Linguistic features of pharmaceutical terms in english and their vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM NGÔN NGỮ CỦA THUẬT NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH DƯỢC VÀ NHỮNG TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) NGUYEN THI MAI LUONG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM NGÔN NGỮ CỦA THUẬT NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH DƯỢC VÀ NHỮNG TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) NGUYEN THI MAI LUONG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Tran Thi Thu Hien, Ph.D Hanoi, 2017 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM NGÔN NGỮ CỦA THUẬT NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH DƯỢC VÀ NHỮNG TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2017 Nguyen Thi Mai Luong Approved by SUPERVISOR Tran Thi Thu Hien, Ph.D Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Tran Thi Thu Hien Ph.D, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to all the lectures of the M.A course at Hanoi Open University for providing me foundation knowledge through their invaluable lessons Last but not least I am greatly indebted to my family, my friends for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT The writer of the study attempts to figure out features of English pharmaceutical in terms of morphology and semantics After data are collected from the chosen materials, the writer uses descriptive method to describe and analyze these data before classifying them into groups of features The write also conducts a qualitative research as a description of the data from the source Data analysis techniques used are collecting, analyzing and classifying Linguistic features are presented through ways of creating terms and types of English pharmaceutical terms In terms of semantics, collected terms are divided into six main groups according to their meanings The study will be conducted through four steps: first, data are collected from the two main chosen materials and the other reference; the next, the data are analyzed qualitatively quantitatively to figure out the linguistics features of English pharmaceutical terms, and then the results are classified and presented in forms of tables; finally, the write also finds out their Vietnamese equivalents and common errors by learners of English when using pharmaceutical terms The results of the study help to contribute suggestion to approaching the teaching and learning English pharmaceutical terms basing on linguistics aspects iii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: The borrowing pharmaceutical terms 23 Table 3.2: The prefixes in pharmaceutical terms in English and Vietnamese 24 Table 3.3: Noun and adjective suffixes in pharmaceutical terms in English 25 Table 3.4: Suffixes describe procedures used in patient care 26 Table 3.5: The statistics of prefixes and suffixes in English pharmaceutical terms 27 Table 3.6: Types of compounding and number of terms for each type 28 Table 3.7: Types of clipping and their proportion 30 Table 3.8: The statistic about initialism and acronym among English pharmaceutical terms 31 Table 3.9: Terminologisation terms 32 Table 3.10: Summary of ways of creating English pharmaceutical terms 33 Table 3.11: Summary of ways of creating Vietnamese pharmaceutical terms 33 Table 3.12: Part of speech and the proportion of one-element terms 35 Table 3.13: The proportion of two-element terms 35 Table 3.14: The proportion of three-element terms 36 Table 3.15: The proportion of four-element terms 36 Table 3.16: Types of English pharmaceutical terms 36 Table 3.17: Types of Vietnamese pharmaceutical terms 37 Table 3.18: The proportion of groups of English pharmaceutical terms in terms of semantic features 48 Table 3.19: The proportion of groups of Vietnamese pharmaceutical terms in terms of semantic features 48 Table 4.1: The proportion of errors made by students at Thai Nguyen Medical College in using English pharmaceutical terms 55 Table 4.2: The proportion of errors in matching each term with its correct definition 56 Table 4.3: The