0521868165 cambridge university press the internationalisation of copyright law books buccaneers and the black flag in the nineteenth century dec 2006

This page intentionally left blank The Internationalisation of Copyright Law Technological developments have shaped copyright law’s development, and now the prospect of endless, effortless digital copying poses a significant challenge to modern copyright law Many complain that copyright protection has burgeoned wildly, far beyond its original boundaries Some have questioned whether copyright can survive the digital age From a historical perspective, however, many of these ‘new’ challenges are simply fresh presentations of familiar dilemmas This book explores the history of international copyright law, and looks at how this history is relevant today It focuses on international copyright during the nineteenth century, as it affected Europe, the British colonies (particularly Canada), America, and the UK As we consider the reform of modern copyright law, nineteenth-century experiences offer highly relevant empirical evidence Copyright law has proved itself robust and flexible over several centuries If directed with vision, Seville argues, it can negotiate cyberspace Catherine Seville is Vice-Principal and Director of Studies in Law at Newnham College, and Herchel Smith College Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge The Internationalisation of Copyright Law Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century Catherine Seville CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521868167 © Catherine Seville 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-34897-6 ISBN-10 0-511-34897-5 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-86816-7 hardback 0-521-86816-5 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Table of cases vi Table of statutes ix Table of abbreviations and archive sources xii Acknowledgements xv Introduction International copyright: four interconnected histories 22 Towards the Berne Union 41 Colonial challenges 78 The independence of America 146 Domestic problems 253 The colours of cyberspace 296 Bibliography 328 Index 347 v Table of cases Bach v Longman (1777) 98 ER 1274; Cowp 623; Chit 26 45, 46 n 13, 156 n 25, 174, 175 n 86 Beckingham v Hodgens [2003] EWCA Civ 143; [2004] ECDR 6; [2003] EMLR 18 322 n 51 Bentley v Foster (1839) 59 ER 641; 10 Sim 320 175, 175 n 87 Boosey v Davidson (1849) 13 QB Rep 257 31 n 7, 176 n 90 Boosey v Jefferys (1851) 155 ER 675; Exch 580 178, 179, 180 Boosey v Purday (1849) 154 ER 1159; Exch 145 176, 176 n 90, 178, 185 n 121, 188 Boosey v Whight [1899] Ch 836; affirmed [1900] Ch 122 285, 285 n 87, 286 Cala Homes (South) Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd (No.1) (1995) FSR 818 322 n 51 Carey v Collier (1839) F Cas 58 175 n 88 Chappell v Purday (1845) 153 ER 491; 14 M and W 303 175, 176 n 89, 185 n 121 vi Table of cases vii Clementi v Walker (1824) 107 ER 601; Barn and Cr 861 45, 46 n 13, 174, 175 n 86 Cocks v Purday (1848) 136 ER 1118; CB 860 176, 176 n 90, 178 D’Almaine v Boosey (1835) 160 ER 117; Y and C Ex 288; LJ Ex Eq 45, 46, 46 n 13, 156 n 26, 174, 175 n 86 Donaldson v Becket (1774) ER 837; Bro PC 129; Burr 2408 13, 13 n 12, 15, 56, 56 n 37, 152, 153, 313 n 33 Eric Eldred, et al v John D Ashcroft, Attorney General (2003) 123 S Ct 769 153 n 19, 223-224 n 214, 308 n 29, 319 n 44 Guichard v Mori (1831) 47 ER 1134; Law J Ch 227 174, 