tiền năm năm I want you to keep on running the store and the mills Tôi muốn cô tiếp tục kinh doanh cửa hàng hai xƣởng cƣa She only knew that as she had once desired to keep her mother thinking her modest, kind, pure of heart, so she now passionately desired to keep Melanie‘s opinion Nàng biết xƣa nàng muốn giữ cho mẹ nàng nghĩ nàng thùy mị, tốt bụng, tâm hồn trắng, nàng muốn trì quý trọng Melanie cách tha thiết nhƣ Yes, it would be her across, until she died, to keep this tornment silent within her Phải, thập tự nàng phải mang chết để giữ cho nỗi đau câm lặng lòng 71 * Jane Eyre 175 She regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance Bà bảo rằng: tiếc, bất đắc dĩ phải bắt xa lánh nhƣ 176 Bessie answered not; but ere long, addressing me, she said—―You ought to be aware, Miss, that you are under obligations to Mrs Reed: she keeps you: if she were to turn you off, you would have to go to the poorhouse.‖ Betxi khơng nói gì, nhƣng lát sau quay sang bảo tôi: - Cô phải nhớ cô hàm ơn bà Rit nhiều: bà ni cơ; bà đuổi 177 nƣớc vào trại tế bần Mrs Reed herself, at far intervals, visited it to review the contents of a certain secret drawer in the wardrobe, where were stored divers parchments, her jewel-casket, and a miniature of her deceased husband; and in those last words lies the secret of the red-room—the spell which kept it so lonely in 178 179 180 181 spite of its grandeur Trong chữ sau có ngụ bí mật phòng nhỏ đỏ Sự bí mật làm cho phòng dù uy nghi đƣợm vẻ âm thầm Mrs Reed probably considered she had kept this promise Có lẽ bà Rit nghĩ bà giữ lời hứa I felt physically weak and broken down: but my worse ailment was an unutterable wretchedness of mind: a wretchedness which kept drawing from me silent tears; no sooner had I wiped one salt drop from my cheek than another followed Tôi cảm thấy yếu đuối suy nhƣợc, nhƣng điều làm tơi đau đớn cảm thấy khổ sở tinh thần, khổ sở hết chỗ nói, biết lặng lẽ khóc thầm The interest she exacted every quarter, keeping her accounts in a little book with anxious accuracy Số tiền lãi tháng lấy lần, lo lắng tính tốn biên vào sổ I deliberated a moment; my answer, when it did come, was objectionable: ‗I must keep in good health, and not die.‘ ‗How can you keep in good health? Children younger than you die daily Tôi nghĩ lát trả lời: ―tơi phải giữ gìn cho khỏe mạnh khơng chết‖ 72 182 Làm mà giữ cho khỏe mạnh đƣợc? ngày có khối trẻ con, bé cô, chết I should be glad if the superintendent and teachers were requested to keep a strict eye on her, and, above all, to guard against her worst fault, a tendency to deceit Tôi mong ông bà hiệu trƣởng cô giáo ý đến nó, cẩn 183 thận thói xấu nó, thói dối trá ‗I should wish her to be brought up in a manner suiting her prospects,‘ continued my benefactress; ‗to be made useful, to be kept humble: as for the vacations, she will, with your permission, spend them always at Lowood.‘ Tơi mong đƣợc dạy bảo xứng với tƣơng lai nó, bà ân nhân tơi nói tiếp: cho trở nên hữu ích, biết khiêm nhƣờng; 184 185 186 187 kì nghỉ hè, xin ơng cho phép ln Lơut ‗Do we pay no money? Do they keep us for nothing?‘ ‗We pay, or our friends pay, fifteen pounds a year for each.