052161273X cambridge university press the political origins of religious liberty oct 2007

P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 THE POLITICAL ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY The issue of religious liberty has gained ever-increasing attention among policy makers and the public at large Whereas politicians have long championed the idea of religious freedom and tolerance, the actual achievement of these goals has been an arduous battle for religious minorities What motivates political leaders to create laws providing for greater religious liberty? In contrast to scholars who argue that religious liberty results from the spread of secularization and modern ideas, Anthony Gill argues that religious liberty results from interest-based calculations of secular rulers Using insights from political economists dating back to Adam Smith, Gill develops a theory of the origins of religious liberty based on the political and economic interests of governing officials Political leaders are most likely to permit religious freedom when it enhances their own political survival, tax revenue, and the economic welfare of their country He explores his theory using cases from British America, Latin America, Russia, and the Baltic states Anthony Gill is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Washington, where he specializes in the study of religion, economics, and politics He is the author of Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America and numerous articles on religion and politics Professor Gill was awarded the University of Washington’s Distinguished Teaching Award in 1999 and is a nonresident scholar at Baylor University’s Institute for Studies of Religion i P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 ii September 19, 2007 11:28 P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion, and Politics Editors David C Leege, University of Notre Dame Kenneth D Wald, University of Florida, Gainesville The most enduring and illuminating bodies of late-nineteenth-century social theory – by Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and others – emphasized the integration of religion, polity, and economy through time and place Once a staple of classic social theory, religion gradually lost the interest of many social scientists during the twentieth century The recent emergence of phenomena such as Solidarity Poland; the dissolution of the Soviet empire; various South American, Southern African, and South Asian liberation movements; the Christian Right in the United States; and Al Qaeda have reawakened scholarly interest in religious-based political conflict At the same time, fundamental questions are once again being asked about the role of religion in stable political regimes, public policies, and constitutional orders The series Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion, and Politics will produce volumes that study religion and politics by drawing on classic social theory and more recent social scientific research traditions Books in the series offer theoretically grounded, comparative, empirical studies that raise “big” questions about a timely subject that has long engaged the best minds in social science Titles in the Series: Joel S Fetzer and J Christopher Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide iii P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 For Victor H Gill and his shining city on the hill Never forget the value of freedom iv P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 The Political Origins of Religious Liberty Anthony Gill University of Washington v CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521848145 © Anthony Gill 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-511-36745-8 ISBN-10 0-511-36745-7 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-84814-5 hardback 0-521-84814-8 