175 n 86 Hadley v Kemp (1999) EMLR 589 322 n 51 IMS Health Inc v Commission of the European Communities [2001] ECR II-3193 311 n 31 Jefferys v Boosey (1854) 10 ER 681; HLC 815 31, 31 n 7, 32, 33, 47, 47 n 18, 185, 187, 190, 197, 246 Low v Routledge (1865) LR Ch App 42 96 Low v Ward (1868) LR Eq 415 198 n 158 Mattel Inc v Walking Mountain Productions 353 F 3d 792 (CA 9th Cir 2003) 325 n 55 Millar v Taylor (1769) 98 ER 201; Burr 2303 56 n 37, 152, 153, 154 viii Table of cases Ollendorf v Black (1850) 20 LJ Ch, 165 178 Ray v Classic FM PLC [ 1998] FSR 622 322 n 51 Reade v Conquest (1861) CB (NS) 755 266 n 39 Reade v Conquest (1862) 11 CB (NS) 479 266 n 41 Reade v Lacy (1861) J and H 524 266 n 40 Routledge v Low (1868) LR HL 100; 37 LJ Ch 454; 18 LT 874; 16 WR 1081 26, 32, 47, 47 n 18, 71 n 66, 90, 92, 92 n 32, 93, 95, 95 n 40, 96, 195, 197, 198, 199, 246 Smiles v Belford 1, Upper Canada Reports 436 109 n 76, 136 Toole v Young(1873) QB 523 267 n 44 Wheaton v Peters (1834) 33 US 591; 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The Construction of Authorship (Durham; London: Duke University Press, 1994) Woodson, Thomas, Smith, L Neal and Pearson, Norman Holmes (eds.), Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Letters, 1857–1864, 18 vols (Columbus, O.H.: Ohio State University Press, 1984–87) Wright, Carroll D., A Report on the Effect of International Copyright Law in the United States Made in Compliance with the Resolution of the United States Senate of January 23 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900) Yen, Alfred C., ‘The Interdisciplinary Future of Copyright Theory’, in Martha Woodmansee and Peter Jaszi (eds.), The Construction of Authorship (Durham; London: Duke University Press, 1994) Zboray, Ronald J., A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) Index 1710 Act of Anne 12, 13, 246 1790 literary copyright 29 1792 Post Office Act 148 1814 Copyright Act 42 1828 Tariff of Abominations 192 1831 U.S Copyright Act 154 1833 Dramatic Property Act 1837 Copyright Bill 1838 International Copyright Act 9, 23, 44, 46, 49, 175, 254 1842 Copyright Act 6, 10, 25, 47, 48, 79, 84, 246, 269 1842 Customs Act 23, 79, 254 1844 International Copyright Act 23, 50, 51 1845 Customs Act 49 1847 Canadian Copyright Act 87 1847 Foreign Reprints Act 96, 23, 25, 84, 86, 556, 93, 101, 111, 126, 267 1850 United States Census 147 1851 Anglo-French convention 55 1851 Anglo-French treaty 183 1852 Copyright Amendment Act 55 1852 International Copyright Act 51 1858 Brussels congress 24, 41, 52, 58, 59 1858 international congress 52 1862 Fine Art Copyright Act 6, 265 1865 Colonial Laws Validity Act 98, 117 1867 British North America Act 90, 98 1868 Baldwin bill 201 1868 Canadian Copyright Act 93, 94, 100 1872 Canadian Copyright Bill 103 1875 Canadian Copyright Act 26, 86, 89, 108, 109, 110, 124, 249 1875 Canadian Copyright Act, compromise 106 1875 International Copyright Act 55 1878 Paris Congress 41, 58 1878 Royal Commission 27, 66, 253, 264, 268–80 1882 Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act 277 1882 Copyright (Works of Fine Art) Bill 277 1882 Rome Congress 60 1883 Mongrel Tariff Act 220 1886 Berne convention 41, 54, 58, 63 1886 International and Colonial Copyright Act 9, 27, 114 1888 compromise (American authors, publishers and typographical union) 323 1888 Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act 279 1889 Canadian Copyright Act 27, 116, 281 