‘ Thế khơng phải trả tiền sao? Ngƣời ta ni khơng ƣ? I kept expecting that Miss Scatcherd would praise her attention; but, instead of that, she suddenly cried out – Tôi đợi Xcatsơ khen ngợi Bớc, nhƣng khen cô Xcatsơ lại quát: When I returned to my seat, that lady was just delivering an order of which I did not catch the import; but Burns immediately left the class, and going into the small inner room where the books were kept, returned in half a minute, carrying in her hand a bundle of twigs tied together at one end Khi tơi quay chỗ ngồi ngƣời đàn bà vừa lệnh mà chƣa hiểu ý sao; nhƣng bớc bƣớc khỏi lớp học, vào buồng phía trong, nơi cất sách, nửa phút sau bƣớc ra, cầm bó roi buộc chập lại đầu As Miss Scatcherd said, slatternly; I seldom put, and never keep, things, in order; I am careless; I forget rules; I read when I should learn my lessons; I have no method; 73 188 Đúng nhƣ cô Xcatssơ nói, tơi đứa lem luốc, it tơi xếp giữ gìn thứ đƣợc trật tự ngăn nắp, cẩu thả, vô nguyên tắc ―And cross and cruel,‖ I added; but Helen Burns would not admit my addition: she kept silence Còn bẳn tính độc ác chứ, - tơi nói thêm Nhƣng Hêlen không muốn tán thành ý kiến này, cô yên lặng 189 Then the scanty supply of food was distressing: with the keen appetites of growing children, we had scarcely sufficient to keep alive a delicate invalid Thế thức ăn lại thiếu thốn cực chứ; tuổi trẻ đà phát triển, ăn uống ngon miệng, mà suất ăn không đủ để nuôi sống lấy ngƣời ốm mòn 190 I can remember Miss Temple walking lightly and rapidly along our drooping line, her plaid cloak, which the frosty wind fluttered, gathered close about her, and encouraging us, by precept and example, to keep up our spirits, and march forward, as she said, ‗like stalwart soldiers.‘ Tôi nhớ Tempơn nhẹ nhàng thoăn dọc theo hang học sinh ủ rũ Chiếc áo khốc bị gió lạnh thổi bay phần phật chặt lấy ngƣời cơ, khuyến khích lời lẽ tự nêu gƣơng cho giữ vững tinh thần, để tiến lên, theo nói ―nhƣ ngƣời lính dung cảm‖ 191 192 193 194 ―No, ma‘am; she was sorry to have to it: but my uncle, as I have often heard the servants say, got her to promise before he died that she would always keep me.‖ Vâng, thƣa cơ; Bà Rít khó chịu phải làm việc Nhƣng lúc hấp hối, cậu em bắt bà phải hứa cƣu mang em mãi, em thƣờng đƣợc nghe gia nhân xì xào nhƣ A few lines only are necessary to keep up the links of connection Một vài dòng đủ để giữ cho câu chuyện đƣợc liên tục Even then a teacher who occupied the same room with me kept me from the subject to which I longed to recur, by a prolonged effusion of small talk Ngay đến lúc đó, giáo khác ngủ buồng kề cà nói chuyện chẳng đâu vào đâu khiến tiếp tục nghĩ điều mong muốn it was kept by an old dame, who wore horn spectacles on her nose, and black mittens on her hands 74 195 Tới nơi thấy bà có tuổi ngồi làm việc, đeo kính gọng đồi mồi, tay đeo gang đen At Lowood, indeed, I took that resolution, kept it, and succeeded in pleasing; but with Mrs Reed, I remember my best was always spurned with scorn Thực Lơut định ăn đối xử nhƣ thế, thực điều khiến ngƣời vui lòng; nhƣng bà Rit, nhớ rõ cố gắng đƣợc đáp lại khinh 196 bỉ they are only servants, and one can‘t converse with them on terms of equality: one must keep them at due distance, for fear of losing one‘s authority Họ kẻ ăn ngƣời làm, khơng thể chuyện trò bình đẳng 197 với họ đƣợc, không nên gần gũi với họ, nhƣ họ đâm nhờn but you see he has not kept his word, for he has brought me to England, and now he is gone back again himself, and I never see him Nhƣng cô biết đấy, ông chẳng giữ lời hứa cả; ông đƣa em nƣớc Anh ông bỏ lại em mà mình, em chẳng thấy ông đâu 198 199 200 201 202 ―In what order you keep these rooms, Mrs Fairfax!