proportion of errors in word formation 57 Table 4.4: The proportion of errors in finding mistake and correct it 58 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Abstract .iii List of abbreviations iv List of tables v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Design of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Terms and terminology 2.2.1 Definitions and distinction 2.2.1.1 Definition of terms in English and Vietnamese 2.2.1.2 Definition of terminology in English 2.2.1.3 Distinction between terms and terminology 2.2.1.4 Distinction between terms and words 2.2.2 Characteristics of terms in English and Vietnamese 10 2.2.2.1 Accuracy 10 2.2.2.2 Systemization 11 2.2.2.3 Internationality 12 2.3 Pharmaceutical terms 13 2.3.1 Definition and origins 13 2.3.2 Linguistic features of pharmaceutical terms 14 2.3.2.1 Lexical features of pharmaceutical terms 16 2.3.2.2 Morphological features of pharmaceutical terms 17 2.3.2.3 Affixation in Vietnamese 18 2.3.2.4 Semantic features of pharmaceutical terms 20 2.4 Summary 21 Chapter LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 3.1 Lexical features of pharmaceutical terms in English and Vietnamese 22 3.1.1 Borrowing 22 3.1.2 Adding 23 3.1.2.1 Prefixes 23 3.1.2.2 Suffixes 25 3.1.3 Compounding 28 3.1.4 Shortening 29 3.1.4.1 Clipping 29 3.1.4.2 Abbreviation 30 3.1.5 Changing general meaning 31 3.1.6 Elements of pharmaceutical terms 34 3.1.6.1 One-element terms 34 3.1.6.2 Two-elements terms 35 3.1.6.3 Three-element terms 35 3.1.6.4 Four-element terms 36 3.2 In terms of morphological features 37 3.3 Semantic features of pharmaceutical terms in English and Vietnamese 38 3.3.1 Drug terms 38 3.3.1.1 Forms of drug terms 38 3.3.1.2 Modern drug terms 39 3.3.1.2.1 Generic and Brand Name Drugs terms 39 3.3.1.2.2 Antibiotic terms 41 3.3.1.2.3 Vitamin and mineral terms 42 3.3.1.3 Traditional medicine terms (herbal medicine) 44 3.3.2 Pharmacognosy terms 44 3.3.3 Prescription terms 45 3.3.4 Equipment terms 46 3.4 In terms of semantic features 49 3.5 Summary 49 Chapter COMMON ERRORS MADE BY LEARNERS OF ENGLISH IN USING PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS AND SOLUTIONS 4.1 Setting 50 4.2 The subjects 50 4.3 Test 51 4.3.1 Sample exercises of English pharmaceutical terms 52 4.3.1.1 Multiple choices 52 4.3.1.2 Gap-filling 52 4.3.1.3 Matching 53 4.3.1.4 Mistake and finding and correction 53 4.3.1.5 Reading comprehension 53 4.3.1.6 Word formation 53 4.3.1.7 Translation 53 4.3.2 Procedure and preliminary results 54 4.3.2.1 Procedure 54 4.3.2.2 Preliminary results 54 4.4 Common errors made by pharmacy students at Thai Nguyen Medical College in learning pharmaceutical terms 58 4.4.1 Errors in prefixes and suffixes terms 58 4.4.2 Errors in borrowing terms 59 4.4.3 Errors in changing general meaning (Terminologisation) 59 4.4.4 Errors in misunderstanding abbreviated terms 59 4.4.5 Pharmacology misinterpretation 60 4.4.6 Errors in mispresenting word order 61 4.5 Causes of committing errors 61 4.6 Suggestions to overcome 62 4.6.1 Suggestions for teaching English pharmaceutical terms 62 4.6.2 Suggestions for learning English pharmaceutical terms 64 4.7 Summary 66 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Concluding remarks 67 5.2 Limitations of the study 68 5.3 Recommendations for further study 68 REFERENCES APPENDICES REFERENCES A English Adeniyi, H (2010) English Morphology Nigeria: National Open University Ajulo, E.B (1994) Investigating Lexis in English: problems of Theory and pedagogy Edo: Stirling-Horden Ayodele, A (2001) Morphology: An Introduction in Osoba, G.