1891 U.S Copyright Act 27, 296 1891 U.S Copyright Act, effects of 247 1900 Copyright Bill 134 1900 Canadian Copyright Act (Fisher Act) 135 1902 Musical (Summary Proceedings) Copyright Act 288 1905 Australian Copyright Act 145 1906 Musical Copyright Act 288 1908 Berlin revision of Berne Convention 28 1909 U.S Copyright Act 135 1911 Copyright Act 22, 39 1911 Canadian Copyright Act 28, 77, 294 1996 WIPO Treaties 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Abridgment, dramatisation and translation (infringement) 276, 280 Abinger, James Scarlett, 1st Baron 45, 174 Act of Paris 291 ad valorem duty 103 Adams, Francis Ottiwell 62, 66, 68, 69 Adams, George 238 Agreement between Leagues and the typographical unions 232 ALAI 74, 224, 248, 290, 292 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 205, 220 347 348 Index America/American 28 book trade 29 first press, Cambridge 152 History 146 International Copyright Association 30, 162, 202 international copyright law, scope of 22, law 36 literature 150 Magazine (1797–8) 150 manufacturing clause 280 market 159 Newspaper Publishers Association 239 piracies 82 publishers 27, 29, 146, 150, 156 Publishers Copyright League 35, 227, 232, 240 reprinters 25, 42, 81, 84, 135, 157, 301 serial publication 301 trade 216 type-setting 234 American copyright 118, 150, 175, 180, 189, 218, 298 Association 32, 196, 201, 196 Club 30, 170, 169 for foreigners 27 League 35, 127, 217, 219, 221, 222, 226, 229, 235, 251 legislation 301 works 17, 100 American Dictionary of the English Language 152 Anglo-American copyright 10, 93, 107, 119, 127, 171, 180, 187, 262, 267 Anglo-American treaty 112, 131, 199, 216, 217, 248, 270 Anglo-French treaty 51 Anglo-Spanish convention 67 Appleton bill 33 Appleton, Charles 207 Appleton, William 33, 200, 202, 203 Arnell, Samuel Mayes 196 Arnold, Matthew 226, 274, 314 Arthur, President Chester A 34, 221 Askwith, Sir George Ranken 38 Association for the Protection of British Literature 50 Association for the Protection of Literature 256, 258 Association to Protect the Rights of Authors 108, 206, 267 Athenaeum 102, 179, 185, 187, 203, 209, 232, 255, 256 author paradigm 306 Authors Club 217 Authors Copyright League 35, 130, 227, 228, 232, 238, 250 author’s natural property rights 19, 57, 163, 274 authorship, concept of 16 Badeau, Adam 204 Baird, Henry Carey 201, 202, 223 Baldwin report 196 Baldwin, Simeon 152 Balestier, Charles Wolcott 297, 299, 300, 303 Balfour, Lord (Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh) 280, 285, 287 Banning, Henry 205 Barrie, James Matthew 303 Barthes, Roland 15 Battles of principle 271 Beach, Michael Hicks 236 Beck, James 203 Bell, Robert 53 Bellini, Vincenzo 178 Bentham, Jeremy 19 Bergne, Sir Henry 62, 66, 73, 117, 225, 227, 228, 245, 288 Berlin revision of Berne convention 74, 75, 76, 136, 137, 138, 145, 289, 290 Berne Conference/Convention 22, 24, 25, 60, 61, 65, 70, 71, 145, 116, 224, 225, 248, 279, 288 Berne Union 41, 62, 65 Besant, Walter 226, 236, 257, 278 Bilateral agreements 3, 23, 54, 58, 61, 323 Bills in Congress 1871–1874 201 Birrell, Augustine 284 Black, Adam 37 Blackwood, John 44, 53, 173, 184, 259, 272 Blaine, D Roberton 215 Board of Trade 47, 69, 84, 86, 87, 91, 96, 105 Bogue, David 80 Bohn, Henry George 80, 177 book trade 78, 147, 161, 168, 184, 255, 260, 264 Booksellers’ Association 262 Booksellers Regulations 260 Bookselling Question 260 Boutwell, George S 235 Bowell, Sir