‖ said I Tơi nói: - Bà giữ phòng ngăn nắp quá, bà Fefac I observed that it put him out to find everything swathed up, and to have a bustle of arrangement on his arrival, I thought it best to keep the rooms in readiness Tôi để ý thấy để thứ bọc vải, ơng bực mình, nên tơi nghĩ giữ cho buồng lúc ngăn nắp, sẵn sàng Oh, at six o‘clock: he keeps early hours in the country À, vào qng sáu giờ, nhà q, ơng quen ăn sớm The old gentleman was fond of money, and anxious to keep the family estate together Ông cụ ngƣời lí tài, lo giữ cho gia tài nguyên vẹn I keep it and rear it rather on the Roman Catholic principle of expiating numerous sins, great or small, by one good work 75 Tôi gìn giữ vun xới cho theo nguyên lý Cơ- đốc giáo La-mã, lấy hành vi từ thiện để chuộc lại tội lỗi lớn nhỏ phạm 203 I will keep my word; 204 Tôi giữ lời Having completed her task, she rose to draw down the blind, which she had hitherto kept up, by way, I suppose, of making the most of daylight, though dusk was now fast deepening into total obscurity 205 I kept my word Tôi làm nhƣ lời 206 I derived benefit from the task: it had kept my head and hands employed Công việc cho tơi đƣợc lợi làm cho đầu óc tay tơi phải bận rộn 207 I went on with my day‘s business tranquilly; but ever and anon vague suggestions kept wandering across my brain of reasons why I should quit Thornfield; and I kept involuntarily framing advertisements and pondering conjectures about new situations Tơi bình thản tiếp tục công việc hàng ngày, nhƣng có ý nghĩ mơ hồ thống qua óc tơi, gợi lý lẽ khiến nên từ giã Thornơfin, bát 208 209 210 211 giác lại đặt lời đăng báo dự đốn hồn cảnh You pay her, of course; I should think it quite as expensive, - more so; for you have them both to keep in addition Dĩ nhiên, ông trả lƣơng cho cô giáo; nghĩ tốn ngang nhƣ thế… tốn ấy, ơng phải chịu phí tổn cho hai I was forgetting all his faults, for which I had once kept a sharp look-out Tôi bỏ qua tất thói xấu cuả ơng, mà trƣớc ý I have an inward treasure born with me, which can keep me alive if all extraneous delights should be withheld, or offered only at a price I cannot afford to give Trong ngƣời ta có kho tàng, bẩm sinh với ta; giữ cho ta sống đời tất lạc thú ngoại lai khƣớc từ ta, đòi hỏi ta khơng thể đƣơng I must keep to my post, however Tuy nhiên, phải nguyên chỗ 76 212 ‗No doubt of it; it is nothing serious; he is nervous, his spirits must be kept up Chắc chắn đƣợc, khơng có trầm trọng đâu; thần kinh ông ta dễ bị xúc động, cần phải kích thích thần kinh ông ta 213 She was three days without speaking; but last Tuesday she seemed rather better: she appeared as if she wanted to say something, and kept making signs to my wife and mumbling Ba ngày liền bà khơng nói đƣợc câu nào; hơm thứ ba vừa rồi, hình nhƣ bà hơn, bà muốn nói điều gì,và hiệu cho nhà tơi, miệng lắp bắp 214 ―No: you must stay! I swear it—and the oath shall be kept.‖ 215 Không, cô phải lại! Tôi xin thề nhƣ giữ lời thề if I had but a prospect of one day bringing Mr Rochester an accession of 216 fortune, I could better endure to be kept by him now Nếu có hi vọng ngày có cải góp them vào tài sản ơng Roochextơ, chịu đựng cho ơng chi tiêu dễ dang I like you more than I can say; but I‘ll not sink into a bathos of sentiment: and with this needle of repartee I‘ll keep you from the edge of the gulf too; 217 and, moreover, maintain by its pungent aid that distance between you and myself most conducive to our real mutual advantage.‘ Em diễn tả hết đƣợc lời tình yêu em ơng, nhƣng em khơng thể chìm đắm vào tình cảm thái q; câu trả lời sắc cạnh mà em ngăn ông lại bờ vực thẳm, nữa, nhờ cách gay gắt mà giữ đƣợc khoảng cách có lợi cho đơi ta sau The cloven halves were not broken from each other, for the firm base and strong roots kept them unsundered below; though community of vitality was destroyed—the sap could flow no more: their great boughs on each side were dead, and next winter‘s tempests would be sure to fell one or both to earth: as yet, however, they might be said to form one tree—a ruin, but an entire ruin Hai mảnh thân chƣa rời hẳn gốc vững rễ khỏe giữ cho thân không bị tách phía dƣới, nguồn cung cấp sinh lực 77 cho bị hủy diệt – nhựa khơng chảy đƣợc nữa; cành sum s hai bên khô héo cả, trận bão mùa đông tới quật đổ hay hai mảnh thân xuống đất, vậy, lúc hai mảnh hợp thành cây… cảnh đổ nát, nhƣng cảnh đổ nát 218 toàn vẹn I had expected his arrival before tea; now it was dark: what could keep him? Tôi chờ đợi ông từ trƣớc uống trà, mà tối mịt… khơng 219 biết có việc giữ ơng lại ―I did; and I will keep my promise, for an hour or two at least: I have no wish to go to bed.