& Fakoya, A The English Compendium Lagos: TIMIgrafik Production Baker, M (1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies Routledge Boeckner, K & Brown, C (1993) Oxford English for Computing Oxford: Oxford University Press Cabbrés, M.T (1999) Terminology Theory, method and applications Barcolona Chitoran & Dumitru (1973) Elements of English Structural Semantics, Bucureşti, Ed Didactică şi Pedagogică Crystal & Dumitru (1973) Investigating English Style United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis 10 Crystal, D (1976) Linguistic England: Penguin Books Ltd Dafydd Cribbon (1999) The Importance of Terminology University of Murcia 11 Delahunty, P.G & Garvey, JJ (2004) Morphology and Word Formation Colorado State University Dostert, S (2009) Introduction to English Language and Linguistics Cambridge University Press 12 13 14 Dr Christine Karanja-Chege (2016) Antibiotic classification mechanisms of action MBCHB,Mmed Paeds Dubuc, R (1997) A practical Approach Quecbec: Linguatech 15 16 17 18 Ghzzi , C & Jazayeri, M (1997) Programming language concepts Wiley Press Gutiérrez Rodilla, BM (1998) Science begins in the word Penínsulla, S.A Halliday, Collin Yallop (2007) Lexicology A&C Black Haspelmath & Martin (2002) Understanding Morphology London: Arnold 19 Henry Hitner & Barbara T Nagle (1993) Basic Pharmacology for Health Occupations (3rd edition) McGraw-Hill/Glencoe Howard Jackson (2009) An Introduction to modern English Lexicology (2nd edition) Stŕední Knihovny PdF MUBrno 20 and 21 Hutcheson, H & Michaud, D (1995) Tutorial on Terminology Work Amsterdam: John Benjamins 22 Ingo Plag (2002) Word-formation in English Cambridge University Press 23 Janda, L (2007) “Inflectional Morphology” The Oxford Handbook of 24 Cognitive Linguistics, ed by Dirk Greeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens Oxford University Press Kreidler, Charles W (1998) Introducing English Semantics London: 25 26 27 Routledge Leech G (1974) Semantics The Study of Meaning London: Penguin Books Leonhard Lipka (2002) English Lexicology Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen Lieber, R (2009) Introducing Morphology New York: Cambridge 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 University Press LLona Havlíčková, Śárka Dostálová & Zuzana Katerová (2014) English for Pharmacy and Medical Bioanalytics Učební Texty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze Luisa Benigni (2008) English in Pharmacy Esculapio Muñoz, M.S (2011) Terminology Murcia: University of Murcia Packeiser, K (2009) The General Theory of Terminology: A Literature Review and a Critical discussion Master Thesis Copenhagen Business School Pius ten Hacken and Renáta Panocová (2015) Word Formation and Transparency in Medical English Cambridge Scholars Publishing Remson, L.H (2007) “Oral Language” Literacy for the New Millennium Ed by Barbara J Guzzetti Praeger Berllin: Cornelsen Verlag Rey, Alain (1979) Terminology: Norm and Notions Paris: France University Press Robin Walsh (2010) A history of the pharmaceutical industry Rojatti, R & Jones, B (2000) Translation Get Wired Amsterdam: Benjamins Rolf Noyer (1998) Vietnamese 'Morphology' and the Definition of Word University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Sager, J.C (1990) A Practice Course in Terminology Processing Sager, J.C (1997) “Term formation” In: Handbook of terminology management Wright, S.E & Budin, G (Eds) Amsterdam: John Benjamis Sebesta, R W (Eds) (2012) Concepts of Programming Languages Boston: Addision-Wesley 41 42 Sissi Wachtel-Galor and Iris F F Benzie (2011) Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects 2nd edition Valeontis, K & Mantzari, E (2006) The Linguistic Dimension of Terminology: Principles and Methods of Term Formation (Unpublished 43 master’s thesis) University of Western Australia Wüster, E (1979) Introduction to the General Theory of terminology and Terminological Lexicography Springer, Wein 44 Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford: Oxford University Press B Vietnamese 45 Bùi Việt Bắc (2010) Từ điển Y học Anh – Việt NXB Thời Đại 46 Đái Xuân Ninh, Nguyễn Đức Dân, Nguyễn Quang, Vương Tồn (1986) Ngơn ngữ học: Khuynh hướng - Lĩnh vực – Khái niệm Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học Xã hội 47 48 Đỗ hữu Châu (1981) Từ Vựng Ngữ Nghĩa Tiếng Việt Hà Nội: NXB Giáo dục Hoàng Văn Hành (1983) Sự Hình thành Phát triển Thuật Ngữ Tiếng Việt Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ, số 4, tr 26 Lưu Vân Lăng (1970) Nghiên Cứu Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt Trên Quan điểm Ngữ 49 50 Đoạn