Mackenzie 123, 129 Bowker, Richard Rogers 34, 207 Breckinridge, John Cabell 36, 235 Briggs, William 20 Bristed, Charles Astor 202 Britain/British 245 authors 42 Index and Berlin Act 76 book trade 22, 41 copyright law 253 and Foreign Copyright, adjustment of 179 domestic law imperial copyright legislation 25 North America Act 109 periodicals in America 171 trade policy 213 British copyright 3, 45, 143, 159, 189, 195 books 88, 94, 270 domestic copyright 22 and foreign nationals 45, 174 framework 77 holders 44, 114 interests 26, 41 law 5, 54, 67, 175 owners 25, 94, 132 works 17, 18, 26, 49, 79, 80, 81, 90, 97, 100, 103, 109, 110, 156, 312, 324 British publishers 26, 89 piratical publishers 80 Bronte, Charlotte 180 Brother Jonathan 79, 148 Browning, Robert 100 Bryant, William Cullen 160, 164, 169, 194, 196 Bulwer, Henry 180 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward 29, 31, 167, 171, 179, 180 Bulwer-Lytton, Robert 31, 180, 181 Butterworth, Benjamin 36, 238 Buxton, Sydney 139, 143, 291 Caine, Thomas Henry Hall 28, 124, 125, 130, 131, 281 Cairns, Hugh McCalmont, 1st Earl 246 Cambreleng, Churchill 161 Camden, Lord (Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden) 313 Campbell, Lord John 178, 179, 185, 198, 261 Campbell, Thomas 257 Canada/Canadian 90 Autonomy 121 book trade 115 Compromise 132, 284 Copyright Association 115, 125, 129, 131 first printing press, Nova Scotia 78 proposals 94, 95, 123, 203 publishers 26, 90, 110 turbulence 97 Capen, Nahum 170 349 Carey & Lea 157 Carey, Henry C 158, 183 Carey, Mathew 158 Carlisle, John Griffin 242 Carlyle, Thomas 167, 259 Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of 107, 108, 109 Century Magazine 34 Chace bill 36, 222, 223, 226, 227, 234, 236, 241, 299 Chace, Jonathan 221, 228 Chamberlain, Joseph 66, 127, 135, 214 Chambers, William 88 Chapman, John 180, 260 Chartier, Roger 14 Cheap publishing 209 Chicago Copyright League 228 Civil War 11, 31, 149, 190 Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of 183, 184, 199 Clark, Lewis Gaylord 164 Clay bill, petitions and pressure 30, 160, 167 Clay, Henry 29, 161, 163, 173 Clemens, Samuel 205, 222, 231 Cleveland, President Grover 35, 224, 239 Codification of American law 251 Colburn, Henry 44, 156 Colebrooke, Sir William 85 Colles, William Morris 145 Collins, Patrick A 218 Collins, Wilkie 211 Colony/Colonial 78 Conference 122 copyright 10, 22, 25, 27, 70, 77, 102, 104, 110, 123, 270, 276, 291 edition of books 83 and international copyright 22 library 80, 82 licensing scheme 276 markets 80, 83, 84, 95, 267, 289 Committee of the Booksellers Association 260 Committee on Patents 34, 218, 222, 224, 235, 237, 239, 251 common law right of property 12, 56 compulsory licensing scheme 27, 310 Congress of Authors 248 Contemporary intellectual property law/ systems 305, 307 Continental Congress 151 continental market 42, 259 continental rights 50 Cooper, James Fenimore 150, 156, 158, 162, 175 350 Index copyright 16, 37, 53, 165, 226, 263 (Amendment) Bill 281 (Artistic) Bill 284, 286 and contexts 16 and Post Office Acts 85 Association 26, 37, 38, 68, 69, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 118, 122, 126, 128, 212, 214, 267, 279, 281, 283, 288, 290 Bill 1900 285 Bills of 1910 and 1911 292 Club 232 for foreigners 174, 185 League 36, 219, 232 policy-makers 314 reform 256, 294 registration 269 Union 65, 67 courtesy of trade 297 Covert bill 250 Cox bill 201 Cox, Samuel