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 paperback 978-0-521-61273-9 paperback 0-521-61273-X Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 Contents Preface Acknowledgments page ix xiii 1 Introduction: Of Liberty, Laws, Religion, and Regulation The Political Origins of Religious Liberty 26 Colonial British America 60 Mexico and Latin America 114 ˇ Russia and the Baltics (with Cheryl Zilinskas) 168 We Gather Together: The Consequences of Religious Liberty 224 Appendix: List of Definitions, Axioms, and Propositions 231 Bibliography 235 Index 255 vii P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 viii September 19, 2007 11:28 P1: KAE 9780521612739pre CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:28 Preface I am not sure how many people read prefaces, but if you have made it this far I urge you to continue In the course of the next few short paragraphs, I hope to provide you with a little insight into why this book was written and how to read it This work is an extension of my earlier research that began while I was in graduate school and which resulted in a dissertation and a previously published book, Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America The primary conclusion of that book was that religious competition, primarily from evangelical Protestants, prompted the Latin American Catholic Church to pay attention to the needs of its parishioners more closely In countries where the number of Protestants was expanding rapidly, the Catholic Church tended to take a more preferential option for the poor and denounce governmental institutions deleterious to the nation’s citizenry In the final analysis, I concluded that this is a good thing However, the one question that I never got around to answering was why Protestants happened to be more numerous in some countries than in others In a subsequent article published in Rationality and Society, I discovered that religious liberty accounted for the varying growth rates of Protestants throughout Latin American countries This finding would seem rather mundane; of course minority religions would expand where there were fewer laws preventing them from expanding Despite this obvious conclusion, some ix P1: KAE 9780521612739bib CUNY1096/Gill BIBLIOGRAPHY 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 11:19 249 Park, Charles E 1954 “Puritans and Quakers,” The New England Quarterly 27 (1): 53–74 Pauck, Wilhelm 1946 “The Christian Faith and Religious Tolerance,” Church History 15 (3): 220–34 Penn, William 2002 The Political Writings of William Penn Intro and annotations by Andrew R Murphy Indianapolis: Liberty Fund ´ de Bartlett El Vaticano ordeno´ que P´erez Mendoza, Jaime 1986 “Por peticion hubiera misas en 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Church and State 18 (3): 443–62 Williams, Mary Wilhelmine 1920 “The Ecclesiastical Policy of Francisco Moraz´an and the Other Central American Liberals,” Hispanic American Historical Review (2): 119–43 Wilson, Bryan 1966 Religion in Secular Society London: C A Watts and Co Wilson, J Peter 2003 “Why Christian Broadcasting Is Difficult in the Country,” Crossrythms (February 27, 2003) http://www.churchesmediacouncil.org.uk/ cmec/commsact/comms Act full.htm (accessed August 25, 2005) Winn, Wilkins B 1972 “The Efforts of the United States to Secure Religious Liberty in a Commerical Treaty with Mexico, 1825–1831,” The Americas 28 (3): 311–32 1970 “The Issue of Religious Liberty in the United States Commercial Treaty with Colombia, 1824,” The Americas 26 (3): 291–301 Wittenberg, Jason 2006 Crucibles of Political Loyalty: Church Institutions and Electoral Continuity in Hungary Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Young, Glennys 1997 Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press Young, Lawrence A., ed 1997 Rational Choice Theory and Religion: Summary and