Tầng Bậc có Hạt Nhân Ngơn Ngữ Hà Nội: NXB KHXH Việt Nam Mai Thị Loan (2015) Đặc điểm Thuật ngữ Sở hữu Trí Tuệ Tiếng Anh Đề tài nghiên cứu Khoa học Cấp Cơ sở Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội 51 52 Nguyễn Lân (1995) Tôi Yêu Tiếng Việt Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học Xã hội Nguyễn Thị Bích Hà (2000) So Sánh Cấu Tạo Thuật Ngữ Thương Mại Tiếng Nhật Tiếng Việt Hiện đại Luận án tiến sĩ ngữ văn Đại học KHXH NV Hà Nội 53 54 Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1999) Từ Vựng Học Tiếng Việt Hà Nội: NXB Giáo dục Nguyễn Văn Tú (1968) Từ Vựng Học Tiếng Việt Hiện Đại Hà Nội: NXB ĐH & TCCN 55 Nhiều tác giả (2012) Dược Thư Quốc Gia Việt Nam NXB Y học C Journals 56 Phạm Văn Tác Lê Huỳnh Thanh Huy (2016) Similarities in word formation of English and Vietnamese 57 Rolf Noyer (1998) Vietnamese 'Morphology' and the Definition of Word University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics D Internet sources 58 http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Terminology#top 59 http://sis.vfu.cz/links/landaleos -introduction-to-pharmacologicalterminology.pdf 60 61 http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/types-andforms-of-medicine http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-vitamins-minerals 62 63 64 http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/issues_new.html https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html https://www.drugs.com/drug-classes.html APPENDICES Appendix 1: Sample exercises of English pharmaceutical terms Full Name: …………………………………… Class: ………… Mark: ………… Sample 1: Multiple choices Task 1: Choose on correct answer by circling A, B, C, or D to complete the sentence below People who … drugs often have serious problem A abuse B abuser C overuse D overuse …… is an ultra-fine drug particle in a dry form Depending on the specific medication, they are usually dissolved or mixed in liquids or food and taken immediately after being prepared A Tablet B Capsule C Liquid D Powder Which of the following suffixes refers to an inflammation? ……… A –uria B –ous C –emia D.–itis Aciclo is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog that is derived from guanine and is used topically in the treatment of herpes simplex infections It called acycloguanosine A -vir B -cillin C - emia D - mycin …… is a specified quantity of a therapeutic agent, such as a drug, prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals A Precaution B Side effect C Dosage D Active ingredient Sample 2: Gap filling Task 2: Look at the groups of words and decide what part of speech each word is Then complete the sentences with the correct word ………… penicillin comes in many different preparations Before you inject any penicillin, be sure to check the amount and the kind (Inject, Injection, Injectable, Injected) WHO is interested in disease …… (Prevent, prevention, preventive) Most sickness that require ……… treatment can be treated as well or better with medicines taken by mouth (Medical, medicine, medicinal) Sample 3: Matching Task 3: Match each term with its correct definition Terms Meanings Tonic A A small piece of solid medicine that you swallow with water 10 Supplement B A substance in the gaseous state Given to people before an operation to make them sleep, or during medical treatment so that they will feel less pain 11 Pill C A medicine that you take to get more energy and feel healthier, especially after you have been ill or working too hard 12 Gas D A substance which harms or kills microorganisms like bacteria and fungi 13 Antibiotic E A drug in the form of a small block that is out inside the rectum or vagina to treat a medical condition Sample 4: Mistake and finding and correction Task 4: Underline on mistake in each sentence below and correct it 14 Injections of penicillin with streptomycin work against colds and flu 15 Vitamin B12 and liver extract have certain risks when taken by mouth 16 In nearly every case of diarrhea, iron pills will more good 17 When a person who is not well trained puts the I.V solution into a vein, there is a danger