‖ Có thế, em giữ lời hứa, thức với ông hai tiếng đồng hồ, em chảng muốn ngủ 220 You say you never heard of a Mrs Rochester at the house up yonder, Wood; but I daresay you have many a time inclined your ear to gossip about the mysterious lunatic kept there under watch and ward Ơng Ut, ơng bảo khơng nghe nói có bà Rơchextơ sống tòa nhà kia, nhƣng dám ông nhiều lần để lọt vào tai lời bàn tán ngƣời điên bí mật, bị giam cầm 221 222 223 224 ―Keep out of the way,‖ said Mr Rochester, thrusting her aside: ―she has no knife now, I suppose, and I‘m on my guard.‖ Tránh ra, ơng Rơchextơ nói, gạt chị ta sang bên, khơng có dao, phải khơng? Vả lại tơi đề phòng You have as good as said that I am a married man—as a married man you will shun me, keep out of my way: just now you have refused to kiss me Em ngụ ý cho hiểu tơi ngƣời có vợ, tơi có vợ nên em phải xa lánh tơi, vừa em không chịu hôn I shall keep only to you so long as you and I live Tơi chung tình với em suốt đời, chừng đơi ta sống Moreover, I wished to see whether you would seek me if I shunned you— but you did not; you kept in the schoolroom as still as your own desk and easel Hơn nữa, muốn xem em có ý tìm tơi khơng, tơi tránh em Nhƣng khơng, em n phòng học, nhƣ bàn tay giá bảng em 78 225 I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man Tôi tuân theo luật pháp thƣợng đế ấn định đƣợc lồi ngƣời cơng nhận 226 ―God bless you, my dear master!‘ I said ‗God keep you from harm and wrong—direct you, solace you—reward you well for your past kindness to me.‖ Cầu chúa phù hộ cho ông, ông chủ yêu dấu em! Cầu chúa gìn giữ cho ơng tránh đƣợc xấu xa tội lỗi, dìu dắt an ủi ơng, ban phúc lành cho 227 ơng lòng tốt ơng đối xử với em ‗No,‘ said she; ‗we not keep a servant.‘ Khơng! – Bà ta nói, - chúng tơi không mƣớn ngƣời làm 228 229 230 She opened her eyes wide ‗Whatever cannot ye keep yourself for, then?‘ I have kept myself; and, I trust, shall keep myself again Thì tơi tự ni than tơi tự ni than Mr St John—sitting as still as one of the dusty pictures on the walls, keeping his eyes fixed on the page he perused, and his lips mutely sealed— was easy enough to examine Ông Xanh Jôn ngồi lặng lẽ nhƣ tranh xuống màu treo tƣờng, mắt chăm nhìn vào trang sách ơng nghiền ngẫm, cặp mơi mím 231 232 chặt, dễ quan sát My sisters, you see, have a pleasure in keeping you,‘ said Mr St John, ‗as they would have a pleasure in keeping and cherishing a half-frozen bird, some wintry wind might have driven through their casement Cô thấy đấy, em tơi thích giữ lại – Xanh Jơn nói – nhƣ thích đƣợc giữ nâng niu chim gần chết cóng bị gió đơng đánh giạt vào bên cử sổ ‗I believe you will accept the post I offer you,‘ said he, ‗and hold it for a while: not permanently, though: any more than I could permanently keep the narrow and narrowing—the tranquil, hidden office of English country incumbent; for in your nature is an alloy as detrimental to repose as that in mine, though of a different kind.‘ Tôi tin cô nhận công việc mà trao cho cô, làm việc thơi gian ngắn, khơng phải mãi , nhƣ mãi giữ chân cai quản xứ đạo nơi thơn q nƣớc Anh , 79 việc bình thƣờng , tối tăm nhỏ bé , làm cho ngƣời ta trở thành nhỏ bé , chất hiếu động nhƣ tơi , hiếu động cách khác 233 ‗Save them till they are wanted They will keep.