Assessment New York: Routledge Zweirlein, Frederick J 1910 Religion in New Netherland Rochester, NY: John P Smith Printing Company P1: KAE 9780521612739bib CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 254 September 19, 2007 11:19 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 10:55 Index Act of Settlement, 90 Act of Toleration, 1–2, 82n29, 89–90 in British America, 105, 106 Act of Uniformity, 88 Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 124 Aleksii, Patriarch, 204–6 Alexander II, Tsar (Russia), 177 Alexei, Tsar, 172 ´ 142 Alfons´ın, Raul, American colonies See British American colonies Anabaptists See also Baptists in Massachusetts, 98 in New Amsterdam, 94 in Rhode Island, 102 Anderson, John, Anglican Church See Church of England Anglicans exempted from taxation, 106–7 in New England, 65, 104n54 persecuted under Cromwell, 87 in Virginia, anticlericalism under communism, in France, 117 in Latin America, 125 in Mexico, 116, 148–9, 152–4 Argentina appointment of bishops in, 127 expropriation of property in, 131 immigration and religious liberty, 137 ´ and Catholic Church, 134 Peron Protestants in, 141–2, 145 religious liberty in, 38, 39 restrictions on religious minorities, 17 support of Catholic Church, 19 Backus, Isaac, 65, 71–2, 102 Baltic States, 4, 5, 39, 169 See also Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania post-Soviet era, 221–2 pre-Soviet era, 173–80 under Soviet Union, 194–200 255 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 256 Baptists and Act of Toleration, 89 in Carolina colonies, 95 in England, 86 ideas about religious liberty, 35 and immigration, 105 in Latvia, 217 in Lithuania, 222 in Massachusetts, 112 in New England, 2, 69–71 and religious pluralism, 74 and religious taxation, 67, 106–9 in Rhode Island, 104, 106 in Russia, 172, 207, 209 in Soviet Union, 191 in Virginia, 62n4, 96, 110 Becker, Gary, 27 Bible bans, 13, 128n20 ´ 117, 122–6 Bol´ıvar, Simon, Bolsheviks, 168, 173, 182, 185 bowling leagues, 229 Bradford, William, 63 Brazauskas, Algirdas, 169 Brazil immigration and religious liberty, 137 Protestants in, 139–40, 144–5, 166 separation of church and state, 132 support of Catholic Church, 133–4 Brezhnev, Leonid, 189, 191, 202 Britain See England British American colonies, 2–3, 60–75, 113, 121 Buddhism, 203, 210 Bustamante, Anastasio, 147 Calles, Plutarco El´ıas, 153 Calvert, Cecil, 73, 92–3 Calvin, John, 35 Calvinism See also Pilgrims, Puritans in Baltic States, 173 in England, 62, 82 in France, 78 in Lithuania, 175 C´ardenas, Lazaro, 152, 154–5 Carolina colonies, 73, 95, 121 Catholic Action, 132–3, 156 September 19, 2007 10:55 INDEX Catholic Church See Roman Catholic Church Catholics See Roman Catholics Charles I, King (England), 62, 64, 78, 86, 92 Charles II, King (England), 88, 97, 99 Charles III, King (Spain), 146 Chile expropriation of property in, 131 immigration and religious liberty, 137 Protestants in, 14, 141, 145, 166 separation of church and state, 132 China, 6, 12, 30 Christian Peace Conference, 190 Chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church, 4, 199 Church of England in British America, 17, 91 in Carolinas, 95 disestablishment in Virginia, 39 in England, 27, 82–3, 88 and English Civil War, 86 incentives of clergy, 108 in Maryland, 74 in New England, 104n54 and Puritans, 63–5, 78, 85, 92 in Virginia, 2, 72–3, 96, 109 circuit riders, 66n13, 73, 74, 100, 108, 121n12 citizenship requirements, 127 Clark, John, 35, 70–1 Colombia appointment of bishops in, 127 property expropriations in, 130 Protestants in, 140, 142–3, 145 religious liberty in, 38 commerce See trade Communist Party (USSR), 4, 18, 187, 191 Conferencia del Episcopado Mexicano (CEM), 115, 158, 160–3 Congregationalists See also Puritans and religious taxation, 106–7 in Rhode Island, 106 Connecticut See also New England religious taxation in, 66–7, 107 