of an injection entering the blood 18 Person who has ulcers or heartburn should avoid medicines that contain calcium Sample 5: Reading comprehension Task 5: What is the main idea of the passage? Choose the correct option 19 Put beside the main idea a Ethnobotanists study medicinal plants and their uses b Scientists study natural medicines so that they can find new cures for diseases c Doctors in India and China are famous for their knowledge of medicinal plants NATURAL MEDICINE Doctors in India and China are famous for their knowledge of medicinal plants, but healers in many countries all over the world use natural medicines Many modern drugs come from a few of thousands of plants with medicinal uses For example, aloe Vera is good for the skin It helps minor burns, such as sunburn Chamomile and sage teas are good for stomach problems Mint or ginger teas often relax people There is new interest in natural medicine all over the world Scientists want to learn more about medicinal plants and their uses The World Health Organization (WHO) has a program to study natural medicines in many countries For hundreds of years, native healers used plants to help the sick Natural medicines, such as the opium poppy or the outside bark of the cinchona tree from South America were common Then in the 1800s, pharmacists recognized their value and began to study them In 1803, Friedrich Serturner took morphine from the opium poppy He was the first pharmacist to extract a drug from a plant Later, scientists extracted quinine, which is a treatment for malaria from the cinchona bark Since then, scientists have extracted natural drugs from many plants They found aspirin in willow bark tea, which is natural treatment for headaches Scientists have studied medicinal plants and use the knowledge to make synthetic drug in the laboratory As a result, they can produce a large quantity of synthetic drug for some natural drugs that are not always common or easy to get At the present, pharmacists and physicians are studying drugs from different plants to treat cancer Many of these natural drugs are effective in the treatment of cancer Many different kinds of scientists such as physicians, biologists, and anthropologists are studying medicinal plants One kind of scientists who specializes in collecting medicinal plants is the Ethnobotanists Ethnobotanists study groups of people and their medicines They travel to many places, such as South America and Africa, where there are thousands of medicinal plants They live with the native people and learn how the people use these plants Then the Ethnobotanists bring the plants back to the laboratory where other scientists extract and study the drugs in them These studies are helping doctors find new cures for many diseases Mark the statements T or F 20 Some modern drugs come from plants 21 India and China are the only countries which use medicinal plants 22 Many of these natural drugs are effective in the treatment of cancer 23 Pharmacists cannot extract drugs from plants Sample 6: Word formation Task 6: Prefixes: Matching 24 Anti25 Hyper26 Neo27 Intra28 Chemo- A arsphenamine B synthesis C allergic agent D activity E venous saline Sample 7: Translation Task 7: Translate these sentences into Vietnamese 29 Injections are sterile solutions, emulsions or suspensions They are prepared by dissolving, emulsifying or suspending the active substance and any added excipients in water, in a suitable non-aqueous liquid, or in a mixture of these vehicles Solutions for injection are clear and practically free from particles Emulsions for injection not show any evidence of phase separation Suspensions for injection may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be withdrawn Translate these sentences into English 30 Penicillin thuốc kháng sinh hữu ích Nó chống lại số loại nhiễm khuẩn định Đối với số người penicillin nguyên nhân gây phản ứng dị ứng Phản ứng dị ứng nhẹ bao gồm ngứa, mụn phát ban Thuốc kháng his-ta-min có tác dụng giảm ngứa Hiếm khi, penicillin nguyên nhân gây phản ứng nguy hiểm sốc phản vệ, phải chuẩn bị sẵn adre-na-lin