Sullivan 33, 201 Coxe, Arthur Cleveland 172 Crampton, John F 31, 181, 182, 183, 184 Crampton-Everett treaty 189, 199 Cranworth, Lord (Robert Monsey Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth) 178, 185 Creative Common licenses Cummins, Maria 32, 92, 198 Curtis, George Ticknor 222 cyberspace 2, 6, 8, 296 Daldy, F R 94, 99, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, 116, 122, 129, 212, 214, 215, 267, 277, 281 Dawson Brothers 107 Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of 206 Devey, George 197 Dicey, Edward 206 Dickens, Charles 30, 44, 165, 166, 167, 168, 195, 255, 257, 261, 317 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 324 digital technology 1, 39, 40, 314, 315, 317, 323, 325 Disraeli, Benjamin 37, 65, 108, 112, 206, 267, 276 domestic copyright law 8, 10, 36, 191, 261, 253, 275 Donaldson, Alexander 13 Dorsheimer bill 34, 218 dramatisation right 265, 266, 267, 270 droit d’auteur, doctrine of 3, 57 Drone, Eaton S 208 Droz, Numa 61, 64 Drummond, Sir Henry 271 Drummond, Victor 211 dual type setting 234 Dudley Lord (William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley) 283 Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of 107 Duyckinck, Evert 169 Duyckinck, George 164 e-books 316 economic growth 149 Edinburgh Review 51, 273 Eggleston, Edward 217, 226, 232 Elgin, Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of 76, 136, 137 Ellsworth, William W 153 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 157, 174 encryption processes 316 English copyright law 8, 85 English Copyright owners, Compromise of 104 English, William 221 e-publishing 314, 316 EU harmonization European Union’s Directive on Copyright European Union’s Information Society Directive 324 Evans, Marian 261 Evans, William 33 Evarts, William 208 Everett, Edward 163, 164, 182 Examiner 51 Farrer, Sir Thomas 66, 67, 96, 103, 104, 110, 111, 213, 214, 272, 273, 274 federal copyright legislation 151 Fillmore, President Millard 183 Fine Art copyright 277 Fish, Hamilton 199 Fisher, Sydney Arthur 133, 139, 140, 143 Foreign authors under English law 156, 174 foreign copyright works in America 28 foreign editions, problem of 44 foreign reprints 22, 41, 47, 79, 83, 111, 271 Foreign Reprints Act 87, 88, 96, 120 foreign trade 111 Forster, John 167 Fortnightly Review 273, 274 Foucault, Michel 15 Franco-German treaty 67 Franking privilege 81 Index Freeman’s Oath 147 Free-Trade League 235 French and American reprints 42 French copyright law 56 French idealism 56 French revolutionary laws 57 Froude, James Anthony 273, 274 Frye, William Pierce 242 Galignani, Giovanni Antonio, 41 Garfield, President James A 215 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) General Postal Union 60 Gilder, Richard Watson 34, 217 Gladstone, William Ewart 37, 43, 50, 80, 82, 85, 96, 98, 107, 189, 226, 261, 262, 264, 276, 279, 314 Goddard, Leybourn 275 Goodrich, Samuel 156, 190 Gorell Committee 290, 293 Gorell, Lord 38, 138 Gosse, Edmund 236 Granville, George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl 66, 96, 113, 201, 203, 204, 214, 215, 216 Greeley, Horace 167 Grey, Henry George, 3rd Earl 86 Grote, George 261 Guild of Literature and Art 256 Haggard, Sir Henry Rider 226 Hall-Jones, William 141 Hamilton, Alexander 191 Harper Bros 29, 44, 112, 159, 160, 188, 195, 208 Harper Draft 33, 112, 149, 208, 211, 212 Harrison, President Benjamin 237, 239, 244 Hawks, Francis L 169 Hawley