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 10:55 257 INDEX Conservatives in Latin America, 39, 128, 128n22, 131 in Mexico, 148–51 Conventicle Act, 88 Corporation Act, 88 Cottonwood Christian Center, 225 Coxe, Tench, 101 credence goods, 51, 54 Cristero Rebellion, 153–4, 159 Cromwell, Oliver, 70, 87–8, 101, 104 Cuba, 12, 167n79 Czechoslovakia, 190 Czech Republic, 14–15 Davies, Samuel, 100 de la Madrid, Miguel, 159 Delaware, 94 D´ıaz, Porfirio, 151–2 Dignitatis Humanae, 45 Dyer, Mary, 60–2, 71, 101 Eastern Europe, 4, 39, 169 ecclesiastical courts See fueros eclesi´asticos Echeverr´ıa, Luis, 157–8 economic trade See trade Ecuador, 38 ecumenism, 46 Edict of Nantes, 1, 38, 78–81 revocation of, 5, 12, 80–1 education, religious, 20–1, 133, 156, 171, 181, 192, 193, 211, 218, 220 ˜ Juan, 124 Egana, Elizabeth, Queen (England), 82–3 El Salvador, 138, 144, 145 Engels, Friedrich, 183 England religious dissenters in, 82–91 religious persecution in, 62–4 religious pluralism in, 82–3 religious toleration in, 1, 82–91 English Civil War, 36, 78, 86, 109 Enlightenment, 7, 34, 36, 37, 116, 130 Erasmus, 35 Estonia See also Baltic States, Livonia constitution (1920), 178 post-Soviet era, 217 religious liberty in, 4–5, 178 religious pluralism in, 214 Soviet persecution of religion in, 195–7 Estonian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarch (EOCMP), 215–16 expropriation of religious property compensation for, 170 in Estonia, 195 in Latin America, 3, 128–32 in Lithuania, 198 in Mexico, 148–51, 166 in Soviet Union, 182 Falun Gong, Finke, Roger, 7, 27, 75 First Amendment (U.S Constitution), 2, 23, 35, 61, 74–5, 113 First Great Awakening See Great Awakening France and Edict of Nantes, 1, 78–81 and Muslims, 15 in North America, 75, 84 and Protestant Reformation, 77 separation of church and state, 117 French Protestants See Huguenots Froese, Paul, 27 fueros eclesi´asticos, 3, 127, 146, 148 Fujimori, Alberto, 141 Georgia (America), 73, 121 Germany, 169, 197 in Lithuania, 174 religious taxation in, 20 glasnost, 192–3, 202 Glorious Revolution, 89 ´ Gomez Far´ıas, Valent´ın, 148–9 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 192–3, 201–2, 206, 208, 213, 219 Great Awakening building restrictions and, 73 economic trade and, 100 and religious liberty, 35, 66n13 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 10:55 258 Great Awakening (cont.) and religious pluralism, 74 religious taxation and, 67, 107 in Virginia, 108 Great Britain See England Gregory XVI, 147 Guatemala expropriation of property in, 129 independence of, 123 Protestants in, 145 religious liberty in, 38 Half-Way Covenant, 69 Hanson, Charles, 7, 75, 110 Hare Krishna, 194 Helsinki Agreements (1975), 199 Helsinki Group (Lithuania), 199 Henry IV, King (France), 1, 79 Henry VIII, King (England), 77, 82 Henry, Patrick, 39, 108–9 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 122, 147, 149, 159 Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawney, 227 Holy See See Vatican Huguenots in Carolina colonies, 95 and Edict of Nantes, 1, 78–81 in the Netherlands, 90 in Rhode Island, 102 in Virginia, 110 Hume, David, 35 Hungary, 30, 189 Hutchinson, Anne, 71 Iannaccone, Laurence, 27 Ill News from New England, 70–1 immigration in Latin America, 121 and religious liberty, 92–6, 121, 138 Institutional Revolutionary Party See Partido Revolucionario Institucional Iran, 189 Ireland, 82n29, 87 Islam See Muslims Issaquah, 224 Iturbide, August´ın de, 147 INDEX James I, King (England), 62–4, 82–5, 92 James II, King (England), 89–90 Jamestown, 84, 92 Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 21, 39, 108–9 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 16, 139, 179, 183, 207, 218, 227 Jesuits in Latin America, 119, 146 in Lithuania, 199 in Maryland, 74 Jews in Brazil, 135n32 in Germany, 20 in Latvia, 178, 217 in Lithuania, 220 in New Amsterdam, 94 in Rhode