‘ ‗You know what you undertake, then?‘ Cứ để tới cần đến, khơng mai đâu? 234 These soon took a pleasure in doing their work well, in keeping their persons neat, in learning their tasks regularly, in acquiring quiet and orderly manners Những em sớm thấy thích thú làm chu đáo cơng việc, giữ gìn thân thể sẽ, học đặn, tập cử khoan thai thói quen ngăn nắp 235 It is not despair of success that keeps me dumb Không phải sợ thất bại mà tơi câm nín 236 Mrs Reed kept the orphan ten years resided Bà Rít nuôi cô bé mồ côi đƣợc mƣời năm ‗Nonsense! and what sort of an effect will the bequest have on you? Will it keep you in England, induce you to marry Miss Oliver, and settle down like an ordinary mortal?‘ 237 Liệu giữ đƣợc anh lại nƣớc Anh khiến anh lấy Ơlivơ, n trí 238 239 240 làm ăn nhƣ ngƣời bình thƣờng khơng? In the resolute readiness with which you cut your wealth into four shares, keeping but one to yourself, and relinquishing the three others to the claim of abstract justice, I recognised a soul that revelled in the flame and excitement of sacrifice Trong thái độ kiên sẵn sàng cô muốn chia gia tài làm bốn phần cho mình, ba phần khƣớc từ theo yêu cầu lẽ cơng bình trừu tƣợng, tơi nhận tâm hồn biết vui sƣớng hy sinh It kept up a slow fire of indignation and a trembling trouble of grief, which harassed and crushed me altogether Nó trì lửa phẫn nộ, âm ỉ, bối rối phấp đau đớn, hai dằn vặt, vò xé tơi ‗Keep to common sense, St John: you are verging on nonsense Hãy giữ lấy lƣơng tri thông thƣờng, anh Xanh Jôn ạ, anh nói lời gần nhƣ vơ nghĩa 80 241 If I listened to human pride, I should say no more to you of marriage with me; but I listen to my duty, and keep steadily in view my first aim—to all things to the glory of God Nếu tơi nghe theo lòng kiêu hãnh ngƣời, tơi chẳng nhắc lại chuyện nhân với làm nữa, nhƣng tơi nghe theo bổn phận giữ vững ý định – làm việc vinh quanq Chúa 242 I got out of the coach, gave a box I had into the ostler‘s charge, to be kept till I called for it; paid my fare; satisfied the coachman, and was going: the brightening day gleamed on the sign of the inn, and I read in gilt letters, ‗The Rochester Arms Tối xuống xe, gửi ngƣời coi chuồng ngựa giữ hộ hòm tơi trở 243 lại lấy, trả tiền xe, đãi thêm bác xà ích tiền uống nƣớc, lên đƣờng You are not perhaps aware,‘ he continued, edging his chair a little nearer the table, and speaking low, ‗that there was a lady—a—a lunatic, kept in the house?‘ Chắc bà – ông ta nói tiếp, dịch ghế lại gần bàn, hạ thấp giọng xuống – có ngƣời đàn bà, …một ngƣời điên, bị nhốt tòa nhà ấy! 244 245 246 It was a sudden meeting, and one in which rapture was kept well in check by pain Đây gặp gỡ bất ngờ, gặp gỡ niềm hoan lạc bị kìm hãm nỗi đau thƣơng He stretched his right hand (the left arm, the mutilated one, he kept hidden in his bosom) Ông dạng cách tay phải (còn cánh tay trái bị cụt, ông giấu dƣới áo trƣớc ngực) I kept these things then, and pondered them in my heart Tôi giữ kín điều lòng nghiền ngẫm 81 ... COLLOCATIONS CONTAINING THE VERB “KEEP” WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 31 4.1 Syntactic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep 31 4.2 Semantic features of the English. .. syntactic and semantic features of the English collocation containing the verb Keep with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents in order to help to teach and learn the English collocation containing. .. and Semantic Features of English Collocations containing the verb KEEP with reference to the Vietnamese Equivalents 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study This study aims at pointing out the syntactic