bill 34, 221, 222, 223 Hawthorne, Julian 206 Heinemann, William 251 Helps, Arthur 100 Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux 185 Herbert, Sir Robert 105 Herschell, Farrer 98, 132, 283 Hicks bill 250 Hirst, Henry B 170 Hoffman, Michael 153, 154 Holland, Sir Henry see Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, 1st Viscount Hollingshead, John 267 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 220 Holt, Henry 222, 230, 245 351 Hood, Thomas 257, 259 Howells, William Dean 205 Hugo, Victor 24, 60 Huxley, Thomas 203 Ibbetson, Sir Henry 276 Imperial copyright 10, 76, 85, 90, 91, 92, 104, 106, 107, 120, 132, 138, 139, 249, 296 Imperial Copyright Act 1911 86, 94, 108, 122, 144 Imperial Copyright Conference, 28, 138, 139, 142, 291 Institute of International Law 59 Intellectual property law 1, 2, 11 International Copyright Association 31, 193, 202, 207, 228, 238 International Intellectual Property Alliance 296 International Literary Association 212, 213, 214 International Literary Congress 24, 59 international protection 61, 162 international publishing 191 International Typographical Union 240 Internet publication 4, 315 Irving, Washington 150, 156, 157, 162, 163, 165 James, George Payne Rainsford 43 James, Henry 218, 236, 300 Jaszi, Peter 322 Jay, John 30 Jeffreys, George 178 Jenkins, Edward 71, 98, 108, 128, 206, 275 Jenkyns, Henry 275, 276 Jerrold, William Blanchard 212, 213 Johnson, Robert Underwood 228, 229 Joynson-Hicks, William 293 Kelley, William 201, 219 Kennedy, John Pendleton 167 Kimberley, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of 102, 105 King, Thomas Butler 173 Kipling, Rudyard 297, 299, 303 Kirk, Thomas 156 Knight Bruce, Vice-Chancellor Sir James Lewis 177 Knight, Charles 84 Knutsford, Henry Thurstan Holland, 1st Viscount 116, 118 Lancefield, Richard 122 Lathrop, George Parsons 218, 219, 222 352 Index Laurier, Wilfred 133 Law Amendment Society 37, 277 Law Quarterly Review 72 Lea, Henry Carey 158, 222 Lea, Henry Charles 235 Le Marchant, Denis 189 lexicography projects 152 Licensing Act 12 Licensing scheme 26, 91, 103, 111, 118, 119, 270, 281 Lieber, Francis 163 Lincoln, Abraham 247 Lippincott, J B 195, 202 literacy rate 78 literary copyright 6, 19, 154, 284 literary marketplace 312 literary property 14, 19, 163, 254, 256, 274, 312 literary protection 11, 21 Lodge, Henry Cabot 238, 244 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 162, 194 Longman, William 44, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 203, 257, 258, 259, 261 Lovell, John Wurtele 104, 115, 296, 303 Ludlow, Henry 105 Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, 1st Baron 185 Lyttleton, Lord (Charles George Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham) 265 Lytton, Henry 31 M J Ivers & Co 299 Macaulay, Thomas Babbington 101, 261, 313 Macdonald, John Alexander 106 Macdonald, Ramsay 189 MacGillivray, Evan James 292 Mackay, Charles 257 Mackenzie, Alexander 106, 108 Macmillan & Co 298, 301, 302 Madison, President James 151 Mahon, Lord (Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope) 48 Mallet, Sir Louis 91, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273 Manners, Lord John (John James Robert Manners, later 7th Duke of Rutland) 37, 210, 275, 276, 280, 282 Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of 12, 154 manufacturing clause 112, 190, 199, 202, 210, 270, 293 Marryat, Captain Frederick 175 Marsh, Capen & Lyon 