Island, 102, 104 in Russia, 210–11 in Soviet Union, 187 John Paul II, 159, 162–3 Ju´arez, Benito, 150n56 Judaism See Jews KGB See Soviet secret police khlysty, 172 Khrushchev, Nikita, 188–9 Kirill, Metropolitan, 203, 206 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 221 La Reforma, 150–1, 166 latifundio system, 120–1 Latin America, 3, 39 colonial era, 3, 117–21 expropriation of religious property, 128–32 independence, 3, 117, 122–8 Protestants in, 12, 135–45 in twentieth century, 135 Latvia See also Baltic States, Livonia post-Soviet era, 217–19 religious liberty in, 4–5, 178–9 Soviet persecution of religion in, 195, 197 Laud, William, 86, 102 League of Militant Atheists, 183, 187 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 INDEX Leme, Cardinal Dom, 133–4 Lenin, Vladimir, 181, 183 Leyes Reformas, 151, 152 Ley Reglamentaria, 155, 159, 163–5, 211 Liberals in Latin America, 128, 128n22, 131 in Mexico, 148–51 liberation theology, 140n39, 158n66 Lithuania See also Baltic States and collapse of USSR, 170 post-Soviet era, 221–2 religious liberty in, Soviet persecution of religion in, 197–9 Living Church See Renovationist Church Livonia, 173–5 See also Estonia, Latvia Locke, John, 34–6, 39, 90, 91 Lord Baltimore See Calvert, Cecil Louis XIII, King (France), 79–80 Louis XIV, King (France), 1, 80–1, 88 Luther, Martin, 35, 76, 76n26, 77 Lutherans in Baltic States, 173–4, 176 in Estonia, 5, 178, 196–7, 217 in Latvia, 178, 197, 217 in Lithuania, 175, 200, 220, 222 in New Amsterdam, 94 in Nordic countries, 17 in Russia, 206 Madero, Francisco, 152 Madison, James and Anglican disestablishment, 39, 73 and Federalist, 4, on immigration and religious liberty, 96 influence of Englightenment on, 35 and religious taxation, 108–9 Roger Williams’s influence on, 102 marriage, religious, 21, 127, 130, 133 Marx, Karl, 32, 168n2, 183 Maryland and Act of Toleration, 104 Anglican establishment in, 74, 93 September 19, 2007 10:55 259 religious liberty in, 92–3 trade and religious liberty in, 94 Massachusetts See also New England disestablishment in, 74–5, 112 religious persecution in, 61, 69–72 religious policy of, 64–72 religious taxation in, 62n4, 66–8, 101, 106–7 Mather, Cotton, 66–7 Mazarin, Cardinal, 80, 86 media restrictions, 17 M´endez Arceo, Sergio, 158, 161 mercantilism, 120–1 Methodists and Act of Toleration, 89 and immigration, 105 in Lithuania, 222 in Massachusetts, 112 and religious pluralism, 74 Mexican Constitution (1917), 5, 114–15, 152–3, 155, 158, 163 Mexican Revolution, 3, 116, 152–3, 166 Mexico, 145–65 anticlericalism in, 54, 116, 148–9, 152–4 constitutional revisions, 114–15 election fraud in, 159–62 independence, 146–7 registration requirements in, 15 religious liberty in, 3, 38 migration (domestic) See also immigration and religious liberty, 101–5, 121 missionaries, 56n49 in Baltic States, 214 in Latin America, 138–9 in Lithuania, 222 in Russia, 12, 138, 173, 202, 204, 209 modernization theory See secularization theory Montesquieu, 39 Moore, Barrington, 25 More, Thomas, 35 ´ y Pavon, ´ Jos´e Mar´ıa, Morelos y Pavon 122 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 260 ´ Jos´e Mar´ıa, 147, Morelos y Pavon, 149 Mormons, 91n41, 113 Mother Teresa, 30n8, 40, 40n24 Mures¸an, Lucian, 168 Muslims and Christian missionaries, 209 in Europe, in France, 15 in Germany, 20, 38n17 in Lithuania, 220 in Netherlands, 38n17 in Russia, 203, 207, 209–10 Nagy, Imre, 188 Netherlands colonial religious policy, 94–5 and Huguenots, 81 in Latin America, 136n34 Pilgrims flee, 85 religious pluralism in, 78, 89 religious taxation in, 20 religious tolerance in, 2, 62, 90–1 New Amsterdam (New York) religious toleration in, 94–5 New England See also Connecticut, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island religious persecution in, 69–72 religious pluralism in, 69 voting restrictions in, 36 New Jersey, 94 Nicaragua, 