bạn tiêm penicillin Penicillin thường đóng liều 250 milligram (400.000U) dạng thuốc viên Ở dạng huyền dịch dạng bột 125 250 milligram thìa cà phê Đối với nhiễm khuẩn nhẹ: - Người lớn: 250 milligram (1 viên) uống lần ngày - Trẻ em từ đến 12 tuổi: 125 Milligram (1/2 tablet), uống lần ngày - Trẻ em tuổi: Uống từ 50 đến 75 Milligram (1/4 viên), uống lần ngày (Using abbreviation in instructions for use) Appendix 2: Keys to sample exercises of terms Sample 1: Multiple choices B D Sample 2: Gap filling effects Sample 3: Matching C 10 E D prevent 11 A A C medical 12 B 13 D Sample 4: Mistake and finding and correction 15 taken by mouth injected 14 work don’t work 16 diarrhea anemia 17 injection infection 18 calcium aspirin Sample 5: Reading comprehension 19 b Scientists study natural medicines so that they can find new cures for diseases 20 T 21 F Sample 6: Word formation 24 C 25.D 22 T 23 F 26.A 27.E 28 B Sample 7: Translation Translate these sentences into Vietnamese 29 Thuốc tiêm dung dịch vô trùng, nhũ tương huyền phù Thuốc chuẩn bị cách hòa tan, nhũ tương chất hoạt tính chất tẩy bổ sung nước, dung dịch không ngậm nước, hỗn hợp loại tá dược Các giải pháp tiêm rõ ràng thực tế khơng có hạt Nhũ tương tiêm không cho thấy chứng giai đoạn tách biệt Tạm dừng tiêm cho thấy trầm tích dễ bị phân tán lắc hệ thống treo mà đủ ổn định phép rút kim tiêm Translate these sentences into English 30 Penicillin is one of the most useful antibiotics It fights certain kinds of infections Mild allergic reactions include itchy raised spots or rash Antihistamines help calm the itching Rarely, penicillin causes a dangerous reaction called allergic shock but always have Adrenaline ready when you inject penicillin Penicillin: Often comes in 250 mg (400.000U) tablets Also: suspensions or powders for suspension 125 or 250mg per tsp For mild infections: Adults: 250mg (1 tablet) q.d.s Children to 12 years: 125 mg (1/2 tablet) t.d.s or q.d.s Children under years: 50 to 75 mg (1/4 tablet) t.d.s or q.d.s Appendix 3: Table Prefixes, roots, and suffixes apply only to generic names (Source: U.S Food and Drug Administration - FDA) Prefix, root, suffix Examples (generic names) Drug class or drug category -afil avanafil; sildenafil; tadalafil; vardenafil phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor -asone betamethasone; dexamethasone; diflorasone; fluticasone; mometasone corticosteroid -bicin doxorubicin; epirubicin; idarubicin; valrubicin antineoplastic; cytotoxic agent -bital butabarbital; butalbital; phenobarbital; secobarbital barbiturate (sedative) -caine bupivacaine; lidocaine; mepivacaine; prilocaine; proparacaine local anesthetic cef-, ceph-cillin -cort cefaclor; cefdinir; cefixime; cefprozil; cephalexin amoxicillin; ampicillin; dicloxacillin; nafcillin; oxacillin clocortolone; fludrocortisone; hydrocortisone cephalosporin antibiotic penicillin antibiotic corticosteroid -cycline demeclocycline; doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline tetracycline antibiotic -dazole albendazole; mebendazole; metronidazole; tinidazole anthelmintic; antibiotic; antibacterial -dipine amlodipine; felodipine; nifedipine; nimodipine; nisoldipine calcium channel blocker -dronate alendronate; etidronate; ibandronate; risedronate bisphosphonate; bone resorption inhibitor -eprazole esomeprazole; omeprazole; rabeprazole proton pump inhibitor (PPI) -fenac bromfenac; diclofenac; nepafenac NSAID -floxacin besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin quinolone antibiotic -gliptin saxagliptin; sitagliptin; linagliptin antidiabetic; inhibitor of the DPP-4 enzyme -glitazone pioglitazone; rosiglitazone; troglitazone antidiabetic; thiazolidinedione -iramine brompheniramine; chlorpheniramine; pheniramine antihistamine -lamide acetazolamide; brinzolamide; dorzolamide; methazolamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitor -mab adalimumab; daclizumab; infliximab; omalizumab; trastuzumab monoclonal antibody carmustine; estramustine; lomustine; alkylating agent bendamustine (antineoplastic) -mycin azithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; erythromycin