159 Marston, Edward 236, 252 Matthews, Brander 217, 218, 230, 231, 232, 238, 240 Mathews, Cornelius 163, 164, 166, 169 Mavor, James 132 mechanical reproduction rights 290 Melville, Herman 176 mercantile system 78 Mercer Adam, Graeme 104 Millar, Andrew 12 Miller, John 156 Mills, David 133, 135 Milman, Henry Hart 261 Monkswell, Robert Porrett Collier, 1st Baron 38, 132, 134, 282, 283, 285, 287 Moore, Thomas 258 Morrill, Justin Smith 33, 193, 204, 320 Morton, John P 203 Motley, John Lothrop 206 MP3 technology 317 multilateral consensus multilateral copyright treaty 224 Murray, John 82, 84, 87, 95, 97, 98, 102, 105, 134, 156, 261, 288, 292 Musical Copyright Association 37, 69, 252, 279 Napier, Francis (10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick) 190 Napoleonic Wars 78 Napster 317 National Association of Typothetae 35 national literature 16, 165, 313 National Policy 112 national treatment 58, 61, 62, 63 National Typographical Union 35, 190, 233, 304 natural right and common law right, history of 3, 239 New Historicism 15 Newcombe, Edmund Leslie 126, 128, 133 newspaper copyright 79, 276 notification system 48, 254 O’ Sullivan, John L 164 Olney, Richard 249 On Education 150 on-line digital services Organization, The 31, 181, 182, 227 Paine, Thomas 154 Palmer, Sir Roundell 98 Paris Universal Exposition, 1878 24 Parisian publishers 22, 51 Parker, John William 262 Index Parton, James 31, 194 Pasco, Samuel 242, 244 Patents Committee 35, 182, 221, 223, 238 Payson, Louis Edwin 243 Pearsall Smith Royalty Scheme 226, 227 Pearsall Smith, Robert 226, 227, 232 Peel, Sir Robert 107 perpetual copyright 286, 287, 313 Pierce, President Franklin 183 piracy 17, 23, 43, 304 Platt, Orville Hitchcock 36, 222, 237, 238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 251 Poe, Edgar Allen 170 Pollock, Baron (Charles Edward Pollock) 175 Pollock, Sir Frederick 125 Post-Bellum America 31 Pratt, Henry 88 Prescott, William Hickling 163, 188, 189, 197 printing establishments, structure of 149 proce`s-verbal 62, 64, 66 property right 304 protection of rights of authors 63, 74 protection of translations 270 Proudfoot, Vice-Chancellor William 109 Publishers Association 38, 281, 288 Publisher’s Circular 52, 177, 187 Publishers Copyright League 130, 238 Publishers Weekly 34 Putnam, George Haven 223, 226, 244, 292, 294 Putnam, George Palmer 30, 150, 162, 170, 173, 179, 193, 196, 206, 230, 250, 251, 253 Quincy, Josiah 165 Reade, Charles 100, 206, 266 Reciprocal copyright protection 23, 50, 51, 54, 161, 180, 190, 245–7 Reed, Thomas Brackett, 238 Regan, John Henninger 242 Register, The 153, 154 reprinters 299, 302 reproduction rights 63, 64, 91 Re´volution d’Ame´rique 155 Reynal, Abbe´ 155 Riccordi 178 Ridout, John G 125 Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of 123, 124 Robertson, John Ross 122 Romantic historicism 18 353 Roosevelt, President Theodore 226, 238 Rose, Mark 15, 93, 103, 105 Rose, Sir John 270 Routledge & Co 177, 179, 188, 189, 198 Royal Commission and Colonial Issues 110 Royal Commission on Copyright 91, 98, 110, 206, 114, 274 Royal Commission, Report 268 Royal Literary Society 256 royalty schemes 26, 213, 273, 311 Ruggles Report 161, 163 Sackett, Grenville A 163 Sandon, Lord (Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby) 275 Saunders & Otley 29, 160, 170, 230 Saunders, Frederick 160, 230 Schmidt, Dr Paul 60 Scott, Leonard 171 Scott, Sir Walter 29, 157 Scribner, Charles 