38, 138, 145 Nicholas II, Tsar (Russia), 172n4, 173 Nikon, Patriarch, 172 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 163 Obeso, Sergio, 161 Old Believers, 172, 178, 217, 220 Olson, Mancur, 27 opportunity costs, 53, 55 Orthodox Christianity See Russian Orthodox Church Orthodox Church See Russian Orthodox Church Oxnam, G Bromley, 9, 16 September 19, 2007 10:55 INDEX Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 154, 157–62 patronato real, 117–20, 125–7, 131, 135, 147–8, 166 Paul VI, 157 peace movements, 190 Penn, William, 35 on immigration and religious liberty, 95 on trade and religious liberty,98–100 Pennsylvania, 2, 73, 94, 95, 104 Pentecostals See also Protestants in Latin America, 45, 138 in Lithuania, 4, 200 in Russia, 209 perestroika, 192 ´ Juan, 17, 19, 39, 134, 139 Peron, Peru, 141 Peter the Great, 171, 174 Pfaff, Steve, 27 Pilgrims, 2, 61–3, 65, 84–5 Pius VII, 125 Plymouth religious taxation in, 67–8 religious toleration in, 63 Poland, 174, 177 political rulers preferences of, 47–53 Portugal, 84 prayer in public school, 15 Presbyterians in England, 2, 82 and religious taxation, 108–9 in Virginia, 33, 110 ´ Prigione, Jeronimo, 114, 161–3 property rights, 15–17, 108, 211, 214 See also zoning regulations Protestant Reformation, 35, 76–8, 103, 112, 118, 175 Protestants See also specific denominations in Argentina, 133, 134, 139, 141–2 in Brazil, 140, 166 in Chile, 132n30, 138, 141, 144, 166 in Colombia, 140, 142–3 in Estonia, 216 in France See Huguenots P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 INDEX in Latin America, 3, 13, 17, 115, 128, 135–45, 166 in Mexico, 116, 151, 153, 155, 157, 164–5 in Peru, 141 in Russia, 202–4, 208–9, 211 in Soviet Union, 191–2 Puritans emigration to America, 84–6, 92 in England, 82–7 in New Amsterdam, 94 in New England, 17 and Oliver Cromwell, 87 persecution of, 62–4, 83–4 Putin, Vladimir, 212 Quakers See also Dyer, Mary and Act of Toleration, 89 as business owners, 94 in Carolina colonies, 95 in England, ideas about religious liberty, 35 and immigration, 105 in New Amsterdam, 94 in New England, as pacifists, 100 persecuted in Massachusetts, 69, 71 persecuted in New England, 71–2 persecuted under Cromwell, 87 in Rhode Island, 102, 104 taxed in New England, 67, 106 and trade, 97–100 Quebec Act, 110 Radvila the Black, 175 Rasputin, 172n4 rational choice theory, 22, 27–31, 40–1, 45n32 and ideas, 59 Red-Brown coalition, 204, 207 Reformation See Protestant Reformation registration requirements, 13–15, 193, 211, 214, 215, 217, 227 religious freedom See religious liberty Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 6n3, 14n18, 46n36 September 19, 2007 10:55 261 religious human capital, 58 Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 6n3, 226 religious liberty See also specific countries, regions definition of, 9–12, 43–4 as government regulation, 10–12, 135 government subsidies and, 18–21 and modernization, 32–9 restrictions on, 12–18 religious marketplace, 41–3 religious minorities See also specific countries, denominations and dominant religion, and political power, 55 political preferences of, 45–7 religious monopoly political preferences of, 8, 44–6 and state regulation, 42–3 religious persecution See specific countries religious pluralism in British America, 47, 113 causes of, 47, 55–6, 145 and Edict of Nantes, 79 in England, 82 in Estonia, 214 and immigration, 121 in Latin America, 115, 117 in Latvia, 178–9 in Massachusetts, 68–9 and migration, 101–2 in New Amsterdam, 94 in Pennsylvania, in post-Soviet Russia, 212, 213 and Protestant Reformation, 76–8 and religious liberty, 7, 46–7, 56, 75, 95, 99 in Rhode Island, in Russia, 172–3, 202–5 and social conflict, 79, 103 in Soviet Union, 187, 191–4 religious toleration definition of, 43n31 Renovationist Church, 182–5 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 262 Revolutionary War (United States), 2, 75 religious liberty and, 109–12 Rhode Island and Act of Toleration, 104–5 conflict with New England, 97–8, 106 religious liberty in, 2, 71, 73, 96, 103–4 and restrictions on religious liberty, 104 Richelieu, Cardinal, 39, 79–80, 86 Rivadavia, Bernadino, 131 Roman Catholic Church in Estonia, 216 in France, in Latin America, 167 in Latvia, 217 in Lithuania, 4, 170, 177–8, 197–200, 214, 221–2 in Mexico, 146–65 and Protestant Reformation, 76–7 and religious liberty, 45 in Russia, 205 Roman Catholics in Baltic States, 173–4 in British America, 2–3 in colonial British America, 110–11 in England, 82n29, 83 in Estonia, 178 in France, in Latin America, in Latvia, 178 in Maryland, 2, 73–4, 92–3 in Mexico, in New Amsterdam, 94 persecuted in England, 62, 88 in Rhode Island, 102, 104 in Russia, 202, 209, 210 and U.S Revolutionary War, 110–11 in U.S Revolutionary War, 75 Ru´ız, Samuel, 158, 161, 162 Russia See also Soviet Union 1997 law restricting religious liberty, 210–13 in Baltic States, 176–7 in Lithuania, 174 September 19, 2007 10:55 INDEX in Livonia, 174–6 post-Soviet era, 201–13 pre-Soviet era, 170–3 religious liberty in, 4, 173 religious revival in, 202–3 Russian Orthodox Church in Baltic States, 173, 214 clergy persecuted, 182–3 in Estonia, 178, 196, 215–16 under Khrushchev, 189 in Latvia, 178, 197, 217 in Lithuania, 220 in Livonia, 175–6 post-Soviet era, 4, 45, 201–13 in pre-Soviet era, 173 under Soviet Rule, 168–9 and Soviet secret police, 190–1 under Soviet Union, 180–94 during World War II, 187 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 114, 162–3, 192 Samper, Ernesto, 143 ´ Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 149 Santander, Francisco de Paula, 123 Saudi Arabia, 30 Scotland, 83, 86, 87 Second Vatican Council See Vatican Council II secularism, 15, 18, 21, 38n17 secularization theory, 7, 31–7 critique of, 37–40 separation of church and state, 21 Separatists See also Pilgrims, 61–3 septic systems, 224–5 Sergii, Patriarch, 182 Seventh-Day Adventists, 172, 183 Smith, Adam, 26–7, 44–7, 49n40, 50n41, 228 Smith v Oregon, 15 Soviet secret police (KGB), 190–1, 205–6 Soviet Union, 180–94 persecution of religion in, 4, 17, 54, 168–9 separation of church and state, 21 Stalin, Josef, 169, 183–8, 194 P1: KAE 9780521612739ind CUNY1096/Gill 978 521 61273 September 19, 2007 10:55 263 INDEX Stark, Rodney, 25, 27 Sweden, 6, 174, 197 taxation religious, 2, 3, 19–20, 65, 66n13, 68, 69, 74, 89, 98, 100, 105–9, 118, 146 secular, 10n13, 82n29, 86, 96, 130, 175, 195, 211, 218, 220, 221, 226 televangelism, 17 Test Act, 88 Teutonic Knights, 174 Tikhon, Patriarch, 182 tithing See taxation, religious Toleration Act See Act of Toleration trade, 120–1, 125 and religious liberty, 2, 6, 75, 84, 100–1, 136–7, 166, 216 Trotsky, Leon, 181, 183–5 Turkey, 15, 16 United Nations, United States Constitution, 2, 74–5, 112 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Uruguay, 30, 131, 137 USSR See Soviet Union values and rational choice theory, 59 ´ Vargas, Getulio, 133–4, 139 Vatican and England, 82 and Latin America, 3, 118–19, 125–7, 132 and Latvia, 179 and Lithuania, and Mexico, 147–8, 158, 161 and Russia, 210 Vatican Council II, 45 Venezuela, 122, 137, 167n79 Virginia Anglican disestablishment in, 108–9 religious persecution in, 72–3 religious taxation in, 62n4, 107–9 trade and religious liberty, 100, 121 Vladimir, Prince (Russia),170, 180, 193 vodka, 181 voting religious restrictions on, 68, 104 wall of separation, 21 Warner, Carolyn, 27 Wealth of Nations, The, 26–7 whack-a-mole, 76 Whitefield, George, 35n12, 66n13, 121n12 William of Orange, King (England), 1, 82n29, 89 Williams, Roger, 35, 70, 71, 72n23, 102–4 Winthrop, George, 66 Winthrop, John, 64, 85 World Council of Churches, 140n40, 191, 203 Yeltsin, Boris, 202, 204, 206–10, 212 Zapata, Emiliano, 152n58 zoning regulations, 8n9, 11, 16–17, 224–6