antibiotic; antibacterial -nacin darifenacin; solifenacin muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic) -nazole fluconazole; ketoconazole; miconazole; antifungal terconazole; tioconazole -olol atenolol; metoprolol; nadolol; pindolol; beta blocker propranolol; timolol -mustine -olone fluocinolone; fluorometholone; prednisolone; triamcinolone corticosteroid -olone nandrolone; oxandrolone; oxymetholone anabolic steroid -onide budesonide; ciclesonide; desonide; fluocinonide; halcinonide corticosteroid -oprazole dexlansoprazole; lansoprazole; pantoprazole dalteparin; enoxaparin; fondaparinux; proton pump inhibitor (PPI) antithrombotic; heparin; tinzaparin anticoagulant (blood thinner) -phylline aminophylline; dyphylline; oxtriphylline; theophylline xanthine derivative (bronchodilator) -pramine clomipramine; desipramine; imipramine; trimipramine tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) pred; pred- loteprednol; prednicarbate; prednisolone; prednisone corticosteroid -pril benazepril; captopril; enalapril; lisinopril; moexipril; ramipril ACE inhibitor parin; -parin -profen fenoprofen; flurbiprofen; ibuprofen; ketoprofen NSAID -ridone iloperidone; paliperidone; risperidone atypical antipsychotic -sartan candesartan; irbesartan; losartan; olmesartan; valsartan angiotensin II receptor antagonist; ARB -semide furosemide; torsemide loop diuretic (water pill) -setron alosetron; dolasetron; granisetron; ondansetron; palonosetron serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist -setron dolasetron; granisetron; ondansetron; palonosetron antiemetic and antinauseant -statin atorvastatin; lovastatin; pitavastatin; pravastatin; rosuvastatin; simvastatin HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; statins sulfa- sulfacetamide; sulfadiazine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfasalazine antibiotic; anti-infective; anti-inflammatory -tadine alcaftadine; cyproheptadine; desloratadine; loratadine; olopatadine antihistamine -tadine amantadine; rimantadine antiviral; anti-influenza-A -terol albuterol; arformoterol; formoterol; levalbuterol; salmeterol beta agonist; bronchodilator -thiazide chlorothiazide; hydrochlorothiazide; methyclothiazide thiazide diuretic (water pill) -tinib crizotinib; dasatinib; erlotinib; gefitinib; imatinib antineoplastic (kinase inhibitor) -trel desogestrel; etonogestrel; levonorgestrel; norgestrel female hormone (progestin) tretin-; acitretin; alitretinoin; isotretinoin; tretin; -tretin tretinoin retinoid; dermatologic agent; form of vitamin A -triptan almotriptan; eletriptan; rizatriptan; sumatriptan; zolmitriptan antimigraine; selective 5-HT receptor agonist -tyline amitriptyline; nortriptyline; protriptyline tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) vir; -vir abacavir; efavirenz; enfuvirtide; nevirapine; ritonavir; tenofovir antiviral; anti-HIV vir; -vir adefovir; entecavir; ribavirin (along with interferon) antiviral; anti-hepatitis -vir acyclovir; famciclovir; penciclovir; valacyclovir antiviral; anti-herpes -vir cidofovir; ganciclovir; valganciclovir antiviral; anti-CMV -vir oseltamivir; zanamivir antiviral; anti-flu -vudine lamivudine; stavudine; telbivudine; zidovudine antiviral; nucleoside analogues -zepam clonazepam; diazepam; flurazepam; lorazepam; temazepam benzodiazepine -zodone nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone antidepressant -zolam alprazolam; estazolam; midazolam; triazolam benzodiazepine -zosin alfuzosin; doxazosin; prazosin; terazosin alpha blocker ... foundation of terminology, in terms of systemizing general theories as well as theory of linguistic features of pharmaceutical terms in English and their Vietnamese equivalents In practice, the findings... Chapter LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 3.1 Lexical features of pharmaceutical terms in English and Vietnamese 22 3.1.1 Borrowing ... collecting, analyzing and classifying Linguistic features are presented through ways of creating terms and types of English pharmaceutical terms In terms of semantics, collected terms are divided into