303 Scrutton, Thomas Edward 19, 284, 288 Sedgwick, Arthur 136, 217 Selbourne, Lord 285 Seymour, Edward 202 Sherman amendment 242, 243 Sherman, John 33, 242, 243 Sherman, Roger 17 Simms, William Gilmore 164, 170 Simonds bill 36, 237–43, 301 Smiles, Samuel 109 Smith, George 180, 301 Smith, William 100 Society of Authors, Objects 38, 68, 69, 122, 125, 247, 256, 257, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 287, 288, 290, 292 Solberg, Thorvald 74 Solomon, Richard 139 Spottiswoode, William 44 St Leonards, Lord (Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, 1st Baron St Leonards) 185, 186 Stagnation continues 1900–1908 287 Stanley, Lord see Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Stationers’ Company 11 Statute law 19, 57, 306 Stayner, F R 81 Stedman, Edmund 220 Stephen, James Fitzjames 105, 270 Story, Joseph 46, 161 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 198 354 Index Talfourd, Serjeant Thomas Noon 8, 16, 22, 37, 165, 253, 274, 313 tariff acts (U.S.) 191, 192, 220 Tauchnitz, Karl Christoph Traugott 49, 50, 65, 259 Taylor, Robert 12 technological innovations in printing technology 263 Tegg, Thomas 80 Tennyson, Hallam 139, 140, 226 Thackeray, William Makepeace 182 Thompson, Edward Maunde 287 Thompson, John 116, 117, 121, 122, 123 Thomson, James 12 Thornton, Sir Edward 199, 201, 205, 215 three-decker novel (three-volume format) 272 Thring, George Herbert 133 Thring, Henry, 1st Baron 282, 283, 285, 286 Tilley, Sir Leonard 112, 216 Times, The 51, 53, 81, 93, 100, 103, 124, 129, 200, 245 translation rights 24, 53, 62, 63, 75 Treaty of Paris (1763) 78 Treloar bill 250 Trevelyan, Sir Charles 100, 101, 103, 110, 203, 267, 271 TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) 4, 296, 324 Trollope, Anthony 195, 268, 270, 273 Truro, Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron 185 Tucker, Randolph 221 Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert 123, 128 Turner, Alfred 197 Twain, Mark, see Clemens, Samuel typographical unions 149, 223, 232, 234, 251 Typothetae 234, 240 Underwood, E M 279 UNESCO uniform copyright law 52 Union of literary property 60 United States Constitution 151 United Typothetae of America 240 Universal Copyright Convention, 1952 utilitarian economic theory 19, 20 Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin 152, 153, 158, 169 Visions of copyright 1837–1911 Ward, Mary (Mrs Humphry Ward) 300, 304 Warner, Charles Dudley 226 Washington, President George 151 Webster, Daniel 31, 152, 181, 182 Webster, Noah 150, 152 Welsh, James 223 West, Lionel Sackville 34, 112, 215 Wheaton, Henry 158 Whittier, John Greenleaf 220 Willes, James 197 Winchester, Boyd 225 Winthrop, Robert Charles 173 WIPO Copyright Treaty (World Intellectual Property Organisation), 4, 296, 324 Wolff, Henry Drummond 271 Woodmansee, Martha 14 Wordsworth, William 43, 160 ... University of Cambridge The Internationalisation of Copyright Law Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century Catherine Seville CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York,... Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) 12 The Internationalisation of Copyright Law with the intention of maintaining Crown control over the press, ... those interested in related literary and legal topics, and in the history of publishing The main chapters of the book address four facets of international copyright during the nineteenth century The